Movimiento Humano y Salud

13

Authors: Oscar Milton Rivas Borbón, Jorge Salas Cabrera, Tony Santo Chávez Arce

Compare low, medium, and high activity distance covered in meters by the German and Costa Rican national teams, and its relationship with their ranking in the 2014 World Cup Brazil. Participants: The Costa Rican and German national teams that participated in the World Cup matches. Instruments: Data related to low, medium, and high activity distance covered in meters was obtained from FIFA’s official website.Procedure: Data regarding low, medium, and high activity distance covered in meters during 2014 World Cup Brazil was obtained from FIFA’s official website and was statistically analyzed. Statistical analysis: Descriptive statistics were applied, as well as non-parametric techniques (Mann-Whitney test), using SPSS (version 17) with a significance level of p≤ 0,05. Results: Significant statistical differences were found between the Costa Rican and the German national teams in high (Z = 2,278, p = 0,023), medium (Z = 2,766, p= 0,006) and low activity distance covered (Z = 2,766, p = 0,012). Conclusion: The German national team obtained a significantly higher average percentage in medium and high activity distance covered in meters,while the Costa Rican national team obtained a greater average percentage in the low activity distance covered in meters.

14

Authors: Mario Esteban Serrano Sanabria, Greivin Javier Mora Poveda, Braulio Sánchez Ureña, Juan Carlos Gutiérrez Vargas, Miguel Eduardo Méndez Solano

The objective of this research was to compare the anthropometric characteristics and neuromuscular capabilities of Costa Rican soccer players based on their positions on the soccer field. A total of 84 soccer players, average ages 17.8 ± 1.2, from five Costa Rican high performance division teams were evaluated. Fat percentage was measured by the sum of seven skin folds, flexibility by the Sit and Reach test, the power of lower limps by Bosco’s Squat Jump and Countermovement Jump tests, and the Fatigue Index in 30 seconds. Lastly, a speed test was applied for 10 and 25 meters. Significant differences were found in the players’ weight according to their position on the soccer field F (3-80) = 5.54, p=0.002. For instance, the average weight of goalkeepers is 76.12 ± 8.92 kg, which is significantly higher than the weight of defenders (p=0.01), midfielders (p=0.03), and forwards (p=0.001). Statistically significant differences were also recorded on the height variable among positions F (3-80)=6.50, p=0.001. For instance, alkeepers’ average height was 1.81 ± 0.05m, which was significantly higher than that of midfielders 1.73 ± 0.5 m (p=0.003) and forwards 1.72 ± 0.63m (p=0.001). Significant differences were also found in the fatigue index, F (3-80) = 3.22, p=0.02,between goalkeepers and midfielders. No statistically significant differences were found in the rest of the variables. The results found in this study agree with the existing literature for soccer players in the same categories. There is no evidence of the physical functional specificity on the studied variables regarding comparisons between positions.

16

Authors: Yolanda Campos-Uscanga, Tania Romo-González, Luis Eduardo del Moral-Trinidad, Nelly Itzel Carmona-Hernández

This study aims to determinate whether there are variations in the Body Mass Index (BMI) during the first two years of college and if these variations are influenced by self-regulation. This is a quantitative longitudinal study from 2013 to 2015. A total of 59 nursing students admitted in 2013 to a public university in Mexico participated in the study. Self-regulation scales for eating behavior and physical activity were used, in addition to well calibrated anthropometry equipment. Results showed that in females weight, BMI, waist and hip circumference increased compared to the initial data, while the waist/hip ratio (t=3.89; p < 0.001) decreased, and self-regulation remained unchanged. On the other hand, in males waist and hip circumference increased, while self-regulation of eating behavior decreased. Initial values in self-evaluation of physical activity and eating behavior are associated with BMI in the last measure (β = 0.353; p = 0.006); in addition, higher initial scores in self-observation of physical activity predict a decrease in BMI (β = 0.782; p = 0.001). Findings suggest that lower levels of self-regulation of physical activity are linked to an increase in BMI, which confirms the hypothesis that self-regulation skills are useful not only in treating but also in preventing obesity.

11

Authors: Eduardo Enrique Guzmán Muñoz; Yeny Fabiola Concha Cisternas

Purpose: To determine the onset latency of the vastus medialis oblique (VMO) and vastus lateralis (VL) muscles in individuals with patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS). Methodology: A case-control study. Fourteen female participants with PFPS and fifteen female participants without PFPS performed a sudden lower extremity perturbation test in anterior and posterior directions. The electromyographic onset latency of the VMO and VL were measured during this test. A student’s t-test was used to compare muscle latency between the groups. Significance level was established a priori at P < 0.05. Results: During sudden anterior perturbation a significant latency delay of the VMO (p < 0.001) and VL muscles (p = 0.019) was observed in participants with PFPS. In the sudden posterior perturbation a delayed response in the activation of VMO (p = 0.023) and VL (p < 0.038) muscles was observed in individuals with PFPS. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that individuals with PFPS have a motor deficit reflected in the latency delay of VMO and VL muscles during a sudden perturbation in the sagittal plane.

15

Authors: Andrés Rosa Guillamón; Eliseo García Cantó; Pedro Luís Rodríguez García; Juan José Pérez Soto

Physical fitness is a biomarker of overall health as well as a powerful predictor of longevity and quality of life since childhood. The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between weight status, physical fitness, and satisfaction with life in elementary school children. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted including 214 school children (120 females and 94 males), ages 8 to11. Weight and height were measured, and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Muscle strength, speed and agility displacement, and aerobic capacity were evaluated using the ALPHA-Fitness Battery. Students were categorized by physical fitness level (low, medium and high) and weight status (normal-weight, overweight and obesity). Life satisfaction was measured by the Satisfaction with Life Scale. Statistical analyzes indicate that obese school children have lower values in the Satisfaction with Life Scale. In addition, school children with medium-high levels of fitness have higher records in the life satisfaction scale. Results suggest that weight status and physical fitness could be determinin factors in the perception of life satisfaction in 8 to 11 year-old school children.

15

Authors: Lara Blas; Daniel Castillo; Oscar Lacalzada; Aitor Iturricastillo

This study was aimed at describing the physiological responses of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) patients in each session of an 8-week training program and analyzing its effects on the patients’ physical performance. Four COPD patients (64 ± 6 years) participated in this study. A 6-minute walking test (6MWT) (T1) was performed before the training program to determine the cardiovascular capacity of the participants. After 8 weeks 6MWT was repeated (T2). During the training program participants performed interval aerobic endurance, strength, stretching and respiratory muscle training. There was no significant increase in the physiological variables (systolic and diastolic blood pressure and oxygen saturation) after 6MWT neither in T1 or T2. However, the systolic pressure in the Post test of T1 (Δ%=24.8±22.1; ES=2.2, high) and Post test of T2 (Δ%=14.0±13.2; ES=1.0, high) reported a tendency to be higher than the Pre test. With respect to physical performance, participants walked slightly more meters after the training sessions (Δ%=4.61; ES=0.4, low), which was accompanied by an increased effort perception (Δ%=107.1; ES=3.0 and Δ%=200.0; ES=1.8 for RPEmus). Participants slightly improved their physical performance in the 6MWT probably because sessions were not only focused on improving aerobic capacity but also muscle strength.

18

Authors: Emmanuel Herrera-González; Maria Morera-Castro; Gerardo Araya Vargas; Héctor Fonseca-Schmidt; María del Pilar Vargas Ramírez

The purpose of this study was to establish a physical and psychological profile of fourth, fifth, and six graders. The study included a total of 1080 participants, specifically 318 fourth graders, 418 fifth graders and 344 sixth gradersbetween the ages of 9-15 years (mean age 11.10 ± 1.07). Size and weight were measured to establish BMI. Two self-report instruments were used to establish levels of physical activity: Pictorial Questionnaire of Children’s Physical Activity and Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Boys and Girls. The PACER (Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run) Test evaluates children and teenagers’ fitness level. Psychological variables were studied using the BIA Questionnaire and Lawrence's Self-Esteem Questionnaire (LAWSEQ). According to the classification by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the level of overweight and obesity is 28.8% while the level of underweight is 4%. As for aerobic capacity (VO2max) 77.7% is in a healthy level for their age. Boyssee themselves more physically active than girls see themselves.Regarding self-esteem, 35% show low levels and only 10% have high self-esteem. As far as body image, the tendency of the ideal and future image is to be thinner.These results serve as a fundamental scientific basis for future research aimedat improving the health and well-being of the school population, taking into account the relationship between body image and children’s psychological aspects.

1-15

Authors: Josu Huarte Prieto & Javier Yanci Irigoyen

The purpose of this review was first to determine whether there is enough evidence in scientific literature to insure the existence of the anabolic window subsequent to training sessions to improve muscle adaptations of hypertrophy and strength by ingesting certain nutrients during a period of time. The review was also aimed at establishing if there is a limited time of action for such an anabolic window and finally at analyzing which are the appropriate nutritional recommendations for the training sessions given in the various scientific papers. Information was searched using the PubMed search engine (in English) and Google scholar and Dialnet(in Spanish). The search was narrowed to only articles directly related to training and articles with healthy subjects with no pathologies. Given that the studies analyzed present mixed and contradictory results, it is difficult to determine the existence or non-existence of the anabolic window and its time of action.

1-19

Authors: Christian Alberto Azofeifa Mora; Luis Solano Mora ;Jorge Salas Cabrera; Héctor Fonseca Schmidt

The purpose of this article is to relate and compare job stress predictors with physical activity levels, age, seniority, and gender in administrative employees in the Costa Rican public sector. A total of 395 individuals from this sector were surveyed. Subjects answered a socio-demographic questionnaire (age, gender, seniority, and marital status). In order to assess job stress predictors, the Job Stress Survey (JSS) was applied,which was comprised of two dimensions (intensity and frequency) and including predictors such as pressure at work (PT), lack of social support (FA), lack of organization (FO), and lack of personal accomplishment (FRP). To determine the level of physical activity, a short version of the IPAQ was applied. Results indicate that male subjects have a slightly higher level of physical activity compared to female subjects. In addition, females show higher levels of job pressure as a stress predictor. Subjectively, the higher the physical activity level the lower the stressors, compared to lower levels of physical activity. We conclude that the high levels of physical inactivity exhibited may be associated with higher job stress perceived and that role overload could be an important factor to consider as a source of stress in females.Key Words: job stress, physical activity, administrative, gender, age, seniority

1-11

Authors: Braulio Sánchez-Ureña; Felipe Araya-Ramírez; Luis Blanco-Romero;Carmen Crespo-Coco

Anthropometric and physiological characteristics of professional soccer players per playing position have been studied extensively in order to determine their relevance in competitions. However, comparing methods to assess body composition is uncommon for Costa Rican soccer players. Purpose: compare body composition using Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) and the skinfold method in Costa Rican professional soccer players. Methods: 106 Costa Rican professional soccer players, 24.53 ± 4.77 years of age, participated in the study. Results: On average body fat was 13.34 ± 4.1 %, fat free mass 62.1±5.5 kg and bone mineral content 3.6 ± 0.4 g/cm2 using DEXA, while body fat recorded using the skindfold method was 12.58 ± 3.0 %. When comparing body fat using both methods significant differences were recorded(p=0.005). In addition, there were differences on fat free mass by extremity in the upper right component (p=0.001) and lower (p=0.037) extremities. Fat free mass per playing position showed differences in the arms (p<0.05). There was a strong positive correlation(r=0.75, p < 0.001) between body fat obtained using DEXA and the skinfold methods. Conclusion: When comparing fat percentages using both methods significant differences were recorded. Body fat measured with both methods was very similar; consequently, both techniques may be used in this population.

25-36

Authors: Guillermo Felipe López Sánchez;MD Dilsad Ahmed;Francisco José Borrego Balsalobre; Laura López Sánchez1 Arturo Díaz Suárez

The level of physical activity of people is a very important issue internationally. The aim of this study was to analyze and compare the level of habitual physical activity in 8-9 years old schoolchildren from Spain and India. With this purpose, it was administered the questionnaire PACE (Physician-based Assessment and Counseling for Exercise) in a sample of 85 schoolchildren (44 from Spain and 41 from India). The results showed that the sample studied does not do enough physical activity, according to the recommendations of the World Health Organization, as they do at least 60 minutes of physical activity; only an average of 3.13 days/week (SD=1.91). 8-year-old schoolchildren do more physical activity than 9-year-old schoolchildren in both countries; boys do more physical activity than girls in both countries; schoolchildren from India do more physical activity than schoolchildren from Spain. Therefore, it is concluded that the level of physical activity is insufficient, decreases slightly with the age and is higher in India.

18

Authors: Carlos Álvarez Bogantes

There is sufficient evidence to say that women as they move into the education system to reduce physical activity levels of sedentary lifestyle that put them at higher risk for non-communicable diseases. This led to determine the reasons for the inactivity of a group of fourth cycle. In order to address this problem, a qualitative design using focus groups and depth interviews was used, applied to30 women of high school participated. The results indicate that the participants are unaware of the benefits that can give them an active life, possibly affecting their movement behavior. A key element that have expressed is little impact of physical education classes when promoting lifestyles movement of the participants in this study, especially for ignoring the needs and barriers that students have. Become clear that the sport orientation of physical education classes and lack the skills to participate in activities successfully, sedentary activities of friends, the attitudes of parents; curriculum and lack of facilities also have significant impact in the studied group.