Health Risk Analysis

4-16

Authors: Zaitseva N.V., Shur P.Z.

An analysis of the methodical support of product safety assessment demonstrated that human health risk criteria are widely used for chemical and microbiological hazardous factors in food products. Furthermore, when developing product risk assessment methodology, it is feasible to utilize the experience of assessment of a risk related to exposure to environmental factors. It is reasonable to supplement the existing methodical approaches to product safety assessment in Customs Union practice with risk evolution assessment, taking into account effects of various severity and with quantitative assessment of individual and population health risks in case of non-compliance with safety requirements.

26-31

Authors: Kreymer M.A., Turbinskiy V.V.

The study investigated the mechanisms of climate's influence on changes in concentrations in ground-level ambient air.It was shown that to evaluate the results of social and environmental health monitoring, it is important to take into consideration factors, which influence health indicators of air quality and the behavior of ambient air constituents, i.e. solubility, changes in their physicochemical properties, chemical reactions and absorption by the biosphere.To model a health risk, one needs to know the constantly circulating air masses, meteorological and orographic conditions of balance disturbance between the constituents'entrance to and leave from the atmosphere. A risk emerges at the combination of meteo parameters leading to an exceedence of critical hazard threshold levels ofa constituent. To calculate the standards for maximum permissible emissions, it is necessary to take into account circulation indices separately for each constituentemitted into the atmosphere.

41-45

Authors: Unguryanu T.N.

Epidemiological analysis of disease incidence in Novodvinsk citizens revealed that in an area with higher levels of ambient air pollution caused by the substances specific to the paper-making industry, the incidence of acute respiratory viral infections (223.2 ‰) and chronic bronchitis (25.9 ‰) in adults and the incidence of acute bronchitis (158.0 ‰) and bronchial asthma (28.8 ‰) in children was 1.2 to 1.6 times higher when compared with those areas of the city which are remote from the paper mill (χ 2 =4.3–70.6, р=0.038–р<0.001). The study determined a high risk of general toxic effects on the respiratory organs in children (HI=5.7–13.6) and in adults (HI=4.5–6.1), which develops mainly due to the chemical substances contained in the emissions from the paper mill.

54-63

Authors: Fetter V.V.

The article presents the findings of an assessment of a health risk, associated with the consumption of food products contaminated with chemical substances, in children and adults in the Belgorod region. The major contaminants and their concentrations in food products were determined. The contributions of the studied contaminants and groups of food products to the levels of exposure were identified. The development of noncarcinogenic effects determined by a combined impact of food contaminants was characterized and the body's organs and systems, which are susceptible to the most significant toxic effects, were determined. The levels of an individual and population risk associated with chemically contaminated food products were calculated.

70-76

Authors: Baydina A.S., Alexeyev V.B., Nosov A.Ye., Shirinkina Ye.A.

The findings of an assessment of the risk of developing the metabolic syndrome in oil-extracting company workers showed that occupational exposure to aromatic hydrocarbons should be considered as a risk factor of cardiovascular pathologies. The incidence of the metabolic syndrome and arterial hypertension in the workers exposed to aromatic hydrocarbons was found to increase by 16% and 13.9%, respectively. In the occupational groups, exposed to aromatic hydrocarbons, individual components of the metabolic syndrome, i.e. hyperuricemia (EF 52.33%) and hyperleptinemia (EF 33.02%), and the metabolic syndrome in general (EF 36.75%) are occupationally induced. The etiological contribution of benzene and toluene to the development of the metabolic syndrome amounted to 4.62%.

82-90

Authors: T.S. Ulanova, Karnazhitskaya T.D., Pshenichnikova Ye.O., Nakhieva E.A.

This paper presents the findings of a study on the development of a method for chloramphenicol determination in meat products using liquid chromatography-mass selective detection (LC/MSD). The study determined optimum conditions for chloramphenicol analysis using an Agilent 1200 liquid chromatograph and an Agilent Technologies 6460 triple quadrupole liquid chromatograph/mass spectrometer. The conditions for an efficient extraction of chloramphenicol from meat samples were investigated. The optimum technique was found to be liquid extraction with ethyl acetate followed by further purification with hexane. The values of recovery were in the range of 70 to 100% in the matrix, depending on the levels of chloramphenicol in the meat products. The metrological characteristics of the developed method were evaluated and the values of the following parameters were calculated: the deviation between the mean value and the actual value, which is the measure of accuracy, did not exceed 26%, reproducibility was at most 10% and repeatability was no more than 5%.The analysis of meat product samples carried out using the developed method found that 17.6% of the samples contained the antibiotic.

4-17

Authors: Zaitseva N.V., May I.V.

An analysis of the laws and regulations of the technical regulation and product safety systems of the European Union, the United States and a number of international organizations suggests international legislative recognition of life and health risk assessment methodology as a key tool for justifying product safety standards. Legislation from the Customs Union on product risk assessment requires development and improvement, internal harmonization and ensuring conformation with the provisions of international documentation. The improvement of laws and regulations will stimulate the development of all aspects of the scientific and methodological and organizational support for product risk assessment, i.e. the development and implementation of risk assessment methodologies, the development of a system of criteria for a risk of health disorders of various severity, the improvement of methods for product conformity assessment and of the risk monitoring system for products placed on the market.

27-33

Authors: Solovyov V.Yu.

A concept is based on proposals on identifying high risk groups among the personnel of production facilities with hazardous working conditions and on the harmonization of safety standards in various fields of human activity. A threelink system of social protection and health care for the personnel is proposed. The first link is related to working conditions and high risk groups are formed depending on their overall occupational risk. Preventive and rehabilitation measures are suggested as a complex of social protection measures. The second link includes providing specialized health care, including thorough early diagnosis for the personnel according to the medical indications, identified on the basis of periodic medical examinations. The third link covers the possibility of compensatory payments or other social benefits for sick employees based on detecting a cause-and-effect relationship between working conditions and a diagnosed disease (an insured event). For risks which are negligibly smaller compared to the overall risk, it is important to exclude the emotional factor from assessments as such factors can lead to unreasonable decisions. Experience gained in the analysis of the effects caused by radiation can be effectively used to assess and forecast adverse effects of exposure to a wide range of other technogenic factors, which are more important from the point of view of health effects.

41-47

Authors: Gasilin V.V., Bocharov Ye.P., Ayzatullin A.A., Ignatyev D.M.

Ambient air monitoring in the city of Kazan is undertaken by monitoring systems of three different departments. Unacceptable risk levels from exposure to particulate matter are being formed in the city, which is confirmed by the monitoring performed by all the departments. The most hazardous are particulate matter smaller than 10 and 2.5 microns. Exposure to this particulate matter causes unacceptable levels of non-carcinogenic risks in almost all the studied areas. Exposure to formaldehyde and soot forms both unacceptable carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic health risks. According to the data of the three departments, mutual validation of the results can be observed but there are still significant differences in the results for particular pollutants, which makes it impossible to make sufficiently substantiated management decisions.

55-63

Authors: Zemlyanova M.A., Zvezdin V.N., Dovbysh A.A., Kondrashov N.B., Akafyeva T.I.

A study of morphological characteristics of the gastrointestinal tract in laboratory animals during a subchronic (over a 30 day period) intra-gastric administration of the aqueos suspension of nano-dispersed manganese oxide (III, IV) at a dose of 10.4 mg/kg demonstrated a complex of pathomorphological changes. These included an evenly distributed moderate inflammatory response in the mucosal and submucosal layers of the stomach and in the small and large intestines, which was manifested via lymphocyte and macrophage infiltration ad- mixed with eosinophils and plasma cells. In the ganglia of the intermuscular nerve plexus, dystrophic changes with a pronounced perneural edema were observed. When a microfine equivalent was administered in a similar way, the inflammatory response in the studied organs was local and mild. No events of perneural edema or dystrophy in the ganglia of the intermuscular nerve plexus were detected.

75-81

Authors: Tsunina N.M., Molodkina D.A.

This article identifies current directions in the development of social and hygiene monitoring and health risk analysis in the context of communication to state athorities, local authorities, the population, etc. The experience in specifying the objectives in social and hygiene monitoring, the ways to improve the quality of information and analysis was generalized. The article contains a list of general topics in social and hygiene monitoring which are covered by research and analytical papers published in journals and on a website. The major sources of information for social and hygiene monitoring are listed. A summary table with explanations on communication sections and total composition and percentage shares of the published works over the last 3 years is given in this paper. The description of software and its usage to collect and treat indicators and data in social and hygiene monitoring is provided in this work. Possible prospects of improving the communication system as a result of social and hygiene monitoring are discussed.

4-13

Authors: Zaitseva N.V., Shur P.Z., Atiskova N.G., Kiryanov D.A, Kamaltdinov M.R.

The data obtained by a comparative risk assessment of listeriosis occurrence due to the consumption of food containing L. monocytogenes at levels which do not exceed the standards adopted by the Custom Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia (CU) and those set by the Codex Alimentarius Commission and the European Union for food placed on the market is presented in this work. It was determined that exposure to the levels meeting the CU standards (the absence of L. monocytogenes in a 25g sample of a food product) caused a health risk which did not exceed the acceptable risk level. The adoption of Codex Alimentarius Commission and EU standards (100 CFU/g for products placed on the market) may result in unacceptable risk levels for both the Russian population in general and the most susceptible individuals.

27-38

Authors: Ustinova O.Yu., Makarova V.G., Dolgikh O.V.

An assessment of post-vaccination immunity against diphtheria, measles, tetanus and pertussis in children with increased levels of chemical toxicants, caused by environmental exposure was conducted. It was determined that the levels of post-vaccination antibodies in this group of children were significantly lower than those in children living in environmentally favorable areas and that disorders in the development of post-vaccination immunity were observed 1.5 to 2.4 times more often. A true relationship between a decrease in the levels of specific post-vaccination antibodies and an increase in the levels of lead, chromium, manganese and o-cresol in the blood was identified.

45-48

Authors: Buzinov R.V., Unguryanu T.N.

The prevalence of smoking and alcohol consumption in the urban population of the Arkhangelsk Region was studied in this work and the associated risk of ischemic heart disease (IHD) was assessed. A total of 697 individuals aged 18 or over participated in the survey. The share of the smoking urban population in the Arkhangelsk region was 37.4 % whereas the percentage of individuals consuming alcohol once a month or more often was 35.5 %. The total risk of the impact of smoking and alcohol consumption for the urban population in the age groups 40 to 49, 50 to 59, 60 and over, was 7.0×10 -3 , 2.2×10 -2 , 5.2×10 -1 , respectively, and was unacceptable. The main contribution to the overall risk of IHD is smoking (91.5 %).

57-63

Authors: Ulanova T.S., Nurislamova T.V.

The results of experimental studies on the development of gas chromatographic methods for the determination of 1,3-butadiene and ethylene oxide, acrylonitrile in ambient air at the reference levels – by adsorbing the studied compounds from ambient air onto a Tenax TA sorbent and using optimum thermal desorption and capillary gas chromatographic conditions are presented in this article. The adsorption, thermal desorption and gas chromatographic parameters of the determination of 1,3-butadiene and ethylene oxide, acrylonitrile in ambient air were justified. We have achieved a high sensitivity of the gas chromatographic determination of the studied compounds at the reference levels (mg/m 3 ) was achieved: 1,3-butadiene – 0.002, ethylene oxide – 0.005, acrylonitrile – 0.002 with an error of determination to within 25 %.

73-78

Authors: Ushakov A.A., Saldan I.P., Goleva O.I., Karpova T.N.

The analysis of the economic losses associated with the actual disease incidence in the region's population by the following classes of diseases "Poisoning by drugs, medicaments and biological substances” (T36-T50) and "Toxic effects of substances chiefly nonmedicinal as to source” (T51-T65), which includes an assessment of production losses in the region's economy in value terms and an assessment of changes in cash flows in the RF budgets (tax revenues) is presented in this work. The period of time covered by the analysis by the classes of diseases is 5 years (from 2007 to 2011). The greatest region's gross regional product (GRP) losses related to the actual disease incidence in the population by classes of diseases T36-T50 and T51-T65 GRP over the analyzed time period were seen in 2011.

4-14

Authors: Onischenko G. G.

The Russian Federation continues to develop legislative, scientific, methodological and information bases, harmonized with international requirements and approaches, for the methodology of assessing health risks from exposure to harmful environmental factors. Health risk assessment methods, which are included in the social and environmental health monitoring system, have been validated and proven to be effective, are used in many Russian regions to justify health and environmental measures to protect public health, workers' health as well as in product safety analysis, etc. Taking into account risk parameters, we developed national environmental health standards of the concentrations of chemical substances in the environment, we justified the position of the Russian Federation on the content of residual harmful impurities in food, we justified ambient air quality monitoring programs during the Universiade in Kazan and the Olympic Games in Sochi. The country is developing methodical and laboratory basis for social and environment health monitoring as a foundation for exposure assessment; new approaches to the determination and mathematical modeling of "dose-effect" relationships, to risk classifications, including those used in exposure to factors of various origin, and to the application of risk assessment results in management decision making in the field of ensuring health and epidemiological well-being, are being validated.

24-29

Authors: Dobrokhotskiy O.N., Dyatlov A.I.

Issues of biological safety are of particular relevance and are a priority in ensuring the national security of the Russian Federation. In this work, we outline the ways of developing a methodical approach to bio-risk management when working with pathogenic biological agents (PBA) in order to minimize the risk of intra-laboratory infection. We show that the development and implementation of the methodology for bio-risk management when working with PBA will be the basis for developing and making management decisions which increase the effec- tiveness of the current biological safety system.

36-40

Authors: Popov M.S., Popova A.Yu.

The performed analysis of the rules of the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures and their application by the Dispute Settlement Body of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the Appellate Body shows that a WTO member country may ban the import of goods if this product has been proven to be hazardous or there are reasonable grounds to assume that the product is hazardous. The requirement to perform risk assessment and the necessity to obtain "significant scientific evidence" are crucial to maintain the balance between the interests of developing international trade and that of human life and health protection. Provided that the import is banned or substantially restricted on a non-discriminatory basis, the importing country has no reasons to fear any significant effects from the ban. Furthermore, even if the ban is later found to be groundless, the importing country has sufficient time to cancel the ban in the absence of any sanctions.

52-56

Authors: Erastova N.V., Meltser A.V.

The high quality of drinking water is the result of a complex solution of multiple issues. The major issues are the development and implementation of state-of-the-art water treatment technologies, the use of effective mechanisms for laboratory monitoring, social and environmental health monitoring, the application of an integral approach to drinking water quality assessment and making hygienically justified decisions in the fields of water supply and disposal.

65-72

Authors: Zaitseva N.V., Zemlyanova M.A., Zvezdin V.N., Sayenko Ye.V.

An experimental study of the aqueous suspension of nano-dispersed silicon dioxide, which had been synthesized using liquid-crystal templating, by a single intra-gastric administration resulted in assigning the tested product to class of hazard 3 according to LD50. We identified a complex of morphological changes in the lowest tested dose of 500 mg/kg which manifested through pronounced changes in the circulatory system – a significant vasodilation and plethora of large blood vessels of the liver, kidneys and the thymus. We also observed the activation of proliferative processes in the lymphatic and macrophage system, the development of degenerative processes in the liver, the kidneys, the red pulp of the spleen and the lungs. No death of the animals was observed when administering the micro-dispersed analog of the compound intra-gastrically (class of hazard 4). When administering 500 mg/kg, we observed a complex of morphological changes – moderate vascular changes in the kidneys, the heart, the brain, and the liver, insignificant proliferative changes in the liver, a proliferative reaction in the lymphoid tissue, lymphocytic infiltration in the tissues of the oesophagus, the stomach, the liver, the kidneys and the large intestine.