Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi (Journal of Bartin Faculty of Forestry)

664 - 676

Authors: FERHAT ÖZDEMİR, Doğu RAMAZANOĞLU, Ahmet TUTUŞ

Mankind is the most vulnerable compared to other living things against the living that has been living since the first day of the earth. With his intelligence, he began to ask questions and examined all the living and non-living beings around him, conveying the knowledge and experiences he gained during his life to the new generations and succeeding in creating a more comfortable life level for himself. In the early ages, this instinctual research sentiment. Today, this instinctual research sentiment has been emerged as a scientific discipline (biomimetics) that tries to find solutions to the problems of humanity inspired by these unique designs that exist by examining the models in the nature. These designs, which are examined more closely together with the developing technology, are seen to have more mysterious and detailed structures than what they actually see. Researches and studies have led to the emergence of new generation designs especially in the field of material science. In recent years, In recent years, intelligent materials and surface designs that promise to respond in the form of external stimuli or energy conversion have promised humanity. In this study, it is aimed that the ecosystem living creatures have what kind of surface equipment they have in order to be adaptable to the living environment, and that the artificial intelligent surface designs inspired by these surfaces are aimed to raise awareness of the potential benefits of humanity.

78 - 286

Authors: İsmet DAŞDEMİR, Gökhan ÇAKMAK

This study was handled to analyze the forestry workload according to seasons and business types and to find out the problems while carrying out forestry activities and to develop solution suggestions in the Kulakkaya and Kemerköprü Forest Management Chieftaincies of the Giresun Regional Directorate of Forestry in Turkey. The data obtained from records of the Kulakkaya and Kemerköprü Forest Management Chieftaincies, and also by systematic observation, interviews and experiences in these chieftaincies, were used. According to the data, the seasonal and yearly works of the forest management chieftaincies were carried out in in 2016 were investigated by dividing work categories such as personnel, business-production-marketing, silviculture-afforestation, public relations, forest protection, cadastre-ownership etc.). The types of work in each season, and their intensity were evaluated according to the periods on the basis of the chieftaincies and the differences were revealed. In addition, the factors affecting the work load and the main problems in the forest chieftaincies were determined. According to the results of the research, forestry activities, their densities and periods, main problems, and the factors affecting workload in the Kulakkaya and Kemerköprü Forest Management Chieftaincies are similar. It was determined that works related to forest management, combating forest fires, construction and forest rest areas were the highest in the summer months, silviculture and afforestation works were the highest in the spring, works of forest roads were the highest in the summer and spring, works related to compulsory wood needs and non-wood forest products were the highest level in the autumn, whereas the works related to fighting against forest pests, cadastral-ownership, production, transportation, storage, personnel, marketing, fighting against forest crime, research, planning, office works, correspondence and public relations continued intensely in all seasons. According to the results, some proposals were developed to reduce the workload of the forest management chiefs and to solve the problems, and thus to work more efficiently and successfully.

163 - 175

Authors: Bülent Cengiz, DENİZ KARAELMAS, Atakan Süha KARAYILMAZLAR , Kemal Emre GÜLER

The main aim of the study is to determine leisure time and recreational trends of vocational college students, levels of participation in existing recreational activities and recreational needs. Bülent Ecevit University Çaycuma Campus has implemented a total of 400 student questionnaires registered in 11 associate degree programs in spring semester 2017-2018. The students were selected by chance sampling method. In the evaluation of the questionnaires frequency, percentage and Anova tests were done through SPSS 22.0 program. According to the survey results, most of the students find that their existing recreation areas are inadequate. Students prefer physical activities as recreational activities and enjoy indoor or outdoor recreational activities. It provides the basic needs of students with limited opportunities and therefore has limited participation in some recreational activities that require excessive fees. Students prefer to shop as shopping malls and leisure time activities as a recreational activity in Çaycuma. As a result, suggestions have been developed in the context of being able to pass the leisure time of Çaycuma Yeleşkesi students better.

184 - 193

Authors: Gürcan GÜLER, Samim YAŞAR

In this study, usage possibility of particles obtained from kermes oak (Quercus coccifera L.) wood in board production was investigated. Boards were produced from mixtures of kermes oak and brutian pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) particles. The ratios of kermes oak:brutian pine were 0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25 and 100:0 in the experimental design of particleboards. Chemical and thermal properties of particles used were determined and their effects on the physical and mechanical properties of the produced boards were revealed. Kermes oak particles exhibited higher α-cellulose and hemicellulose contents, but lower extractive and lignin contents than the brutian pine particles. Main chemical component analysis was supported by FTIR analysis. It was observed that kermes oak particles were more acidic than brutian pine particles. Monosaccharides were rhamnose (0.34%), arabinose (0.84%), xylose (21.24%), mannose (2.04%), galactose (1.01%) and glucose (50.44%) in the kermes oak particles and arabinose (1.72%), xylose (7.89%), mannose (10.65%), galactose (2.11%) and glucose (46.50%) in the brutian pine particles. Kermes oak particles presented higher thermal stability compared to brutian pine particles. Water absorption and thickness swelling values of produced particleboards failed to meet the requirements of the TS-EN 312 standard. Modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture and internal bond strength values of the boards produced with 25 and 50% kermes oak particles met the requirements for general-purpose particleboards used in dry conditions according to the TS-EN 312 standard.

205 - 209

Authors: Saadettin Murat ONAT, Ayhan GENÇER, Ufuk ÖZGÜL, Gökhan GÜNDÜZ, Barbaros YAMAN, Hikmet YAZICI

This study examined some of the chemical and morphological properties of apricot wood (Prunus armeniaca L.) and fruit endocarp. According to results, the holocellulose, alphacellulose, and lignin ratios of apricot wood were found to be 79.50%, 42.33% and 16.43% respectively. The holocellulose, alphacellulose, and lignin ratios of the apricot fruit endocarp were determined to be 79.33%, 28.65%, and 36.22%, respectively. In morphological terms, the apricot fruit endocarp has not been found to be suitable for paper manufacturing but it can be used for board manufacturing. And also, apricot wood is similar to the hardwood species that have industrial value, so it is a convenient raw material for pulp production.

216 - 222

Authors: Gürcan GÜLER, Abdullah BERAM

In this paper, usage possibility of chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) stalks in the particleboard production was studied. In the experimental design of particleboards, mixtures of chicory and brutian pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) particles were used. The ratios of chicory and brutian pine were 0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25 and 100:0. In the study, physical, mechanical and surface roughness properties of the boards were evaluated. Thickness swelling values of produced particleboards were higher than the meeting of maximum values of the TS-EN 312 (2012) standard. Modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture and internal bond strength values of the boards produced with 25% chicory particles satisfied the requirements for general-purpose particleboards used in dry conditions, as indicated by the TS-EN 312 (2012) standard. The increasing of chicory particles in the produced boards reduced the surface roughness values.

232 - 238

Authors: Abdi ATILGAN, Hatice ULUSOY, Necmi KAHRAMAN, Hüseyin PEKER

This study includes examining consumers' preferences for furniture styles. Within the scope of the sample, furniture styles (classic / modern) and preference reasons preferred by residents of 392 individuals with different socio-economic (Lower / Middle / Upper) levels constituting the urban residential area of ​​Afyonkarahisar province were researched. Survey data were obtained using survey tools using social communication tools. In the questionnaire, there were questions about determining the demographic characteristics of furniture users and the factors that are effective in furniture selection. At the end of the study, determining and interpreting the prominent elements of the furniture style preference was made by using the percentage frequency distribution technique. According to the results; While 76.3% of consumers prefer modern furniture style, 23.7% preferred classical furniture style. Factors influencing the choice of furniture for the consumer are; most of the questions about furniture are cheap, durable, resistant to deformation, comfortable, easy to carry, easy to clean, easy to pay, demountable, functional-usable, fashionable, compatible with other household items, aesthetic and luxurious as well as social status While attending, the furniture is expensive and the seller is partially influencing the reasons for the preference of a friendly relative. As a result, a customer profile has been uncovered to determine the modern and classic furniture usage rates designed and manufactured in Turkey.

252 - 265

Authors: Şekip Şadiye Yaşar, Osman KOMUT

Turkish furniture industry is one of the rare sectors with an exportation higher than importation. In the sector with an annual export figure reaching 2.2 billion dollars, a reduction has been recently observed in EU market share. Leading the field in global markets can be achieved through the implementation of occupational safety administration policy in desired quality and standards. Occupational health and safety regulations contribute to enhancing the product lifecycle and the quality of working conditions as well as protection of employees against work accidents and occupational disease. In this study, it is aimed to determine the occupational health and safety awareness of workers in furniture production sector and the effects of demographic factors and intra business agents on the opinions concerning this issue. Within this framework, a face to face questionnaire implementation was conducted to a total of 84 employees in 35 workplaces situated in Erzincan province. At the end of the survey, the ratio of exposure to work accidents in furniture manufacturing enterprises was determined to be 61% and 50% of those workers have experienced work accidents at least two times. On the other hand, it was understood that employees’ ages, educational background, work department, the term of employment, the frequency of job change, and the maintenance interval of machine-equipment variables cause statistically significant (p<0.05) difference of opinion between employees. Besides, the inadequacy of safety gear, insecure behaviors, incompetency of occupational health and safety training, personal reasons and work overload were identified to be the most important causes of work accidents by employees

287 - 295

Authors: Hakan OLGUN, Ahmet TOLUNAY

In this study, Regulations on non-forest use of forest areas in the frame of legal amendments started from the first Forest Law No. 3116 to date have been discussed. Forest areas in the allocation of non-forestry uses related to arrangements are disused in these laws. The primary data was collected by using the survey and secondary data were obtained by searching the books and research articles. There are 23 questions in the questionnaire form and they are prepared to evaluate the opinions about the use of non-forestry forests. Data was analyzed by statistical package program (SPSS 20). Since data weren’t normally distributed, non-parametric tests were evaluated using the K Independent Samples Test (Mann-Whitney U test) and K Independent Samples Test (Kruskal Wallis Test). As a result of this study, it was seen that visibility differences according to gender, age distribution and educational situation. There was a significant difference between age group of 20-29 and older age groups. According to educational situation, there was a visibility difference of participants who graduated from university. It is seen that the legal regulations are gradually elaborated and some limitations are introduced in the allocation of forest areas to non-forest use.

303 - 310

Authors: Sevinç BAŞAY

Tourism trends of tourists have changed in recent years. People have get away from crowded and customary tourism centers. Ecotourism, one of the alternative tourism types, is increasingly preferenced. In ecotourism, protection of environment and culture, social welfare and satisfaction of the tourists are important points. Ecovillages in ecotourism are ecological, economic and socio-cultural sustainable settlement models. In the regions where tourism has developed, the local people who have gone through agriculture have been trying to establish agriculture-tourism integration. One of the issues that contribute to this integration is organic agriculture. Because people who prefer ecotourism usually care to eat healthy. In this study, urban people's thoughts about organic products, tourism holiday purposes and production and consumption of organic products were evaluated in city center of Antalya. It has been determined that the people of Antalya want to consume mostly organic vegetables and fruits (87.00%), especially women participants have more trust in organic products. Participants who indicate that they will be partially vacationing in ecovillages and they will not be vacationing stated that they would like to organic product stands at the holiday resort.

340 - 351

Authors: Ceren YALÇINTAŞ, Ş. Şebnem ELLİALTIOĞLU, Cevdet GÜMÜŞ

This research was carried out to determine the effect of different corn planting times on the plant height, spike length and number of candle in gladiolus cultivation in Ankara. In this study, corms of 11 different gladiolus varieties with different flowering times, including early, mid-season, the medium late and late types were planted at four different planting times including (May 31st, June 15th June 30th and July 15th). All varieties in the trial were eligible to be grown in Ankara conditions. The most suitable date for planting gladiolus corm in Ankara has been determined as June 30th and July 15th. The best results in terms of plant height, spike length and number of candle were obtained from Amsterdam and Rose Supreme varieties.

360 - 365

Authors: Handan UCUN ÖZEL

Forest biowaste because of protected forest fire and increased forest management practices used for the more environmental approaches is mentioned for the last years. This study has been investigated as an alternative to use of Forest Biowastes, which is not important economical forest products the end of forest technical practices. which cannot be evaluated economically as a result of forestry practices. In the study, the removal of disperse Cherry CC textile dye from aqueous solutions was investigated using cone biomass of Oriental Sweet Gum (Liquidambar orientalis Mill.)) as biosorbent. The effect of initial dye concentration, pH, contact time, and temperature which parameters affecting adsorption, on dye removal efficiency were investigated. Under optimum conditions, a biosorption efficiency of 71,6% was achieved using a dye concentration of 50 mg/L and 5 g/L biomass. It has been determined that the increase in temperature affects the biosorption efficiency. This study show that the cone biomass of Oriental Sweet Gum has the potential to be used as a low cost and effective biomass for the treatment of aqueous solution disperse textile paint.

373 - 381

Authors: Ahmet DUYAR

In the forests of Turkey, there are more than 50 tree species whose spread depends on the climate and the topographic conditions. By 2015, the total forest area in Turkey was 22,342,935 hectares. Approximately 15 million hectares of this area consists of Quercus spp, Pinus brutia Ten. and Pinus nigra Arnold. Natural and human effects lead to changes in the structure and canopy cover of forests. Today, 29% of the forests in Turkey have (> 70% closure) canopy cover, 14% have (41 to 70% closure) canopy cover and 13% have (11 to 40% closure) canopy cover, all featuring a normal structure. The remaining 44% have a degraded (lower than 11% closure) structure. This study presents the current carbon stock in Turkey. In addition, a projection analysis has been conducted based on the hypothesis of improving 50% of those forest areas with canopy cover lower than 11% by incrementally rehabilitation. Because of these rehabilitation studies, it has been determined that tree wealth, volume increment and carbon stocks would increase in the forest. Based on this hypothetical rehabilitation modeling, the suggested improvements to the structure of the forests would contribute to prospective forest assets and carbon sequestration estimations.

13

Authors: Osman Zeybek

Innovations that imposed the fastest on people's lives following the development of technology at an unpredictable speed are more likely to take place in the field of communication. Just 20 years ago when few people had mobile phones, today's even young children have smartphones or tablets. These devices greatly meet people's communication and entertainment needs through wireless internet. Wireless internet connection has sprawled over the city from indoors to outdoors, from privacy to public domain, and it has been integrated into the square and parks of the cities and opened for people's use. One of the first applications of free wireless internet service in the open and green areas of our country is the Pasaport Internet Park in Izmir. Some criteria have been established as a result of research conducted by the University of Seattle on the design and equipment of these spaces, also known as the iPark in the USA. In this study, the design and equipment of the internet park in Pasaport was discussed in terms of its relevance with the criteria determined by Guangyan Wang’s master thesis from Illinois University and Shafi al-Shafi and Vishanth Weerakkody’s article from Brunel University; the positive and negative aspects were discussed. At the end of the research, some mistakes about spatial organization and planting design have been determined and some solutions for those problems have been offered.

26 - 31

Authors: Murat Zencirkıran, Betül Hümeyra ÇELİK, Burcu MÜDÜK, Ayşegül GÖRÜR , Sena ÇETİNER, Esma ERASLAN, Duygu Tanrıverdi

Nowadays, indoor plants that are part of the commercial sector commonly be in use in living quarters for estetical and functional features. Especially the areas such as houses, offices, shopping centers are the places where we often see indoor plants. Indoor plants, beside having estethical characteristics such as making living spaces more attractive and adding color to the interior, they also have functional features like emphasising and masking and ecological characteristics such as absorbing harmful substances in the environment. However, indoor plants can cause some toxic effects on the users (people and domestic animals). In the scope of this study, which is carried out in the central districts of the province of Bursa, the species evaluated as indoor plant are examined in terms of their toxic properties. The data obtained shows that only 25,92% of indoor plants that are sold the most are not toxic. It has been determined that Anthurium scherzerianum, Dieffenbachia maculata, Dieffenbachia seguine, Dracaena deremensis, Dracaena fragrans massengena, Dracaena marginata, Spathiphyllum wallisii and Yucca aloifolia are preliminary toxic plants for domestic animals.

43 - 52

Authors: E. Seda ARSLAN MUHACİR, Ayşe YAVUZ ÖZALP

The coastal areas, which have always attracted the attention of humankind in the past, have very rich resource values in terms of recreational use and efficiency diversity. The coastal areas have been planned and designed in accordance with the relevant purposes by serving for various purposes such as settlement, transportation, recreation and tourism throughout history. In this context, many studies about coastal areas aimed active and free utilization of people from the coastal areas and the sustainable use and planning of them. The aim of this study is to determine the recreational use potential of the coastal areas by studying the legal and technical aspects of the usage of the first 50 m wide part of coastal and shoreline of Hopa and Arhavi districts of Artvin province on the coast of Black Sea. The study was carried out in a coastal zone with a total of 36.2 km in the province of Artvin. It was handled under seven chapters considering the administrative borders and the planned / unplanned area. The plans prepared for the filling areas with the 1/1000 scaled approved Implementation Plans are the materials used for the study of the potential areas and the pictures from Drone for the recreation obtained by evaluating the entire field during the field studies. ArcMap 10.4, Google Earth and Photoshop CS6 programs were used to organize the generated maps. As a result of all these reviews and evaluations, it has been determined that the unfavorable conditions of the coastal land limit the coastal area and recreational use, and the shoreline has been subjected to unsuitable land use. It has been found that there are recreational purposes in the coastal land and shoreline covered by the planned area, and that the planned areas are exposed to the wrong coastal use more than the unplanned areas. It has also been determined that the coastal width of the study area varies between 0,5 m and 215 m and is mostly of a narrow coastal nature.

63 - 66

Authors: Ayhan GENÇER, Ceyda Hatıl, Gülşah ALTUNIŞIK BÜLBÜL

In this study, paper pulp and test papers were produced with the European blackpine (Pinus nigra Arn.) Kraft method. In order to investigate the effect of chip width on the yield of pulp, the cooking temperature, duration and chemical amount were kept constant and chip size and thickness were fixed in a certain average, and 3 different chip widths were made in 3 chip widths obtained from sieve chips in different size sieves. The chip width is reduced and the yield of pulp and reject are decreased. The highest sieved yield (53.60%) was obtained from the 17.5 mm sieve and from the remaining chips from the 8.5 mm sieve. As the chip width increased, the reject increased. The reject increase is the highest calculated on the widest chips.

73 - 80

Authors: Pınar Kurt, Eyyüp Karaoğul

The aims of this study are to first, reveal the inventory of the plants sold by herbalist in the Bartın province to use medical purposes by the people and secondly determine the phytotherapeutic properties and analysis of the market share regarding some major species in terms of both imports and exports in our country. Within the scope of the study, the herbalists being in Bartın were visited and the list of the products that they have were recorded in to inventory, followed by the most selling medicinal plants were determined. Local people use the medicinal plants usually to asthma, bronchitis and influenza as well as respiratory tract diseases, digestive disorders and kidney diseases. The most common use of plants is usually in the form of infusion and decoction. It is also mentioned in this study which parts of the plants are used for what purpose.

87 - 95

Authors: CENGIZ GULER, Semih Sancar

Depending on the storage periods, changing in the technological properties ocur, changing in the storage time of particleboard produced factory environment effects significantly usage place of particle board. Therefore, immediately after the press exist of produced particles in this study it is aimed to be measured test results of some physical (moisture content, density, water uptake and thickness swelling) and mechanical properties in condition periods. The effects of technological properties of the storage time of the particle board was investigated by comparing the values obtained at the end of 1st day, 7th day, 14th, 21th day and 28th day after 15 minutes press output. In the obtained results, some technological properties of particle board has been observed to be effective. Bending strength and internal bond strength increase was observed depending on the storage period. According to this, it can be stated that it is more appropriate to wait for at least 15 days under suitable storage conditions before sale.

105 - 109

Authors: Yıldız ÇABUK

The increase in the use of wood panel products with the increasing population and industrialization brings with it the development and capacity increase in the wood panel industry. Turkey, which is of an important place in the industrial wood panels all around the world, should give more importance to the industry-relevant analyses and projections in order to maintain its current position in the industry and promote it to an upper level under competitive conditions. In this study, it was aimed to determine the optimal estimation method that can predict the production amounts of wood panels. In this regard, based on the production values between 1981 and 2003, the values up to 2015 were estimated through regression and ARMA methods and they were compared with the actual values. The obtained results and comparisons showed that the optimal estimation values are obtained via the ARMA method in Turkey

116 - 127

Authors: İlyas BOLAT, Ömer Kara, Ertuğrul TOK

Global warming is regarded as one of the most important problems of our century. In almost all scientific circles and media organizations, there is a common opinion that the world is getting warmer. It is estimated that the world temperature will increase between 1.5 °C and 5.0 °C during the 21st century. In Turkey around 2030, it is reported that the summer and winter temperatures will increase around 2.0 °C-3.0 °C, winter precipitation will increase by up to 10%, summer precipitation will decrease and, the drought in terms of soil moisture will increase. In this study, the minimum, maximum and average temperature values and maximum and total precipitation amounts between 1980-1999 and 2000-2015 for the central meteorological stations of Bartin, Zonguldak and Düzce Provinces in Western Black Sea Region of our country were examined. The results indicate the marked increases in minimum and maximum temperatures monthly basis. At the same time, increasing tendency was determined in the Bartin, Zonguldak and Düzce monthly and annual average temperature data, especially during the summer months. On the other hand, in the period between 1980-1999 and 2000-2015 years monthly and annual, especially during the summer months (June, July and August), average precipitation data showed a tendency to decrease. Turkey is among the riskiest countries from the point of the possibility to experience the potential consequences of global warming. Unless measures are taken against climate change, it will be inevitable that the climate change would degrade the composition and productivity of the natural ecological systems in our country and reduce biological diversity.

145 - 151

Authors: Ömer Faruk COŞKUN, Didem AYDIN, Seyhan AKISKA, Halil Barış ÖZEL, Tuğrul VAROL

The plants of the Lemnoideae subfamily are the smallest group of flowering plants. In this study, the distribution areas of Lemnoidea species in areas where important wetlands of Turkey and some ecological characteristics were investigated. Coordinates of locations of duckweeds genotypes are mapped with ArcGIS program. 67 genotype plant samples representing 5 different species of duckweed members were identified. Three genotypes belonging to L. turionifera in the field studies; 4 genotypes belonging to S. polyrhiza; 7 genotypes belonging to Lemna trisulca. It was determined that 9 genotypes belong to L.gibba and 44 genotypes belong to L. minor. The altitudes of the areas identified as duckweed were in a wide range (1-1734 m). Duckweeds are important advantages: (1) they can be evaluated as a model plant, potentialities of use in bioremediation studies, (2) they can be used as food for fish and other animals due to the high protein content they contain and (3) they can be evaluated as biofuels because they have high starch content. The duckweed member plants whose distribution areas are determined in Turkey can be evaluated for these purposes.

3

Authors: Yafes YILDIZ, Hamit AYBERK

Koçak has reported in 1986 Eratophytes amasiella (Herrich-Schaffer, 1854) as the first record from Turkey. Up till now there is no record of the releated species in Turkey from the first record. In a similar way; there is also limited information about our other species, Dasycera imitatrix Zeller, 1847 in Turkey. In this study, new distribution areas for these two species and a new host species for Eratopytes amasiella were given.

5

Authors: Ayhan GENÇER, Hüdaverdi EROĞLU

Paper manufacturing is a very high water use per ton industrial sector. Chemicals and organic and inorganic substances which pass through black solution from raw material during cooking may cause pollution. Generally, NaOH method is used to manufacture paper pulp from cereal straw. Since, sodium increases water salinity in black liquor which was a residue from paper pulp processes and it must be removed. Black liqour treatment increases the time and cost of operations. For these reasons it has become imperative to search for ways to dispose of the black liquor without performing purification. For this purpose, the alkali selected for cooking should not cause salinity to the soil. In order to produce pulp, KOH was used which is a weaker base than NaOH. Because air has bleaching characteristic, KOH-Air cookings were performed. On the other hand, if potassium is used correctly it will be a considerable nutrient for plants. In this study, the black liquor obtained was strong base having mean pH as 12. The optimum pulp manufacturing conditions were temperature, time and KOH ratio were determined as 120°C, 60 min and 18% KOH. It has seen that pulp and paper quality of KOH method compete par with traditional NaOH method pulp and paper using wheat straw.

5

Authors: Hüseyin TAN, Hatice ULUSOY, Hüseyin PEKER

The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of Barite on the physical and mechanical properties of wood. Barite as an impregnation material was used to be harmless to environment-related human health. Barite (BaSO4) solution was prepared with different concentrations of barite (1%, 3%, 5%), and the impregnation process of the samples were conducted according to ASTM-D 1413-76. Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Oriental Beech (Fagus orientalis L.) obtained from the Eastern Black sea region in Turkey were used. According to the results, it showed that each wood types, retention ratio, physical properties, and mechanical properties increased with increasing concentration of barite in the impregnation solution. For the Beech wood, the highest air-dried and dried densities were found to the samples impregnated with solution that had a 1% concentration (0.63 g/cm3); the highest modulus elasticity (MOE) was in samples impregnated with solution that had a 5% concentration (16920 N/mm²); the highest bending strength (MOR) was in samples impregnated with solution that had a 50% concentration (160.40 N/mm²); and the highest dynamic bending strength was in the beech impregnated with solution that had a 50% concentration (2.78 kpm/cm2).

7

Authors: Ayben KILIÇ, Sezgin Koray GÜLSOY, Yasin AYÇİÇEK

In this study, effect of stem height on the fiber morphology and chemical composition of European black pine (Pinus nigra Arnold.) was studied. Three different trees were cut and from each tree 3 different samples were taken (bottom, middle and top). The fiber length, fiber width, fiber lumen width, and cell wall thickness of samples were determined. By using these fiber morphological properties, the flexibility ratio, slenderness ratio, and Runkel ratio of fibers were calculated. Holocellulose, α-cellulose, lignin, hot-cold water solubility and alcohol solubility values were determined. According to the results, samples taken from the bottom of European black pine have more flexible fibers, high amount of cellulose and low amount of lignin than samples taken from middle and top of the tree. From this aspect, we could conclude that pulp made from lower parts of the stem has high yield and strength. However, upper part of the tree is also acceptable for pulping with its fiber and chemical composition.

7

Authors: Erol IMREN, Selman KARAYILMAZLAR, Rıfat KURT, Yıldız ÇABUK

Establishing business for entrepreneurs comprises of very challenging processes such as review, feasibility, evaluation, planning, investment decision and implementation. For this reason, entrepreneurs have to allocate their scarce resources to investments that can provide the most favorable outcome among alternative uses. In this study, it was aimed to determine the most suitable forest industry operation type for Bartin province by using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method which is one of the most criteria decision making methods. Forest industry types and criteria considered to be made in the study were determined by experts and as a result of the evaluations made, it was determined that the most suitable operation type for the Bartin province is the timber manufacturing..

7

Authors: Muhammet Esat ÖZDAĞ, Murat YEŞİLKAYA, Yıldız ÇABUK

In this study, the furniture foreign trade (export and import) between Turkey and Germany was estimated between the years 2017-2023. Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) was utilized as the method. Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) was utilized as the method. The selected independent variables were the populations of countries, Gross Domestic Products (GDP) and real exchange rates while the sector export-import and time were used as dependent variables. 16-year data set obtained was grouped into two as test and training in this study and it was aimed to enable the network to gain the best coefficients with 5000 iteration and make the closest estimations on the test data. The results show that the artificial neural networks are an efficient estimation method for furniture foreign trade. These results are aimed to make predictions for the future plans for furniture industry between two countries.

8

Authors: Bilgin İÇEL, KADİR KAYAHAN, Özkan AVCI

Tables and chairs located in the small kitchens reduce the area of ​​use and prevent housewives from working comfortably. In this context, it is seen that the kitchens of the houses are small and the ceilings of the kitchens are separated for the lower and upper cabinets, the white goods and the countertops while the other ceilings are generally reserved for the kitchen table and chairs. In this study, the characteristics of the kitchen table and chairs to be designed as a result of the face - to - face interviews with the individuals living in TOKI dwellings in Bartın province were examined. During the one-hundred-and-one interviews, the kitchen tables and chairs to be designed were asked for expected features. The data obtained within the scope of the study were analyzed with the help of SPSS program. In addition, the Cronbach Alpha coefficient was calculated to determine the reliability for the sample group of the scale. The end result is that the most important feature for a newly designed kitchen table and chairs is solid and the price is low. It has also been found that women are more important for having aesthetic appearance of tables and chairs and that married individuals desire less space for tables and chairs.

8

Authors: Erhan YAVUZ

This study was carried out with the aim of determining the situation of wildlife human conflict in Giresun. The data were collected by registered hunters through a survey of hunting associations on the ground. In the last part of the study, 78% of the respondents said that rural areas under the pressure of urbanization will cause conflicts between humans and wild animals, 59% of them have little intervention in hunting and wildlife environments, 74% he said. 42% of respondents pointed out that wild animals are harmful to agricultural products, and the participant stated that wild animals do not threaten human health. As the most important cause of human and wild life conflicts; the approach of wild animals to settlement areas to find food and the desire of people to hunt wild animals.

9

Authors: Bülent KAYGIN, Mehmet DEMİR

Furniture design is an important factor influencing the quality of life. Today, more attention is paid to the comfort, safety, and health of the users in addition to the visual appearance in the design of the furniture. Therefore, it is necessary to make designs for the characteristics of the user who uses the furniture. The user-centered design (UCD) is used in the interior design of all kinds of motor vehicles, office furnitures, educational institutions' furnitures, home furnitures and hospital furnitures, that is, every area in which the person himself/herself is located. In this study, a general research has been carried out on the importance and necessity of implementing “UCD” in furniture design, which has been rapidly increasing recently.

9

Authors: Sebahat AÇIKSÖZ, Pınar BOLLUKCE, Gizem CENGİZ GÖKÇE

In this study, the answer to the question "How can ecotourism be developed?” with the concept of sustainable development in the field without losing rural landscape identity has been sought in a case of a settlement which is selected as a study area, Ahatlar Village that is located in Amasra District of Bartın Province. This study involves four main stages as data collection, analysis, evaluation and results-suggestions. In the phase of evaluating the analysis results, main features of Ahatlar are found to be as follows: Ahatlar Nature Park, sightseeing points in Amasra scenery, wooden handicrafts / workshops and local bazaar products. As a result, in ecotourism studies in Ahatlar, ecotourism scenarios have been built in which each one is dominant in order to support the rural characteristics and develop the place in the region: "Amasra's Balcony", "Wooden Workshops", "Local Bazaar".

9

Authors: ESRA PULAT , Barbaros YAMAN

The anatomical, physical and mechanical differences between stem and branch wood in forest trees have been known for many years. Anatomical studies in Turkey have mainly focused on stem wood with little attention on branch wood. However stem and branch woods differ significantly for vessel or tracheid frequency, vessel or tracheid’s tangential and radial diameter, ray frequency, ray width and ray height etc. In this study, stem and branch woods of Pinus brutia, Alnus glutinosa, Juglans regia and Robinia pseudoacacia species were compared for some of the anatomical properties. For P. brutia, the tangential and radial tracheid diameters are narrower and the number of tracheids per mm2 is higher in the branch wood compared to the stem wood. Similarly, the tangential and radial diameters of vessels are narrower and vessel frequencies are higher in the branch woods compared to the stem woods for A. glutinosa, J. regia and R. pseudoacacia. Ray widths of P. brutia, J. regia and R. pseudoacacia are narrower in branches than in stems. But for A. glutinosa ray width is narrower in stem wood. In branch woods of P. brutia and R. pseudoacacia, ray frequency is higher than in stem wood. In the other two species, there is no statistically significant difference between branch and stem wood in terms of ray frequency. In all species examined, ray height is shorter in branch wood, with some exceptional example trees.

10

Authors: Yener TOP, Hakan ADANUR, Mehmet ÖZ

This study aims to demonstrate the environmental awareness and practices of micro-scale businesses operating in the furniture and timber industry, which are two sub-sectors of the forest products industry. Small and medium-sized businesses have a significant place in every country's economy for their size, production and employment. While 99.9% of the timber, furniture and paper sub-sectors constituting the forest industry are in the small and medium-sized class, 96% of them are in the micro-scale business class. Although the environmental impacts of each of these businesses are limited, they have an important influence in total. Since the late 1980s, environmental impacts of businesses have been an increasing matter of concern. As a result, there is an increasing pressure on small and medium-sized business owners and managers to improve their environmental management practices and performances. A questionnaire was applied to 120 businesses representing 885 micro-scale timber and furniture producing businesses operating in Trabzon by face to face interview in 2015. The clear majority of these businesses believe there is environmental pollution, but the number of businesses that believe their businesses less pollute the environment. In addition, some of the results of the survey are that 66% of the businesses believe that waste cannot be reduced and there is no organization collecting the waste.

12

Authors: Bülent CENGİZ, Pelin KEÇECİOĞLU DAĞLI, Sinem YİĞİTTEKİN

Due to its geographical location, Turkey comes to the forefront in terms of natural plant diversity and endemism. However, the nursery enterprises that are referred for plant material in landscape applications are insufficient with respect to ensure natural plant species. In the study, three landscape and ornamental plants nursery enterprises belonging to the private sector in Eyüpsultan (Istanbul) were evaluated. The purpose of the article is to make a sectoral analysis for presenting the current situation of selected nursery enterprises. After the plant material in the nursery enterprises was investigated, a total of 134 outdoor ornamental plant species were identified, 103 of which (49.76%) were Angiospermae, and 31 (14.97%) were Gymnospermae. In addition, 45 (21.74%) indoor ornamental plants and 28 (13.53%) seasonal flowers were identified. The total number of outdoor ornamental plants, indoor ornamental plants and seasonal flowers were 207. In the selected nursery enterprises, it was determined that the sale of exotic species were more common than the natural species as indoor and outdoor ornamental plant species. In the direction of the obtained data, the importance of the development of proposals for landscape economy was emphasized in terms of the natural vegetation usage in application projects and innovative nursery management policy production with sustainable landscape approach.

19

Authors: Halil Barış ÖZEL, Selim ÜZGÜN

This study was carried out the determination for site conditions, silvicultural properties and ground vegetation structure in oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky.) forests in the Yenihan Forest Range District. The mean annual precipitation, mean annual temperatue and soil type were determined for site conditions in the sample plots. Total 8 sample plots were selected in the different stand type for determination of stand structure and ground vegetation type. Structure and ground vegetation type. The crown areas, height breast diameter heights, age, wet and dry branch height were measured of all trees in the sample plots. The stand profile was drawn of each sample plots and amount of trees, state of layer, total height breast area, top height, diameter andage were determined for occured relationship about tress in the sample plots. The plant samples were collected for vegetation surveys in the research area. Later, species and taxonomy were determined of plant samples and frequency and degreee of cover were determined plants of the ground vegetation level in the sample plots by Braun-Blanquet method and high degree was observed cover of ground vegetation of the oriental beech stands in the Yenihan forest district.