Health Risk Analysis

13-18

Authors: Fedorenko E.V.

Health risk analysis methodology is an internationally recognized tool for ensuring food safety. Three main elements of risk analysis are risk assessment, risk management and risk communication to inform the interested parties on the risk, are legislated and implemented in the Eurasian Economic Union and the Republic of Belarus. There is a corresponding organizational and functional framework for the application of risk analysis methodology as in the justification of production safety indicators and the implementation of public health surveillance. Common methodological approaches and criteria for evaluating public health risk are determined, which are used in the development and application of food safety requirements. Risk assessment can be used in justifying the indicators of safety (contaminants, food additives), and evaluating the effectiveness of programs on enrichment of food with micronutrients.

27-32

Authors: Buzinov R.V. , Averina E.A., Unguryanu T.N.

The descriptive epidemiological study on the prevalence of “school” pathology in the child population and the influence of the conditions of educational environment in kindergartens and schools in the Arkhangelsk Region was performed. It was found that the main health problems detected during preventive medical examinations of the children and adolescents of school age are the violation of posture, scoliosis and impaired visual acuity. The highest frequency of posture disorders found in children in the transition to subject teaching, the intensity of scoliosis and impaired visual acuity are the most pronounced in the age group of 15 years. The association between measuring light levels, not meeting hygienic standards and the frequency of scoliosis in children before entering school is revealed (rs=0,472; p=0,048); between measurements of furniture, not meeting sanitary requirements in school computer classes and the violation of visual acuity in children of 10–11 years (rs=0,529; p=0,024); and between measurements of furniture, not meeting sanitary requirements in kindergartens and the violation of posture in children one year before admission and just before entering school (rs=0,601; p=0,008 and rs=0,90; p=0,037, respectively).

33-49

Authors: Korochkina Yu.V. , Perekusikhin M.V. , Vasilyev V.V. , Panteleev G.V.

Assessment of the carcinogenic risk from air pollution, the chemical composition of the drinking water and the content of contaminants in food showed that the total cancer risk for both inhalation and oral routes of administering priority pollutants and contaminants into the body of Penza children and adolescents complies with the maximum permissible level. The greatest risk of non-carcinogenic impact associated with air pollution is generated in respect of the respiratory system, eyes and immune system. The maximum hazard indices associated with the consumption of drinking water, are set for blood, hormone system and kidneys. The risk of negative impacts associated with the receipt of food contaminants is observed in respect of the hematopoietic and cardiovascular systems. Application of risk assessment methodology to study the effects of chemicals polluting the environment on health has allowed to justify preventive measures aimed at reducing the risk to the health of children and adolescents, as well as increased monitoring researches of environmental objects to isolate areas of high risk to children's health.

47-54

Authors: Bezrukova G.A., Novikova T.A., Shalashova M.L. , Raikin S.S.

Based on the results of the hygienic assessment of working conditions in the domestic agricultural machinery of old and new models when performing the main types of seasonal agricultural work during the annual production cycle and analysis of accumulated occupational diseases’ nosology structure in agricultural workers of the Saratov region over the period from 2004 to 2014, the estimation of professional risk diseases of the peripheral nervous system in tractor drivers – machine operators of agricultural production is given. Professional risk assessment carried out under the procedure set forth in P2.2.1766-03 has shown that the category of a priori risk to their health during an annual production cycle ranged from high to very high (unbearable). It was revealed that the most important factors shaping the harmful working conditions when working on agricultural machinery that can act as a trigger in the formation of vertebral diseases of the peripheral nervous system, are general and local vibration, adverse micro-climatic conditions, long uncomfortable static working posture and physical stress. The risk of diseases in the peripheral uneven system in machine operators of agriculture was attributed to the high risk category with an index of professional diseases (IPD) equal to 0,5 %.

61-67

Authors: Dolgikh О.V. , Krivtsov А.V., Starkova К.G., Luchnikova V.А., Bubnova О.А., Dianova D.G., Bezruchenko N.V., Vdovina N.A.

The evaluation of immunological markers in schoolchildren exposed to strontium is performed. It is shown that under the conditions of increased administration of strontium with drinking water the indication of spontaneous and induced levels of neurotransmitters in vitro allows to detect early functional disorders of the immune system. It was found that the following markers of specific hypersensitivity and mediators of intercellular immune regulation (IgG specific to strontium, cytokines IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-17, α-TNF, GM-CSF, spontaneous and specifically stimulated, RANKL, OPG( may be proposed for the identification of health risk as early markers of immune disorders in school children living in areas of strontium geochemical provinces.

73-82

Authors: Efimochkina N.R., Bykova I.B., Korotkevich Yu.V., Markova Yu.M., Minaeva L.P. , Sheveleva S.A.

The species-specific composition of microbial contaminants of vegetable raw materials and equipment used in the production of biotechnological products and beverages fermentation are studied. 85 enterobacteria strains was isolated and investigated, 46 strains of the genera Enterobacter, Pantoea, Citrobacter, Serratia, Escherichia, Cronobacter was identified to the species level; the most frequently detected bacteria of the genera Enterobacter and Pantoea (about 50 %). For the first time developed and tested chromogenic in vitro model based that allows to quantify the degree of inhibition of gram-negative microflora under the influence of antimicrobial agents depending on the concentrations of biocides and density of bacterial populations. A comparative analysis of the tolerance of Enterobacteriaceae strains from different biotopes was conducted. Sensitivity to the treatment of chlorine-containing biocides in 26 strains of enterobacteria from plant material and 9 strains of Escherichia coli from the intestine of male rats of Wistar line was tested. Enterobacteria from vegetable raw materials and swabs were more resistant to antimicrobial action of chlorine, than the representatives of the populations of the normal intestinal microbiota. It is established that the active chlorine concentration of 50–100 mg/dm 3 , the most commonly used in the processing of vegetable raw materials, is not effective for Enterobacteriaceae, if the density of the microbial population is 10 5–7 cells/cm 3 and above. At an initial level of contamination with Enterobacteriaceae not more than 10 3 cells/cm 3 processing solutions with a concentration of active chlorine of 75 to 100 mg/dm 3 can provide effective disinfection of raw materials, equipment, or inventory. Experimental chromogenic in vitro model proposed to assess the impact of chlorine-based biocides on the degree of the enterobacteria inhibition, can be used to justify the selection and doses of antimicrobial agents, effective against other groups of microbial contaminants. This will optimize the use of modes of decontamination of raw materials and sanitizing equipment in the food industry.