International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research

278-283

Authors: Rajesh Nagar*, Rakesh Patel

The traditional system of medicine is so ingrained in our culture that, about 75% of the Indian population depends on this indigenous system for relief. With such a huge section of an ever increasing population relying on herbal remedies, it is imperative that the plant products which have been in use for such a long time be scientifically supported for their efficacy. Diabetes a metabolic disorders is most frequent occurring disease in India. The present paper reports with the investigation of antidiabetic potential of Eugenia jambolana (Bark), Phyllanthus niruri (Whole plant), Momordica charantia Linn. (Seeds) and Nyctanthes arbor-tristis (Leaves).

289-298

Authors: Jyotsna Begani1, Jyoti Lakhani2, Dharmesh Harwani1*

The efficacy of an actinomycete strain JB66 recovered from a sand dune soil from the Bikaner district of the Thar desert in inhibiting the growth of various bacterial pathogens was studied. The type strains Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella flexneri, Klebsiella pneumoniae and the clinical isolates Escherichia coli, multidrug-resistant S. aureus and P. vulgaris were included in the antimicrobial assays. Polyphasic characterization of JB66 isolate revealed its identity as Streptomyces (MH762010). It showed 88.99-89.24% sequence similarity with the other members of this genus and share the maximum (88.89%) similarity with Streptomyces sp. ATSC13. The strain JB66 was found to produce a high amount of extracellular L-asparaginase, catalase, gelatinase, protease, tyrosinase and urease enzymes. The partial chemical categorization of the methanolic crude extract of the JB66 strain led to the preliminary identification of various metabolic compounds. The thin-layer chromatography fractionation revealed the presence of prodigiosin pigment or chandramycin, cephalosporin or zeatin, daidzein, demethoxy rapamycin, 4,6-dihydroxy-7-methoxyisoflavone, munumbicins and amiclenomycin like compounds. Bio-autography revealed that the metabolites localized at the Rf values of 0.40, 0.46 and 0.53 in TLC profile had the actual bioactive fractions. UV-VIS spectrum absorbance maxima at 288 nm revealed the presence of an aromatic nucleus.

305-317

Authors: Chandani Makvana*, Satyajit Sahoo

The present study was aimed to formulate, comparatively evaluate and optimize multiple lipid drug carriers of valsartan for oral controlled release to overcome the problems associated with the drug such as bioavailability, to reduce the dosage regimen, half life and to determine the appropriateness of niosomal formulation as a drug carrier. Ether injection method was chosen for the formulation of physically and chemically stable niosomes of valsartan. The formulation and process parameters were optimized by manufacturing placebo niosomes. Than drug loaded niosome was prepared by varying the concentration of span 60. The prepared nine formulations were evaluated for various parameters. Placebo niosomes were evaluated for appearance, odour, texture, creaming volume, pH and changes after 15 days. The medicated nine formulations were evaluated for organoleptic properties (appearance/color, odour), pH, total drug content, entrapment efficiency, mean particle size and polydispersibility index, zeta potential and In-vitro drug release. All formulations were off-white in color, odourless, and fluid in nature. It was stable and did not show sedimentation. The pH was found to be in the range of 4.6-5.4. Drug content was found in the range of 89.13 to 99.52. The Entrapment efficiency was found in range of 79.05 to 98.24. The mean vesicle size of drug loaded niosomes of the different batches ranged between 2.52-3.42μm. The polydispersvity index was in the range of 0.325 to 0.420 which indicates a narrow vesicle size distribution. The values of zeta potential were in the range of -20.29 mV to -30.55 mV which indicates that niosome had sufficient charge and mobility to inhibit aggregation of vesicles. All the nine formulations shows constant drug release in controlled manner up to 24 h. Formulation V7 was considered to be the best formulation as the % drug content (99.52 ± 0.97), % entrapment efficiency (98.24 ± 1.50) and % drug release at the end of 24th h (98.55) were high for V7. The optimized formulation V7 showed higher degree of correlation coefficient (r2) 0.9805 which indicates process of constant drug release from dosage form. The present study concludes that the prepared niosome is a convenient and efficiency carrier for the delivery of antihypertensive drug. Besides this, it provided controlled delivery of drug.

325-329

Authors: Raghavender Chenna*, Y. Padmanabha Reddy

Chronotherapy has been emerging as a novel technology in the field of pharmaceutical research. Delivery of drugs with respect to the circadian rhythm has gained greater importance in the diseases such as diabetes, asthma and hypertension in producing maximum therapeutic action. Present study focus on the formulation and evaluation of Nimodipine pulsatile release tablets with the incorporation of Eudragit pH sensitive polymers used for the chronotherapy of hypertension. Pharmacologically Nimodipine is an anti-hypertensive agent that acts by blocking the L and N-type calcium channels. Evaluation parameters for Nimodipine tablets included friability, drug content, bulk and tapped density, angle of repose and Carr’s index and drug release in vitro and in vivo.

337-342

Authors: S. Srikanth Reddy1, G. Suresh2*

The current research is aimed at developing liquid self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (liquid-SNEDDS) of Manidipine for enhanced solubility and oral bioavailability. The Manidipine SNEDDS are formulated with excipients comprising of Capmul MCM (oil phase), Transcutol P (surfactant) Lutrol L 300 as co-surfactant. The prepared fifteen formulations of Manidipine SNEDDS analysed for emulsification time, percentage transmittance, particle size, in vitro drug release, and stability studies. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies of the optimized formulation were carried out in Wistar rats in comparison with control (pure drug). The morphology of Manidipine SNEDDS indicates spherical shape with uniform particle distribution. The percentage drug release from optimized formulation F14 is 98.24 ± 5.14%. The particle size F14 formulation was 22.4 nm and Z-Average 23.3 nm. The PDI and zeta potential of Manidipine SNEDDS optimized formulation (F14) were 0.313 and-5.1mV respectively. From in vivo bioavailability data the optimized formulation exhibited a significantly greater Cmax and Tmax of the SNEDDS was found to be 3.42 ± 0.46ng/ml & 2.00 ± 0.05 h respectively. AUC0-∞ infinity for formulation was significantly higher (11.25 ± 3.45 ng.h/ml) than pure drug (7.45 ± 2.24ng. h/ml). Hence a potential SNEDDS formulation of Manidipine developed with enhanced solubility and bioavailability.

347-353

Authors: Mohini Bajaj, Sanju Nanda*

This study was conducted to develop, an High Performance Liquid Chromatography using photodiode array detector (HPLC-PDA) method to analyse the samples generated by the stress testing of antifilarial combination (albendazole and diethylcarbamazine citrate) in the solution state. The concept of Quality by Design (Design of Experiment, DoE) approach was used for the development. For the separation of the drugs and its degradation products (DPs), DoE was applied in two stages, i.e., primary parameter stage where factors having major effect were selected. This stage gives us CQA (Critical Quality Attribute) which along with minor factors affecting were varied to get the secondary design. For each of the stage a different design was selected; for primary stage IV optimal design (Response Surface Method) was selected whereas for secondary stage, Taguchi orthogonal array design was selected. The major primary parameters affecting the HPLC method as screened by preliminary studies were the buffer pH, organic modifier (methanol or acetonitrile), initial hold time (start of gradient) and gradient time. The primary stage was completed successfully. The results were compiled in form of resolution of peak from next peak and analysed by DoE. The process fixed the values for buffer pH (4.38), organic modifier (acetonitrile) and gradient time (30 min). The CQA from primary run was initial hold time. This parameter along with other parameters: initial and final concentration of organic modifier, buffer type (phosphate or acetate), buffer strength (mM) and oven temperature were further varied and samples withdrawn were analysed. The data of secondary design was compiled in the form of resolution (R), analysed by Design Expert and final value for secondary parameter for HPLC method were fixed. The resolution of the peaks for some secondary runs was sufficient reflecting some type of interaction between the drugs and/or degradation products.

358-369

Authors: Sandeep Dilip Kadam*, M. S. Kondawar

In the world cancer is the major cause of death. Adansonia digitata L is commonly called as baobab belongs to Family Bombacaceae. Due to the high cost and toxic side effects like Bone marrow suppression, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, Immunosuppression, teratogenicity etc. of chemotherapeutic agents. So, for the proper controlling on cancer the trends of people are moving towards natural therapies. In light to above, in present research A. digitata L is selected for evaluation of in-vitro anticancer activity based on its reported phytoconstituents of fruit and quantitation of active principle of it. The extracts of fruit pulp, seed, and its combination were obtained using solvents like water, ethanol and n-hexane by maceration technique (Aqueous) and Soxhlet extraction method (organic). This extracts were used for further research possesses phytochemical constituents like Carbohydrates, tannins, Saponins, vitamins, alkaloids, terpenoids, phenol, glycoside flavonoids, steroids, etc. in-vitro antioxidant activity were evaluated via free scavenging assay by using DPPH assay method. Further in-vitro anticancer activity was evaluated against three human cancer cell lines MCF-7 (breast cancer cell line), Hep-G2 (liver cancer cell line) and COLO-205 (colon cancer cell line) using Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay (BSLA), Tryphan Blue Dye Cell Exclusion Assay (TBDCEA) and MTT assay. The quantitation of active ingredients Vit. C and Squalene from extracts was done by using titration method and HPLC method respectively. Formulation possesses highest percent antioxidant capacity (49.36). In BSLA formulation possesses highest rate of percent mortality than other extracts. In TBCE assay and in MTT assay formulation gives more significant effect in Hep-G2 liver cancer cell line than remaining cell lines. These findings introduce A. digitata L as potentially useful as anti-cancer agent. Further research is required to elucidate its specific mechanism of action and exact active principle responsible for action.

376-381

Authors: Arti Kumari1*, Jainendra Kumar2

Glycyrrhiza glabra, commonly known as licorice, has traditionally been used in various medicinal preparations as expectorant, antimicrobial, antiviral, anticancer, anti allergic agent. It has also prominent role in skin whitening and has anti-inflammatory and esterogenic properties. This study aims to the characterization of the bioactive constituent glabridin in plant extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra in ethanol, methanol and ethyl acetate using UV-VIS and FTIR and HPLC. A wavelength scan (200-600 nm) by UV-Vis spectrophotometer was performed and the characteristic peaks were recorded. The scan confirmed presence of glabridin with λmax at 281 nm with a small number of additional phytochemicals indicated by the extra peaks. FTIR spectrum of 62% pure glabridin was compared to the spectra shown by the three extracts. Presence of glabridin in all the three extracts was corroborated by HPLC analysis with the retention time of 4.05 minute. Glabridin was also evaluated for its antibacterial activity against Propionibacterium acne, causative agent of Acne vulgaris and found to have the detrimental effect at concentration 500, 1000 and 1500 ppm.

387-392

Authors: G. C. Madhu1, Jaianand Kannaiyan2, Balaji Paulraj2, Veeramanikandan Veeramani1*

In regenerative medicine, nanotechnology plays a vital role in the diagnosis, the delivery of therapeutic drugs and the treatment of many diseases and disorders. Due to the growing need to develop environmentally friendly technologies in material synthesis, the biosynthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (IOP) has received considerable attention over the past decades. Therefore, the community is now looking back for traditional medicines for various diseases after the practice of allopathic drugs with tremendous side effects. There are an increasing number of biomedical applications for iron oxide nanoparticles; as such uses are essential for in-vitro characterisation and in-vivo to ensure the bio-safety of these particles. The main complication of diabetes due to frequent lipid peroxidation is liver damage and renal dysfunction, but treatment with Leucas aspera has a pronounced effect on these indicators, which protects the organs from further damage. The current research supports the traditional use of Leucas aspera against diabetes mellitus and cancer, as well as the safety, effectiveness and potency of Leucas aspera leaf extract's anti-diabetic and anti-cancer effect in the in-vivo model. The overall results reveal that Leucas aspera has the potential and can be a candidate of choice without side effect.

399-404

Authors: Bhupendra Vyas*, Y. S. Sarangdevot

The objective of the present investigation was to study the antidiabetic and diuretic potential of Anogeissus latifolia (A. latifolia) bark in experimental rats. The A. latifolia bark was extracted with hydro-alcoholic solvent by cold extraction method. Acute toxicity study was performed according to OECD 425 guidelines for hydro-alcoholic extracts of A. latifolia bark (ALBE). The dose of 150 mg/kg p.o. and 300 mg/kg, p.o. of ALBE was selected for further studies. Animals were prepared diabetic by administration of alloxan (120 mg/kg, i.p.). The albino rats were divided in to five groups for oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and alloxan induced anti diabetic model with six animals in each group. Diabetic animals were treated with hydro-alcoholic extract of A. latifolia bark for 20 days. The blood glucose level was estimated according to standard procedures. Diuretic activity hydro-alcoholic extracts of A. latifolia was evaluated by Lipshitz method. The result shows that hydro-alcoholic extract from bark of Anogeissus latifolia 300 mg/kg (ALBE-II) shown significant hypoglycemic activity as compared to glibenclamide and diabetic group. The ALBE does not exhibit significant diuretic activity which is considered as positive marker in diabetic phenomena. Hence in present study extract of A. latifolia posses antidiabetic activity. This study may be benchmark in future to use of this drug scientifically.

409-415

Authors: Sasikala Chenniyappan*, Geetharamani Durairaj, K Evetha

The study is planned to find the antimicrobial activity of the extract of Jania rubens and to isolate the bioactive compound against MRSA and VRSA. Jania rubens collected from Mandapam (Pudumadam) Coastal water, East coast of India and extracted with ethanol. Antibacterial activity of J. rubens was tested against gram positive, gram negative bacteria and drug resistant bacteria). The antibacterial activities were expressed as zone of inhibition, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) Identification of compounds from crude extract of J. rubens carried by column chromatography, thin layer chromatography and NMR analysis. Finally J. rubens could serve as useful source of new antibacterial agent.

152-156

Authors: V. V. Rajesham*, Ch. Swethasri, E. Mamatha, Keerti Tiwari, P. Pooja Raj

Rational use of corticosteroids is very essential for improving patient safety on long term use. The present study aimed to study the prescribing usage pattern of corticosteroids in a tertiary care hospital. A prospective observational study was conducted in the department of dermatology, gynecology and general medicine in a tertiary care teaching hospital for the period of 6 months (August-February). All patients receiving any category of Steroid therapy were included and the prescribing and tapering pattern of steroids were reviewed. Prescribing pattern was observed and analysed in 132 participants during the study period. Cases were collected from the departments of Dermatology, General Medicine, Pediatrics and Gynecology in Gandhi Hospital, Secunderabad. All the prescriptions containing steroids were included in this study and the parameters evaluated were gender distribution, age of the patients, types of steroids according to the route of administration, number of prescribed daily dose (PDD) where compared with defined daily dose (DDD). In the collected 132 cases, 162 times corticosteroids were prescribed. The steroid utilization was found to be more in female patients, the maximum number of cases with corticosteroids was found in Dermatology department (39.4%). Particularly Injection Dexamethasone (24.7%) and Tablet Prednisolone (24.7%) are mostly prescribed. Most drugs were prescribed rationally although some factors like improper history, drug administration time and tapering were deviating away from rationality. Although most of the drugs were prescribed rationally, involvement of a Clinical pharmacist in patient care can help in more rational prescribing along with prevention and early detection of ADRs which can directly promote drug safety and better patient outcomes.

164-173

Authors: Anil Kumar Moola1, Sundararajan Balasubramani1, Chari Nithya2, Ranjitha Kumari Bollipo Diana1*

We are reporting a novel approach for preparing silver nanoparticles with seed coat exudates of Celastrus paniculatus Willd, a medicinal plant traditionally used for the treatment of skin diseases, fever, leprosy and neurological disorders. HPTLC study revealed that aqueous, soluble seed coat exudates contain phenolics, alakaloids and flavonoids. The formation, crystalline nature and morphology of the nanoparticles were identified by UV–Vis spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and selected-area electron diffraction (SAED). Functional group stretching of aqueous soluble extracts was identified by using FTIR. Results revealed that nanosilver particles are spherical, range in size from 10 to 82 nm and crystalize in face-centered cubic structures. Surface-enhanced Raman spectra analysis showed that AgNP are capped with bioactive molecules from exudates and that they may act as precursors of the reduction of silver nitrate from the metallic state (Ag+) to the atomic state (Ag0). We also examined the minimal inhibitory concentration for bacteria Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis using a resazurin color assay. Nanosilver strongly inhibited the bacterial growth, leading to MIC values of 40μg/ml and 60μg/ml for the bacteria, respectively. The colony screening method and inhibition kinetics of biofilm formation in the Klebsiella pneumoniae strain were also studied using the tube method and a quantitative microplate assay. SEM analysis and quantification of the EPS revealed a fivefold decrease in concentration in treated compared to untreated. The inhibition response was duly reflected in SEM images.

181-186

Authors: Ranjana*, B. L. Jadhav

The purpose of this study is to show the phytochemical composition and in vitro antidiabetic potential in the leaves of Ceriops tagal, Bruguiera cylindrica, and Salvadora persica mangrove plants. The phytochemical composition was studied by qualitative analysis. To determine in vitro antidiabetic activity leaves were subjected to solvent extraction by the Soxhlet method using methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate, and pet ether and α-amylase, α-glucosidase inhibition assays were performed. The findings indicates that alkaloid, steroid, flavonoid, terpenoid, glycosides, tannin, saponin, phenol, quinones and coumarin principles are present in the leaves of selected mangrove species. Among the selected mangrove species C. tagal leaves recorded the highest antidiabetic activity for both the assay followed by B. cylidrica and S. persica. Overall C. tagal was found highly potent in the antidiabetic activity.

194-198

Authors: S. Mohamed Hussain*, M. Mohammed Muneesh, M. Sri Sathya, M. Durai

Presence of different bacterial pathogens in the urinary tract results in the occurrence of infectious diseases among the human beings. The emerging multi drug resistance capacities of pathogens are the major constrain in the treatment of bacterial diseases. Researchers are trying to develop new antimicrobial agents from natural resources including marine organisms to combat the issue. This research work has carried out to investigate the anti-bacterial activity of sea star Pentaceraster mammillatus against ten common UTI pathogens. Four different polar solvents viz; methanol, acetonitrile, dichloromethane and ethanol were used for the experiment. At the lowest concentration (250μg/ml), none of the above said extracts has showed any inhibitory effects in the pathogens; however the concentrations such as 500 and 1000μg/ml of extracts inhibited the bacterial growth. Acetonitrile and dichloromethane showed higher inhibitory effects on gram positive bacterial strains Mycoplasma genetalium (4.3 ± 0.23 mm) and Staphylococcus aureus (4.1 ± 0.21 mm) respectively. Ethanolic extract showed some good inhibitory effects on M. genetalium (3.5 ± 0.14 mm) and the methanolic extract demonstrated relatively lower inhibition.

204-209

Authors: M. Shah, D. Patel*

Oxcarbazepine has low solubility and low oral bioavailability, so it’s a challenge to formulate suitable dosage form. In this present investigation, to improve the dissolution rate and solubility, skimmed milk is used as a carrier. Physical mixers were prepared using various drugs to carrier ratio and spray drying technology was used to develop solid dispersion with the carrier. Various techniques were used to characterize the solid dispersion immediately after they were made which includes differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy, fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and in-vitro dissolution profiles. The differential scanning calorimetry thermograms of raw drug indicated of its anhydrous crystalline nature. In thermograms of solid dispersion, the characteristic peak was absent suggesting the change from crystalline nature to amorphous form. X-ray diffraction confirmed those results. X-ray diffraction results of raw drug showed highly intense peak characteristic of its crystalline nature where solid dispersion showed less intense, more diffused peak indicating the change in crystalline form. Fourier transforms infra-red spectroscopy studies showed there was no interaction between drug and carrier. Scanning electron microscopy support the amorphous nature of mixer. The whole formulation showed distinct enhancement in the drug release behavior and solubility. The optimum oxcarbazepine to skimmed milk ratio 1:3 enhances the in-vitro drug release by 3.5 fold and also show distinct increase in solubility. It was concluded that for improvement of solubility of poorly water soluble oxcarbazepine, skimmed milk powder as a carrier can be utilize very well.

221-225

Authors: Ishfaq Shafi Khan, Md Niamat Ali*, Mohd Murtaza

Nowadays synthetic food dyes are mostly preferred than natural plant derived dyes due to low cost and intense coloration. In this study hematological and biochemical parameters were determined in male wistar rats after 30 days treatment with synthetic red dye orange red and natural plant derived red dye alizarin. 25 male wistar rats were divided into 5 groups with 5 animals per group. Group I rats were taken as control treated with normal rat diet and distilled water. Group II and III rats (experimental) were oral gavaged with 50 mg and 150 mg/kg body weight of alizarin dye. Group IV and V rats (experimental) were gavaged with 50 mg and 150 mg/kg body weight of orange red dye. Treatment of group V rats with 150 mg/kg body weight of orange red dye produce significant changes in RBC, Hb, Hct, MCH, serum aminotransferase enzymes and serum protein fraction. In comparison to this in group IV rats a significant change was observed only in Hb, serum aminotransferase enzymes and serum protein fraction when compared with control (group I) rats. However in group II and III alizarin treated rats no significant change was observed in different biochemical and hematological parameters relative to their respective control. In conclusion synthetic orange red dye proved to be more toxic than natural plant derived red dye alizarin.

231-240

Authors: Monica RP Rao*, Pooja B. Karanjkar

Efavirenz, a non-nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor is an important drug for treating patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus infections. It belongs to BCS class II have low solubility and poor intrinsic dissolution rate. It is highly basic (pKa 10.2) which makes it suitable candidate for floating dosage form for continuous delivery in stomach.The study was aimed to improve the solubility by solid dispersion technique.Saturation solubility study and drug content were evaluated for solid dispersion preparation. Saturation solubility shows 8 fold increases in 0.1 N HCL compared to plain drug and drug content was found to be between 95%-102%. Further effervescent floating gastroretentive drug delivery system was prepared by 32 full factorial design with independent variables i.e., concentration of HPMC K100 as matrix forming agent and citric acid as gas generating agent. Lag time, floating time, percent drug release were studied as responses. The optimized batch exhibited floating lag time of 40 sec and the in vitro release studies showed 89.5% drug release in 9 h and tablet remained floating for greater than 8 h. The study thus demonstrated that solubility is increased by solid dispersion technique and floating delivery systems may increase solubility and bioavailability of Efavirenz.

245-249

Authors: Pamu Sandhya*

The current research was aimed at formulation of Lapatinib loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) followed by evaluation for effective treatment of breast cancer. The formulations prepared by homogenization and ultrasonication and evaluated for zeta potential, particle size, polydispersity index, entrapment efficiency and in-vitro dissolution studies. Entrapment efficiency studies indicated proportional relation between concentration of lipid and the amount of drug entrapped. The physicochemical parameter evaluation data indicated 94.27% entrapment efficiency, 130 nm particle size and -19.9 zeta potential for stable formulation. The in vitro drug dissolution studies indicated that Lapatinib loaded SLNs (F6) formulated with Dynasan 116 and Egg Lecithin was suitable for anti-cancer therapy with higher drug dissolution rate.

255-262

Authors: Suman Sharma, Chetna Ahuja*

The purpose of our study was to evaluate the preventive effects of supplementation with curcumin (Cur) on Cadmium (Cd) induced testicular damage. Young male Wistar albino rats were divided into five groups; Control, Cd, Cur, Cd+Cur, pre-Cur+Cd. Rats were administered an acute dose of CdCl2 at a concentration of 50 mg/kg bw and Cur at 150 mg/kg bw for 15 days. The activities of the stress indicating enzymes (SOD, CAT) and MDA content as a result of LPO along with the total tissue protein and cholesterol were assessed in the testicular homogenate of rats. A significant reduction in the activities of SOD and CAT with parallel significant upsurge in MDA accompanied by a significant reduction in total tissue protein content and a significant rise in tissue cholesterol was observed in rat testes. Also, the reduction in the testicular weights along with a decline in testosterone concentration was detected. Further, Cur supplementation with Cd significantly upturned the Cd-induced variations in oxidative stress indicating enzymes and amended the testosterone levels, total testicular protein, and cholesterol content. Therefore, it can be concluded that Cur plays a protective role against testicular toxicity produced by a single dose of CdCl2.

272-277

Authors: Harsha Kashyap, Sarika Gupta*

Diabetes has become a serious threat to mankind, as it is found in all parts of the world. Alloxan induced diabetic mice were treated by Metformin to study the impact of oxidative stress and endogenous antioxidants. Due to the establishment of diabetes, the oxidative stress indicators were found to be positively correlated with the elevation in the levels of endogenous antioxidants. Whereas, in Metformin-treated diabetic mice, the data revealed the correction of diabetes by lowering of blood glucose level along with body weight. But the levels of endogenous antioxidants were not recorded to increase except GST. It shows that under in vivo system level of oxidative stress increases due to the Metformin. The data revealed that Metformin treatment of mice, however, manage the glucose level but not effective in controlling oxidative stress.

111-115

Authors: S. L Sija*, A. S Athulya, M. R Mahima, Ashok Vidhya

Anacardium occidentale L. and Mangifera indica L. has been used worldwide both for pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industries due to the presence of biological activities of some of its metabolites. The present study comprises the correlation of antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity in ethyl acetate extract of young leaves and bark of A. occidentale and M. indica. The activity of 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) on radical scavenging effect of the extracts was carried out by spectrophotometrically. All the plant extracts showed DPPH radical scavenging activity and among the extracts, A. occidentale young leaves indicated higher antioxidant potential in comparison with those of the other extracts. The antibacterial activity of various extracts was also screened against some human pathogens of clinical importance; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Salmonella typhi; Bacillus subtilis; Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.

120-125

Authors: Grace Ann Varghese*, K Mansekhar, S Chethana, S Disha Rani, G Roop Sai

The elderly people are more prone to develop psychiatric disorders due to a number of factors like changes in the brain, other illnesses etc. They represent the most vulnerable group as they are most sensitive to the effects of drugs and are at increased risk of developing adverse drug reactions. This warrants the need to make the prescribers cautious about rational prescribing of antipsychotics to the Elderly. The study included elderly inpatients and outpatients visiting psychiatry ward with psychiatric disorders. Descriptive weighed analysis was performed to determine the prescribing practices of atypical antipsychotics. Among the 70 patients who were involved in the study, 36 patients were diagnosed with neurotic disorders and 30 patients were diagnosed with psychotic disorders and 4 were diagnosed with degenerative disorders (dementia). In our study neurotic disorders (51%) were the major diagnosis. 6 different atypical antipsychotic drugs were prescribed to the patients suffering from different psychiatric disorders. Among them olanzapine (43%) was the most commonly prescribed drug, followed by quetiapine (30%), risperidone (21%), clozapine (3.2%), lurasidone (1%), and aripiprazole (1%). This study has concluded that atypical antipsychotics are preferred over typical antipsychotics and Olanzapine is the most commonly prescribed drug for the elderly patients suffering from psychiatric disorders. On comparison of the prescribed daily doses with the maximum daily dose we have observed that the prescribed daily doses for the elderly patients were well within the maximum daily dose of the drugs and in our study no adverse drug reactions were reported in the study subjects that were involved.

129-136

Authors: J Mehetre1*, V Kumar1, T Mehta2, M Gohel3, N Surti4

Allergic conjunctivitis (AC), defined by ocular itching, hyperemia, lacrimation and edema, impairs the quality of life across the globe. Ebastine is available as an oral antihistamine formula, such as tablets and syrup, for allergic disorders. Topical antihistamines are preferred over oral agents since their direct application at the site of action results in rapid onset and superior efficacy with less systemic side effects. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the antiallergic potential of optimized ebastine (1% w/v) colloidal ocular formulation by performing in vitro study like hen's egg chorioallantoic membrane test (HET-CAM) for tolerability and in vivo efficacy study in ovalbumin (OA)-induced allergic conjunctivitis (AC) with acute ocular irritation study. Eye scratching behavior and edema were evaluated after topical antigen challenge. Edema was scored at periodic interval after the instillation of ovalbumin followed by histopathology. The results showed that ebastine (1% w/v) colloidal ocular formulation was effective in inhibiting symptoms of eye inflammation induced by ovalbumin. Further, the study indicated that said formulation has a quick onset and the duration of effect sufficient to provide relief from symptoms for 24 hr. Ocular irritation by HET-CAM assay showed that the developed formulation does not cause any irritation to the blood vessels. Acute ocular irritation test was performed using rabbits and results showed that developed formulation was non-irritant to the eye. The present study revealed that the ocular ebastine formulation could offer a novel therapeutic opportunity against IgE-mediated allergic conjunctivitis.

141-146

Authors: S. Kothai, R. Umamaheswari*

Microsponges become imperative in the field of targeted drug delivery and in other biomedical applications. There was a clamant need for designing microsponges incorporating with green synthesised metal nanoparticles rather than the chemical drug in order to reduce the side effects of the drug and thus increasing the effectiveness of nature of the whole material. It provokes us to design this novel approach of loading copper nanoparticles into the microsponges. Here in this work, microsponges based on ethyl cellulose and polyvinyl alcohol were synthesised by Quasi-Emulsion Solvent diffusion method in which copper nanoparticles procured from Hibiscus rosa-sinensis leaf extract was incorporated. The Loaded microsponges were characterised by High Resolution Scanning Electron Microscopy (HR-SEM) and Particle size distribution Analyzer (PSA). The Drug content and Entrapment Efficiency of the microsponges were found out. The antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of the loaded microsponges were evaluated.

71-77

Authors: David S. Cohen1, Henry Broeska2*

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic and oftentimes disabling disease of the central nervous system. It affects almost 1 million people living in the United States and about 2.5 million people globally. Though the cause is not fully understood, MS occurs through an inflammatory process in the brain. This inflammation results in the destruction of the myelin sheath surrounding the nerves that enable conduction of nerve impulses within the brain and spinal cord. To overcome symptoms, MS patients are usually prescribed disease modifying drug therapies or immunosuppressive drugs for prolonged periods resulting in only temporary clinical improvement. In a large subset of patients, disease progression is measured by the continuing deterioration of physical ability. One of the most reliable measures of disease progression in MS is gait performance. Previous studies have demonstrated that clinically significant gait deviations occur at all stages of MS that involve walking. This report describes a Phase I clinical trial of a novel targeted delivery technique, selectively placing autologous bone marrow mononuclear stem cells into the central vein of multiple sclerosis patients, with post-operative functional changes measured by gait performance. To determine the functional benefit of selective stem cell placement, the timed 25-foot walk was administered to 31 MS patients before and after therapy. The time and number of steps taken to complete the test significantly decreased post-intervention. Currently, disease-modifying and immunosuppressive drugs are the only approved treatments for MS. Comparative trials between disease-modifying and immunosuppressive drugs measure benefit as a slowing of multiple sclerosis manifestations, not an improvement. This trial demonstrated an immediate global improvement in the level of disability as measured by the timed 25-foot walk. This suggests that recovery of function in MS patients is possible. Where pharmaceutical agents only mitigate symptoms and potentially slow disease progression, selective stem cell placement of autologous bone marrow mononuclear stem cells should be considered as a possible treatment for MS due to measured improvement in post-therapy functional ability. Further research is required to validate our findings.

85-90

Authors: B. Anjaneyulu Reddy1*, P. Radhakrishnanand2, Md. Irshad Alam3, P. Ravi Kiran4

A reproducible stability-indicating Reverse Phase-HPLC technique for the quantification of Enzalutamide in in pharmaceuticals was developed and validated. Chromatography was done on Inertsil ODS-C18 5µm (250 mm × 4.6 mm) analytical column with acetonitrile: methanol: water in 40:30:30% v/v proportion as a mobile phase and 1 ml/min as a flow rate. Enzalutamide was detected at 237 nm UV-wavelength maximum. In the present work mobile phase used as diluents, developed technique was validated over 20-150µg/ml linear concentration range for Enzalutamide. This method established with linearity coefficient value of 0.99 and the percentage recovery was found to be 99.3%. This method was proven with LOD and LOQ findings of 0.53µg/ml and 1.61µg/ml respectively. The drug was degraded in acid and alkaline conditions and the percentage degradation values were 3.10 % and 4.54 % respectively. There was no degradation of drug when exposed to neutral, UV, thermal, sun-light and oxidative conditions. Drug was undergoing degradation when exposed to acid and alkaline conditions. The developed technique was useful in the routine quantitation of Enzalutamide.

98-104

Authors: Alok Shukla1, Mridula Sachan2, Papiya Bigoniya3*

Standardization of polyherbal formulations with respect to bioactive phytocompounds is the need of the time for registration and marketing authorization in developed countries. This has prompted to prepare and evaluate a standardized bioactive phyotcompounds containing formulation. The study aims at development and screening of a standardized antidiabetic suspension containing active isolated phytoconstituents targeting better therapeutic effect with reduced bioburden. Suspension of isolated gymnemic acid and curcumin (GCS) was prepared, evaluated and authenticated by TLC and HPTLC. Antidiabetic efficacy of GCS was screened against alloxan induced diabetes on rats following 28 days of treatment comparative to Hyponidd tablet and Madhumehari granules. Body weight, relative organ weight, blood glucose, cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) level was measured. The formulation having pH 6.0, refractive index 1.41 and 45.58 mg/ml total solid content showed high alcohol and water soluble extractive value. The GCS treatment normalized liver and kidney weight, decreased body weight gain, TC, TG, LDL and VLDL level along with an increase in HDL level. Study outcome signifies similar antidiabetic potential of standardized formulation GCS compared to marketed Polyherbal formulation with antihyperlipidemic activity signifying as a promising natural and safe remedy for the prevention of diabetic complications.

51-55

Authors: Mehul K Bhatt1*, Nehal Shah2

There are a large number of traditional plants, their extracts and phytoconstituents presently used in modern medicine. There is a worldwide majority of the population that still relies on plants as a source of medicine. One of the medicinally useful plant is Hygrophila salicifolia. Hygrophila salicifolia is an erect herb (family: Acanthaceae). It has many medicinal uses like diuretic and anti inflammatory in traditional systems of medicine. Till date no data available for its Phytoconstituents therefore isolation of phytoconstituent was done from methanolic extract of Hygrophila salicifolia. Flavonoid was isolated for the first time from a Hygrophila salicifolia (Acanthaceae). Its structure was established on the basis of its spectroscopic data such as UV, IR, Mass, NMR, Melting point, HPTLC and laterally confirmed as Isoquercitrin.

61-70

Authors: Mensura Sied Filli1#, Ahmed Abdalla Ibrahim2#, Md Aquib1, Abdul Baset Abbas3, Arwa Morshed3, Kofi Oti Boakye-Yiadom1, Samuel Kesse1, Muhammad Asim Farooq1, Mily Bazezy1, Bo Wang1*

Cancer is a leading cause of death throughout the world which suffers from treatment failures mainly due to intensive toxicity and lack of effectiveness of conventional drugs. The application of nanotechnology in cancer treatment promises to overcome the drawbacks of conventional drugs/dosage forms and improve their therapeutic efficacy. Nanomaterials have novel properties that influence their in vivo performance. The biological behaviour of nanotechnology-based medicines in the body, which is different from the in vivo performance of conventional drug delivery systems, may provide benefits in pharmaceutical and/or clinical applications including, enhancements in solubility, stability, therapeutic efficacy, minimized side effects, and treatment of diseases. This paper discusses the unique characteristics and distinguished advantages of nanomaterials as anticancer drug carriers. Physicochemical properties of nanomaterials are critical parameters to their clinical translation. Hence, the impact of the main physicochemical properties on the efficacy of anticancer nanomaterials, which are found to effective for cancer treatment and/or diagnosis, are presented. It is important to have reliable and robust characterization techniques that could enable relate physicochemical properties of nanomaterials with their in vivo behaviour. Brief explanation of the different techniques that can be used for studying the various physicochemical characteristics of nanomaterials is given. An important consideration, to achieve fast and successful development of nanotechnology-based anticancer drug products, is assessment and optimization of physicochemical and biopharmaceutical properties at the early stage. Obviously this requires collaboration among the different discovery and development scientists.