International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research

01-11

Authors: M. Rousse, N. Cucuat, C. Janicot, R. Shrivastava*

Pharyngitis is primarily a viral infection of the respiratory tract, followed by secondary bacterial invasion due to weakening of local defenses. Influenza A and rhinoviruses are principally involved, the influenza virus having much higher pathogenicity, however, than rhinoviruses which usually cause the common cough and cold without severe damage to the respiratory mucosa. Following initial infection, the virus enters the cells only for multiplication and almost all virulent virus particles subsequently produced are shed onto the throat surface. From the throat surface, the virions infect new healthy cells, damaging the throat mucosa, and creating a favorable ground for secondary bacterial colonization which is the cause of almost all symptoms of throat infection (sore throat, strep throat). The virus’ complex structure, its constant mutation, the variety of its surface glycoproteins, as well as the role of topical proteases helping virus entry and virus – bacteria symbiosis must all be taken into account in designing an effective treatment, acting on multiple parameters. As most viruses and all bacteria are present on the throat’s outer lining, treatment should be designed to act topically on the surface of the pharynx, which also minimizes side effects. Until 2012, no topical antiviral drugs were available and almost all treatment strategies were directed to relieve only the symptomatic manifestations of throat infections. Anti-influenza vaccination is still considered the best preventive measure, while the use of intracellular virus inhibitors is strictly limited to severe cases as they were not found to be very effective once throat infection is established. The recent development of non-specific topical virus glycoprotein inhibitors, incorporated in a filmogen glycerol solution for an increased duration of action, represents a breakthrough yet relatively simple scientific approach for the treatment of viral throat infections accompanied by secondary bacterial infection. In this review, we analyze the whole process of viral throat infection, virus – bacteria interactions on the throat surface, currently available treatments and their drawbacks, and this innovative therapeutic approach consisting in virus glycoprotein inhibitors in an osmotic solution, destined to totally change the future treatment of throat infections.

20-25

Authors: Swaroopa. A, C. Aparna*, Prathima Srinivas

The aim of the present study was to develop microemulsion gel of Satranidazole for the treatment of periodontitis. The objective was to increase the solubility of Satranidazole, a lipophilic drug and to enhance depth of penetration of the drug into the periodontal pocket for efficacious treatment of periodontitis. Pseudo ternary phase diagrams were constructed to determine the region of existence of microemulsions prepared using cosurfactant titration method. The formulations were developed using isopropyl myristate, tween 80, ethanol; oleic acid, tween 80, propylene glycol; oleic acid, cremophor RH 40, ethanol. Optimization of formulations was done based on in vitro diffusion studies. The microemulsion was gelled using carbopol 940 as the gelling agent. The formulations were evaluated for pH, viscosity, percent transmittance, centrifugation (phase separation), and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, particle size, zeta potential and polydispersity index. The formulation inhibited the growth of micro organism, Salmonella typhimurium which indicates that the formulation could be used to treat periodontal infection.

31-37

Authors: P. Padmanabhan*, S. N. Jangle

Oxidative stress in mammals results from imbalance between generation of free radicals and the rate of their suppression by antioxidant. Hepatotoxicity may result as an effect of excessive free radical formation due to exogenous chemicals or metabolic reactions. D-Galactosamine (D-GalN) is a well known hepatotoxicant. Herbal medicines have been utilized to manage hepatotoxicity according to recent trends. In the present study Herbal Preparation or HP-4 is a combination of 80% alcoholic extract of leaves of Aloe vera, Bacopa monniera, Moringa oleifera and rhizome of Zingiber officinale has been utilized to study its efficacy on mice model of D-GalN hepatotoxicity. D-GalN hepatotoxicity induces liver injury closely resembling human viral hepatitis with necrosis, inflammation and regeneration. Evidenced by biochemical and histopathological studies it is concluded that polyherbal formulation HP-4 offered a synergistic protection due to the phytochemicals present which provide hepatoprotective activity induced by D-GalN hepatotoxicity.

41-47

Authors: Thonda.V.S.S.Swaroop*, Suddhasatwa Banerjee, Handral. M

This research was performed to characterize the neuroprotective effect of ethanolic extract of Dalbergia sissoo leaves in 3-Nitropropionic acid induced neurotoxic rats. The ethanolic extract of Dalbergia sissoo leaves was administered orally at different doses (300 and 600 mg/kg) to neurotoxic rats. During treatment psychopharmacological parameters were recorded, 24 hours after experiment antioxidant profiles from brain isolate were estimated and histopathology of brain was performed. The ethanolic extract significantly attenuated behavioral alterations, oxidative damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, and striatal/hippocampus damage in 3-Nitropropionic acid treated rats. These results suggest that ethanolic extract of Dalbergia sissoo leaves may have potential therapeutic value in the treatment of some neurological disorders, probably by its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and estrogenic properties.

52-59

Authors: Lisina K. V*, Shanmughavel Piramanayagam

Thymoma is a tumor originating from the epithelial cells of the thymus. Thymoma is an unusual tumor, best known for its association with the neuromuscular disorder myasthenia gravis. When diagnosed, thymomas may be removed surgically. In the rare case of a dangerous tumor, chemotherapy may be used. Health and medicinal applications of tender coconut product get research interest in recent years. The application of edible coconut part is due to the different natural components present in it. This research paper aimed to know the main reported components of coconut i.e., tender coconut water and coconut Petiole for its inhibitory activity against Thymoma. We have chosen target proteins for Thymoma viz RasP21 protein (PDB ID: 4FSS), AKT-1 (PDB ID: 3O96) and BCL-2 (PDB ID: 4AQ3) for our study, it was predicted to be expressed in Thymoma. Docking is frequently used to predict the binding orientation of small molecule drug candidates to their protein targets in order to in turn predict the affinity and activity of the small molecule. Docking study of the target protein was done with natural compounds derived from coconut. The coconut palm (also, cocoanut), Cocos nucifera, is a member of the family Arecaceae (palm family). It is the only accepted species in the genus Cocos. The term coconut can allude to the whole coconut palm, the seed, or the fruit, which, botanically, is a drupe, not a nut. Chemical constituents found in extracts of entire coconut palm. Phytochemicals screened for Glide HTVS docking showed good interaction with the target. The antitumor compound that yielded a fitness score of more than -5 and good toxicity value were further subjected to Molecular dynamics simulation (MDS). L-Histidine can be a good drug considering their binding affinity, glide energy, glide score and toxicity and that could be a potential target for Thymoma. The docking and ADME studies were performed using Schrödinger Suite.

67-69

Authors: K. Govinda Rao, Dipankar Chakraborty*

Present study circumspects synthesis of some novel 2-substituted analogues of Benzimidazole and their spectral characterization by means of UV, IR and 1H NMR. The compounds were screened for antibacterial activity against standard strains of both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Results obtained establish compounds KD1 and KD2 to be significantly responsive against different bacterial strains and as such these compounds can pave the way for development of potent antibacterial agents.

75-77

Authors: R. Vijayalakshmi1, P. Sandya2, M. Poorna Chandra Rao3, M. D. Dhanaraju1*

The combination of Perindopril (PRN) and Losartan (LRN) is used in the management of hypertension. The present work was focused on the development of RP-HPLC method for the estimation of perindopril and losartan in binary mixtures. The separation was performed on LUNA C18 column at 210 nm by isocratic elution. Methanol and phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) in the ratio of 85:15 with a flow rate of 0.8 ml/min at ambient temperature was found to be suitable for chromatographic separation. Perindopril and losartan exhibits linearity in the ranges of 200-500 and 30-80 µg/mL respectively. The proposed method evidenced the absence of chromatographic interference by pharmaceutical excipients. Separation of the mixtures was proved to be good from the resolution of the peaks. Validation and recovery studies were performed and the results proved the method to be suitable for routine analysis.

82-84

Authors: Y.Kranthi Kumar, K.Vanitha Prakash*, Mogili Swetha

A simple, economical, precise, reliable and reproducible visible Spectrophotometric method has been developed for the estimation of Tapentadol in bulk as well as in tablet formulations. This method is based on the formation of Blood red colored chromogen with2, 2 -bipyridyl which shows maximum absorption at λ max 520 nm. The absorbance-concentration plot is linear over the range 50-250µg/mL. Results of analysis were validated statistically. Recovery studies were also performed. The proposed method is economical, accurate precise and sensitive for the estimation of Tapentadol in bulk drug and its formulation.