Asian Pacific Journal of Reproduction

Pages 253-257

Authors: Maruthai Mohan Kumar, Ragupathi Gopi, Rajaram Panneerselvam

Objective To screen the antioxidant potential of leaf and stem of the various ecotypes of Brahmi. Methods The medicinally important plant, Bacopa monnieri L (B. monnieri). to analyze the antioxidative enzymes, superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) catalase (EC 1.11.1.6) and peroxidases (E.C. 1.11.1.7), and some non-enzymatic antioxidants. Results The present study revealed that antioxidant enzyme activities higher in leaves and non-enzymatic antioxidants higher in leaves in all ecotypes except reduced glutathione. Among all the ecotypes, the Aliyar dam sample had more enzyme activities and quantity of non-enzymatic antioxidant contents. Conclusion Both enzymztic and nonenzymatic antioxidants are rich in leaves when compared stem in the fresh plant of B. monnieri.

Pages 263-271

Authors: Rajendran Revathy, Kulanthaivel Langeswaran, Subbaraj Gowtham kumar, Shanmugam Vijayaprakash, Peranandam Tamilselvan, Maruthaiveeran Periyaswamy Balasubramanian

Objective To investigate the in vitro antioxidant activity of Ipomoea batatas (I. batatas) and anti-infertility efficacy of aqueous extract of I. batatas against Bisphenol A (BPA) induced testicular toxicity in experimental animals. Methods The experimental rats were divided into four groups and each group consisted of six animals. Group II – Bisphenol A diluted in propylene glycol at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight was administered orally for 30 days. Reproductive toxicity encouraged animals illustrate notable alterations in the activites of hormones like FSH and LH and also in the levels of adenosine triphosphatase. Results The hypo-osmotic swelling test display damaged sperm membrane integrity and histopathological examination of BPA intoxicated animals display a stuctural and functional alterations of reproductive organs that would interfere with its function and contribute to infertility. Conclusion Aqueous extract of I. batatas at the concentration of 400 mg/kg body weight/day administered orally for 45 days prevent biochemical changes and structural alterations of testis and epididymis due to bisphenol A administration.

Pages 277-279

Authors: Khan, Shiv Prasad, HP Gupta

Objective To test whether heat stress during one or both of the critical periods (pre-insemination and post-insemination) causes reduction in pregnancy rates of crossbred dairy cattle in Terai region of Uttarakhand. Methods Data on metereological (ambient temperature and humidity) and reproductive (date of artificial insemination and day 60 reproductive status) variables were collected for a total of 1199 inseminations and allocated, on the basis of temperature humidity indices during 30 days before and after insemination, to one of the four groups: Thermoneutral-thermoneutral (TN-TN), Thermoneutral-heat stress (TN-HS), Heat stress-thermoneutral (HS-TN), and heat stress-heat stress (HS-HS). Results Chi-square analysis of the day 60 pregnancy data revealed lower (P<0.05) pregnancy rate in HS-HS (20.5%) compared to TN-TN (32.6%), TN-HS (30.2%) and HS-TN (31.8%) groups. However, differences among the latter three groups were not significant. Conclusions These results indicate that reduction in pregnancy rates of crossbred dairy cattle due to heat stress in the Terai region was evident only when both growth of the ovulatory follicle and fertilization and early embryonic development occurred in the heat stress period. In addition, the study showed that use of temperature humidity indices rather than the traditional seasonal classification could provide more accurate insights into the effects of heat stress on pregnancy rates of crossbred dairy cattle in the Terai region.

Pages 289-296

Authors: PS Sreeja, VRK Reddy

Objective To study the individual characteristic features of chromosomes in the three varieties of diploid rye and the 54 hexaploid triticale strains and also to identify the replaced rye chromosome pair or pairs in triticale and the relation of rye chromosomal substitutions with kernel characters. Methods The present study was conducted using Giemsa C-banding technique. Results The results showed rye chromosome 2R was replaced in large number of cases followed by 4R/7R, 5R and 2R+5R. Triticale strains with 4R/7R substitution exhibited low degree of shriveling in grains with higher values for test weight, 100-grain weight and volume of water displaced by 100-grains whereas 4R/7R substitution along with another substitution for 2R or 5R or 6R showed medium shriveling and strains with substitutions either for 2R or 3R or 5R or 7R/4R exhibited high degree of shriveling and a cumulative effect was observed when two of these substitutions were presented together in one triticale. Triticale strains with 2R/2D substitution had higher seed set and it was medium in case of 4R/4D. But when both 2R/2D and 4R/4D substitution occur together the seed set was considerably high and was low when 3R and 5R substituted alone or in combination. Conclusions It has shown evidence in the present study about the role of individual R/D substitutions on the quality of seeds it is necessary to introduce those substitutions which are of agronomic importance to the breeders.

Pages 301-303

Authors: V Divya, V Girish Kumar, S Nandi, SG Ramchandra, William Rasican Surin

Objective To estimate scrotal circumference, testicular (along with epididymis) weight, sperm concentration, live and dead sperm percentage in different age groups of rams. Methods In view of assessing the most reliable technique that could be used for the evaluation of spermatogenesis and the applicability of the same in rams the present study was conducted, 24 normal rams were divided into four groups, i.e., group I (< 6 months of age), group II (6 months to 1 year), group III (1 to 2 year) and group-IV (2-3 year) and wethers were grouped as group V. Results the mean sperm concentration in group II was found to be significantly lower when compared with group III and group IV. The comparison of the mean scrotal circumference between the groups revealed significant difference between group I, group II, group III and group IV. The comparison of live and dead sperms within the groups revealed no significant difference in group I, group III, group IV and group V. Conclusion The analysis of various physiological attributes like, sperm concentration, scrotal circumference, testis weight and live and dead sperms percentage in all the groups shows higher levels in group III and group IV rams.

Pages 309-311

Authors: Hikmet Hassa, Yunus Aydin, Tufan Oge, Vehbi Yavuz Tokgoz

Objective To investigate the effects of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) on FSH and estradiol levels, as markers of ovarian reserve. Methods A total of 32 DOR and/or POF patients received DHEA. We measured hormone profiles of FSH, LH, estradiol, before and after the DHEA treatment. Patients with pre-treatment FSH levels between 15-29 mIU/mL were classified as group 1, patients with FSH levels between 30-49 mIU/mL were defined as group 2, and patients with FSH levels above 50 mIU/mL were categorized as group 3. Results The mean FSH values decreased when the pooled patients’ results were analyzed (58.5±6.3 vs. 31.5±4.9, P<0.01), but this reduction was most impressive in group 3 patients, who exhibited pre-treatment FSH values above 50 μIU/mL (93.4±10.7 vs. 38.9±7.7, P<0.01). Conclusions In all patients who used DHEA, FSH levels decreased; however, the decrease was more impressive when patients' FSH levels were initially >50 μIU/mL. Further studies are necessary to provide possible explanations of optimized treatment responses when patients have higher FSH levels.

Pages 316-320

Authors: Rafiqul Islam, Harendra Kumar, Sukdeb Nandi, Sanjeev Mehrotra

Objective To determine the concentration of interleukin-1, a pro-inflammatory cytokine in periparturient cows and their association with the clinical outcome of postpartum reproductive diseases (PRD). Methods Blood sampling was done from advanced pregnant cows on 15 days prepartum (−15 d), calving day (0 d), 15 days (15 d) and 30 days (30 d) post partum and thorough gynaecological examination was performed on 0 d, 15 d, 30 d and 45 d for diagnosis of PRD like retained placenta (ROP), clinical metritis (CM), clinical endometritis (CE), cervicitis (CT) and delayed involution of uterus (DIU). The blood serum was used for estimation of pro-inflammatory cytokine Interleukin 1 (IL-1) in different groups of cows using an enzyme immunoassay technique. Results The IL-1 concentration was significantly higher for normal cows than ROP, CM, CE and DIU cows at 15 d prepartum (−15 d) and on the day of calving (0 d). However, IL-1 level was significantly (P<0.01) lower for normal (574.86±71.52) than ROP (869.10±66.29), CM (859.58±110.49) and CE (902.33±54.02) cows at 30 d (postpartum). The concentration of IL-1 increased significantly from −15 d through 30 d for cows suffering from reproductive diseases. However, the normal cows showed a decreasing trend from the day of calving till 30 d. Conclusions Decreased level of IL-1 at 15 d prior or at calving may be used to identify the cows susceptible for development of PRD. Further, increased serum level of IL-1 may be considered as a diagnostic tool for screening of endometritic cows around 4 wk postpartum in a large herd, where individual monitoring is difficult.

Pages 326-329

Authors: Dhafer M. Aziz

Objective To apply a rapid and practical procedure of transabdominal utlrasonography for determination of pregnancy and fetal viability in cows. Methods The study was carried out on 104 clinical cases of cows. The cows were examined by rectal palpation and transabdominal ultrasonography in a standing position. Results Results showed that determination of pregnancy and fetal viability were obtained significantly faster using transabdominal ultrasonography than rectal palpation. The accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of rectal palpation were 67.4%, 84.8% and 48.8% for detection of pregnancy, and 33.3%, 90.4% and 1.9% for determination of fetal viability, respectively. While these three parameters for transabdominal ultrasonography were 100% for both pregnancy and fetal viability determination. The pregnancy diagnosis was very fast at five months of gestation, and a significant negative but rather good correlation (r= −0.707) was observed between the gestation period and the required time for pregnancy diagnosis. The fetal viability was determined easily and fast at four months of gestation, and there was a significant positive correlation (r=0.32) between the gestation period and the required time for finding the fetal viability. Conclusion Transabdominal ultrasonography is a reliable procedure for determination of pregnancy and fetal viability especially for cows between fourth and sixth months of gestation.

Pages 333-334

Authors: Elcin Telli, Tufan Oge, Sabit Sinan Ozalp, Omer Tarik Yalcin

Benign cystic peritoneal mesothelioma also known as peritoneal inclusion cyst is a rare lesion that usually occurs in women of reproductive age. Giant peritoneal inclusion cysts are extremely rare and to the best of our knowledge only has been reported in man to date. Hereby, a case of a 45-year-old multiparous patient with a giant peritoneal inclusion cyst that mimicks an ovarian cyst is presented. The patient with a complaint of abdominal distention sought out to our outpatient clinic. In her medical history she has had neither prior surgery nor pelvic infection. Physical examination revealed a giant smooth surfaced pelvic mass originating from the left adnexal space. Ultrasonography and computed tomography images supported the pelvic examination. The patient underwent diagnostic laparatomy and frozen section analysis. Histopathological diagnosis revealed a peritoneal inclusion cyst with endometriotic focus. After one year from surgery, the patient has had no recurrences. Although giant masses of pre-menopausal women are usually malignant, clinicians may encounter with rare benign tumors such as peritoneal inclusion cysts and should be aware of them in the differential diagnosis.

Pages 169-173

Authors: OR Asuquo, OOK Oko, ES Brownson, GB Umoetuk, IS Utin

Objective To determine the effects of ethanolic leaf extract of Spondias mombin (S. mombin) on the histology of the anterior pituitary, ovary and uterus; and on the serum sex hormones of adult female Wistar rats. Methods Twenty–four female Wistar rats were randomly assigned into four groups of six rats per group. The animals in the treatment groups were administered orally ethanolic extract of S. mombin leaves at the doses of 250, 350 and 500 mg/kg body weight daily for fourteen days. Rats in the control group received distilled water. The body weights of the rats were determined at the beginning and end of the experiment. Histological analysis of pituitary, ovary and uterus was carried out. Hormonal assay for estrogen, progesterone, FSH and LH were done using Enzyme–Linked Immunoabsorbent Assay (ELISA). Results There was significant (P<0.05) decrease in relative organ weights of extract-treated rats compared to the control. Pituitary showed accumulation and aggregation of cells in experimental animals. Uteri of treated groups showed thickening of endometrial lining and presence of cysts, ovarian tissues were damaged. Furthermore, the extract caused reduction in serum concentration of sex hormones of the treated animals relative to the control. Conclusion This study suggests that ethanolic extract of S. mombin leaf may have antifertility property, confirming its use as a local contraceptive.

Pages 178-184

Authors: P Perumal, K Khate, C Rajkhowa

Objective To assess the effect of foot and mouth disease (FMD) vaccination on seminal and biochemical profiles of semen of mithun at pre and post vaccinated stage. Methods The breeding bulls were maintained at Semen Collection Centre, National Research Centre on Mithun, Jharnapani, Nagaland. A total of 160 ejaculates were collected from eight mithun bulls twice a week at about 4 weeks in pre vaccinated stage and 12 weeks post vaccinated stage to know the effect of vaccine stress on seminal and biochemical profiles of mithun semen. The vaccine was given at the end of 4th week of experimental period and semen was collected and evaluated upto the 16th weeks of experimental period. Results It revealed that FMD vaccination affected the sperm functional and biochemical parameters significantly (P<0.05) upto 10th weeks of vaccination. But the animal recovered slowly in both physical health and spermiogram. Conclusions The adverse effect of vaccination on seminal parameters suggest that the semen collection and preservation should be suspended till 10th weeks of vaccination to get normal fertility of sperm to avoid the failure of conception from artificial insemination using such semen in this precious species.

Pages 189-195

Authors: Venkatachalam Uthayakumar, Parathattil Rathan Sreedevi, Dhanapalan Senthilkumar, Subramanian Munirasu, Aathi Kiruba, Venkatachalam Ramasubramanian

Objective To analyze the effect of seasonal variation and nutritional factors over the fecundity, gonado somatic index (GSI) and sperm motility of fresh water spiny eel Mastacembelus armatus (M. armatus) under artificial cave fitted tanks in laboratory condition. Methods Forty pairs of M. armatus were collected from River Cauvery and are acclimated under lab condition. The fishes were fed with three different feeds like Fresh water prawns, earthworms and fish larvae for 60 days. Fecundity, sperm motility, Length weight relationship and GSI were analysed using standard procedures. Results The fecundity rate was increased when body weight and gonad weight increased. The lograthemic relationship of the fecundity–total length and fecundity–body weight were found to be more correlated than the fecundity–gonad weight relationship. Maximum GSI was recorded in both male and female fishes during the breeding season (June–October). The condition factor (K) was maximum at the non breeding seasons and reduced in peak breeding season of M. armatus. In male fishes the sperm motility was recorded maximum (70%–85%) in the breeding season and regressed gradually to 0–15%. Among the feeding groups earthworm fed group showed higher body weight and fecundity rate than the control group which was statistically significant at P <0.05 level. Conclusion The outcome of the present study shows the seasonal variation and feeding increase the reproductive performance. It can be effectively used for the healthy brooder selection, captive breeding and conservation of M. armatus.

Pages 201-208

Authors: Kaveri Purandhar, Sriram Seshadri

Objective To determine the functional and biochemical variations in sperm and the neutrophil with the progression of age. Methods Ninety healthy male subjects were selected in the age group 26–40 for the collection of semen and blood samples were collected. Basic semen analysis, hematogram, differential count serum analysis, seminal plasma and serum biochemistry was performed. Mitochondrial isolation from sperm and neutrophil was done to ascertain mitochondrial markers. Results Our data shows a significant age–dependent reduction in the levels of mitochondrial Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Catalase (CAT) in sperm and the neutrophil. The functional attributes of sperm and neutrophil did not show any specific trend. Conclusion The decreasing trend of the mitochondrial antioxidants enzymes in the sperm and the neutrophil is an indicative of the reduction in the functioning of sperm and the neutrophil. The antioxidants enzymes of sperm and neutrophil shows similar declining trend with the progression of age suggesting its possible role as a prognostic marker for age related deformities and even in male fertility.

Pages 215-217

Authors: Zahid Naseer, Ejaz Ahmad, Nemat Ullah, Muhammad Yaqoob, Zeeshan Akbar

Objective To determine the effect of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) and controlled internal drug releasing (CIDR) on estrus response, ovulation and pregnancy rate in Nili–Ravi buffaloes under field condition. Methods Twenty anestrous buffaloes with more than 150 days postpartum were used in this study. To confirm anestrous condition, ovarian status and serum progesterone concentration were determined before the start of study. Buffaloes were randomly divided into eCG (n=10) and CIDR (n=10) groups. eCG group were treated with eCG (Chronogest 1000 I.U. i.m.), while CIDR group received CIDR devices for 7 days. All buffaloes in CIDR group were injected PGF2 α (0.25 ug/mL; 2 mL; i.m.) one day before CIDR removal. Buffaloes were observed for estrus visually and were inseminated with frozen-thawed semen at detected estrus. Ovulation was confirmed by presence of CL 12 day post AI. Pregnancy diagnosis was done 50 days post AI. Results Estrus response, ovulation rate and pregnancy rate were similar (P>0.05) among eCG and CIDR groups (90% vs. 80%; 78% vs. 75% and 50% vs. 60% respectively). Conclusion It is concluded that both CIDR and eCG protocols are effective and promising remedies for the anestrous buffaloes under commercial as well as under field conditions.

Pages 220-224

Authors: I. Paul Ajithkumar, R. Panneerselvam

Objective To investigate morphological and biochemical mechanism between plant and drought stress by the way of plant survival under drought stress. Methods Drought stress was imposed by irrigation daily (Control), 4, 7, 10 and 13 days interval (4 DID, 7 DID, 10 DID and 13 DID). Later they were irrigated at regular intervals for different maturity stage of Setaria italica (S. italica) (30 DAS, 50 DAS and 70 DAS). Results The results showed the root length and compatible solutes were increased in all treatments when compared to control at the different age of plant maturity. The shoot length and chlorophyll pigment reduced in all treatments when compared to control at increasing plant maturity. Conclusions This study suggestes the reduced shoot length, photosynthetic pigments of chlorophyll and increased root length, compatible solute accumulations made to drought tolerant adaptative mechanism.

Pages 229-237

Authors: GN Purohit, Mitesh Gaur, Amit Kumar, Chandra Shekher, Swati Ruhil

Abstract Cesarean section in buffaloes is an emergency operative procedure being performed prinicipally for uncorrectable uterine torsions and for delivery of fetal monsters. Left paramedian (lateral and parallel to the milk vein) and oblique ventrolateral (above arcus cruralis) are the two common operative sites used for buffalo caesarean section. Although many anesthetic combinations including intravenous and inhalation anesthetic procedures have been experimented in the buffalo species yet most caesarean sections in buffaloes are satisfactorily performed in right lateral recumbency under mild sedation and local infiltration analgesia or paravertebral nerve blocks. The history, indications, anesthesia, operative procedures, post operative complications and future fertility following caesarean section in buffalo are described.

Pages 244-247

Authors: Burcu Gundogdu, Isin Ureyen, Gunsu Kimyon, Hakan Turan, Nurettin Boran, Gokhan Tulunay, Dilek Bulbul, Taner Turan, M Faruk Kose

A 49 year–old patient with the complaint of a mass located in the caesarean scar was admitted. There was a fixed mass 30×30 mm in diameter with regular contour located at the right corner of the pfannenstiel incision. Computed tomography revealed a (40×50×50) mm solid mass lesion with margins that cannot be distinguished from the uterus, bladder and small intestines and a heterogeneous mass lesion (50×45×55) mm in diameter, located in the right side of the anterior abdominal wall. Cytoreductive surgery including total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo–oophorectomy was performed. Final pathology was clear cell carcinoma. Clear cell carcinoma arising from an extraovarian endometriotic focus was diagnosed and the patient received 6 cycles paclitaxel–carboplatin chemotherapy as adjuvant treatment. The patient who was lost to follow–up applied to our clinic 2 years after surgery with a recurrent mass in the left inguinal region. After 3 cycles of chemotherapy, the patient's tumoral mass in the left inguinal region was excised. The result of the pathology was carcinoma metastasis. It is decided that the following treatment of the patient should be palliative radiation therapy. The patient who underwent palliative radiation therapy died of disease after 4 months of the second operation.

Pages 251-252

Authors: Isin Ureyen, Alper Karalok, Nurettin Boran, Taner Turan, Gokhan Tulunay

Chylous fistula is a rare condition that results from injury to the thoracic duct. Management is challanging, since it's a rare condition and there is no consensus on its treatment. Scalene lymphadenectomy is performed rarely in gynecological oncology and so chylous fistula is a much less frequent phenomenon. We present a case of chylous fistula folowing scalene lymphadenectomy in a patient with advanced cervical carcinoma that was resolved after administration of chylous diet.

Pages 85-89

Authors: Lilaram, R Nazeer Ahmed

Objective In the present study, an attempt has been made to investigate the effect of ethanolic seed extract of Caesalpinia bonducella(C. bonducella) on fertility in female Wistar albino rats. Methods Pregnant rats were randomized into two groups containing eight animals in each group. Control group rats were orally administered with 1 mL/100g b.wt of distilled water while rats in second group received 300mg/kg of the seed extract from gestation day 1-7, once daily. The animals were sacrificed twenty four hours after the last dose on gestation day 12. Results A significant reduction in implantation index and a contrasting significant increase in resorption index, pre-implantation and post-implantation loss was recorded in the seed extract treated rats. Progesterone level declined significantly in rats treated with seed extract. O vary revealed degenerated corpora lutea in treated rats. The embryos were noticed with craniofacial deformities in extract treated group. Conclusions The results obtained in this study suggest that the seeds of C. bonducella possess antifertility activity probably due to its antiprogesterogenic hormonal properties that can modulate the reproductive function of the experimental rats.

Pages 93-98

Authors: Stanimir A Yotov, Anatoli S Atanasov, Yordanka Y Ilieva

Objective To determine the possibilities for induction of ovarian activity in Bulgarian Murrah buffaloes by hormonal treatment in the early postpartum period. Methods Twenty six clinically healthy animals, weighing 480-520 kg, 3-5 years of age, with normal parturition, without clinical signs of endometritis during the entire experimental period were divided into 2 groups: control (n=10) and experimental (n=16). Primiparous and multiparous buffaloes were proportionally allotted into both groups. By 5, 21, and 28 postpartum days, control animals were intramuscularly treated with 2 mL physiological saline, whereas experimental buffaloes received 500 mg PGF2 α by the 5th postpartum day, 100 μ g GnRH by the 21st postpartum day and a second prostaglandin dose 7 days later. All buffaloes were submitted to transrectal ultrasound examination on days 5, 21 and 28 after calving. Evaluation of ovarian activity was made on the basis of follicle type and detection of a newly formed corpus luteum. The percentage of animals with small, medium or dominant follicle and corpus luteum after either spontaneous or induced ovulation was determined. Insemination management included introduction of two proven fertile bulls into the herd at the start of the treatment. Pregnancy ultrasound checks were performed on postpartum days 58, 68, 120 and 150. The proportion of buffaloes with clinical signs of spontaneous or induced oestrus until the 35th postpartum day, pregnancy rates by the 35th and 90th postpartum days and service periods <60 days, 60-90 days and >90 days were registered. Results On the 5th day after calving, small follicles were predominating in the ovaries of buffaloes from both groups. Similar findings were established on the 21st day in the control group, whereas the share of experimental buffaloes with small follicles was significantly (P<0.01) lower. By the 21st day, there were no medium follicles in untreated animals, while in hormonally treated ones they were found out in 25% of cases. The proportion of experimental buffaloes with dominant follicle (56.3%) by the 21st day was statistically significantly higher (P<0.01) compared to that of controls (10%). Cumulative percentage of animals with detected corpus luteum (66.8%) until the 28th postpartum day differed considerably (P<0.01) from that in controls (10.0%). There was a substantial between-group difference (P<0.05) between the total percentage of buffaloes with clinical signs of oestrus and pregnancy rates until the 35th day after calving. The share of buffaloes with service period <60 days was higher (P<0.05) compared to the untreated group. The analysis of results demonstrated that the PGF2 α -GnRH-PGF2 α treatment on 5, 21 and 28 postpartum days, was able to induce ovarian activity and oestrus in Bulgarian Murrah buffaloes. The total proportion of animals with signs of oestrus (both spontaneous and induced) and pregnancy rates by the 35th postpartum day were significantly higher (P<0.05) in the treated group compared to controls. Conclusions The tested hormonal treatment protocol, combined with the presence of fertile bulls in the herd, could be successfully used for reduction of service period and calving interval in clinically healthy buffaloes.

Pages 105-109

Authors: Ma Regina R Abesamis, Miguel A Buluran, Gliceria B Ramos

Objective To investigate the effects of pregestational and gestational exposure to an isoflavone of sexually mature female mice on their reproductive health and on the postnatal development of their offspring. Methods Sexually-mature ICR female mice were randomly segregated into Control group 1 that was given the normal diet consisting of food pellets, Control group 2 that was given food pellets with additional corn oil of 2 mL/kg bodyweight. The three (3) isoflavone treatment groups were given 50 mg/kg body weight, 100 mg/kg body weight and 150 mg/kg body weight for low dose (LD), medium dose (MD) and high dose (HD) respectively. Treatments were administered 2 weeks prior to mating and gestation and thereafter until parturition. The delivered pups were weaned up until 21 days. On the 21st day, postnatal development were determined, excluding the birth weight of pups which was measured one day post-parturition. The dams were sacrificed as well and the markers of maternal health were determined. Results There were no significant differences found between the control groups and the treatment groups in terms of the markers of maternal reproductive health. For postnatal development, only HD group displayed a significantly higher mean AGD from the other groups. Conclusions The data implies that exposure to the isoflavone genestein, with the given dosages, does not impact the maternal reproductive health while the high dose brings about masculinization of the pups which implies that isoflavone exerts its action as an endocrine disruptor affecting postnatal development. This could be attributed to the decrease in estrogen due to the inhibition of aromatase, an enzyme involved in estrogen synthesis.

Pages 114-118

Authors: Kullaiyan Sathiyadash, Thangavelu Muthukumar, Shanmugaraj Bala Murugan, Ramalingam Sathishkumar, Eswaranpillai Uma, Sarah Jaison, Perumalsamy Priyadharsini

Objective To develope a conservation strategies for orchid species. Methods Seeds of Acampae praemorsa (Roxb.) Blatt. Mc Cann (A. praemorsa) were obtained from mature pods collected from Velliangiri hills and germinated on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with various concentration of Benzylaminopurine (BAP). Results Maximum seed germination (85%) was observed on MS media supplemented with 2 mg/L BAP. Seed germination percentage increased with increasing concentrations of BAP (0.5 mg/L to 2 mg/L), but 3 mg/L of BAP inhibited seed germination. Variations observed were significantly (P<0.01) different for concentrations of growth regulators, days and their interactions. The embryos in the seeds swelled prior to germination. Fifty days after inoculation, well developed greenish porotocorm like bodies (PLBs) were formed and by 80th day, 85% (maximum) of the PLBs were observed in MS supplemented with 2 mg/L BAP. Eighty days after seed sowing, the germination rate decreased and the PLBs were transformed into first and second leaf stages in media supplemented with Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Maximum seedling numbers (84%) were observed in MS medium supplemented with 1 mg/L NAA at 110th day. After 110 days, the seedlings were transferred to 0.6 g/L MS medium containing activated charcoal and similar concentration of growth regulators for root induction. After rooting, the seedlings were transferred to ex vitro conditions. Conclusions In present study all the mycorrhizal seedlings survived, because orchid mycorrhizal fungi enhance growth of orchid plantlets and present study gives an effective protocol for seed germination and plantlet regeneration from immature seeds which can be used for establishing A. praemorsa populations in Velliangiri Hills and elsewhere.

Pages 126-131

Authors: N Srivastava, SK Srivastava, SK Ghosh, Amit Kumar, P Perumal, A Jerome

Objective To evaluate the cryoinjury prediction of spermatozoa in relation to its cholesterol content at fresh and frozen-thaw stages. Methods Ejaculates (n=12) were processed for cryopreservation, acrosome integrity (fluorescent and giemsa stains), cryoinjury (distribution of non capacitated, capacitated and acrosome reacted, pattern F, B and AR, respectively of Chlortetracycline, CTC assay), in vitro fertiltiy (IVF) and cholesterol content of spermatozoa at fresh, pre-freeze and frozen-thaw stages were evaluated. Values were fitted in prediction equation to predict acrosome integrity (AI) and cryoinjury. Results Study indicated that cholesterol content of fresh spermatozoa can be used to predict cholesterol content of spermatozoa at pre-freeze and frozen-thaw stages of cryopreservation protocol with medium to high level of accuracy (P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively). Cholesterol content of fresh spermatozoa can be used to predict AI, pattern B and AR and Penetration Index (PI) of IVF with medium level of accuracy (P<0.05) at frozen-thaw but not at pre-freeze stage. Similarly cholesterol content of frozen-thaw spermatozoa can be used to predict AI and pattern AR of frozen-thaw spermatozoa with medium level of accuracy (P<0.05). Conclusion This study revealed strong evidence that cholesterol content of fresh as well as frozen-thaw bull spermatozoa can be a good predictor of level of cryoinjury following preservation at ultra low temperature.

Pages 142-145

Authors: Wachyu Hadisaputra

Objective To evaluate clinical signs and symptoms and serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF- α), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as non-invasive methods to diagnose endometriosis. Methods Eighty women scheduled to laparoscopy underwent blood sampling for measurement of IL-6, TNF- α, MMP-2, and VEGF. The diagnosis of endometriosis was established by laparoscopy using The American Fertility Society visual diagnosis. The presence or absence of endometriosis was correlated with clinical signs and symptoms and with serum levels of those substances. Results The sensitivity and specificity to detect endometriosis of infertility (OR 134.3) were 78 % and 98 %, dysmenorrhoea (OR 11.7) were 63 % and 88 %, and chronic pelvic pain (OR 13.0) were 28 % and 100 %. The presence of rectovaginal nodules had a sensitivity 25 % and specificity 100 %. (OR 11.3, 95 %). The sensitivity and specificity of biologic markers IL-6 (OR 2.5) were 68 % and 53 %, and TNF- α (OR 28.1) were 68% and 60 %. Conclusions History of infertility, dysmenorrhea, chronic pelvic pain, dyspareunia, cervical tenderness and rectovaginal nodule are clinical signs and symptoms suggesting endometriosis. IL-6 and TNF- α appears to be best serum markers for endometriosis.

Pages 151-158

Authors: Eric Blyth

Objective This paper considers the potential contribution that assisted reproductive technology (ART) may make to population replenishment in countries that have experienced extended periods of below-population-replacement Total Fertility Rates (TFR), by focusing on the specific situation of Singapore, which has recorded ‘ultra-low’ TFRs for many years. Methods The factors contributing to ultra-low TFRs in Singapore, the economic and social consequences of endemic below-population-replacement fertility rates and remedial measures initiated by the government are critically analysed, focussing specifically on the government's subsided ART provisions of the ‘Marriage and Parenthood’ package. In addition the paper provides a close analysis of available contemporary data regarding ART and ART outcomes both in Singapore and internationally. Results Despite limited public accessibility to data concerning ART outcomes in Singapore, it is possible to make some assessment of the potential contribution of publicly-funded ART provision and the possible extension of access to elective oocyte preservation to population replenishment. Conclusions Subsidised ART can-at best-make a marginal contribution to government population policy.

Pages 163-165

Authors: Shiv Prasad, Beerendra Singh, Sumit Singhal, FA Khan, JK Prasad, HP Gupta

This report puts on record production of the first viable calf following ovum pick-up in vitro embryo production (OPU-IVEP) technique in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in India. A total of 313 transvaginal OPU sessions were performed in six elite Murrah buffaloes and 1 171 follicles were aspirated. From these follicles, a total of 729 immature oocytes were recovered. The recovered oocytes were graded as A (59, 8.1%), B (111, 15.2%), C (293, 40.2%) and D (262, 35.9%) following standard procedures. Maturable grade oocytes (A, B, and C; 473, 68.9%) were subjected to in vitro maturation in Medium 199 supplemented with 10% FBS, 0.5 μg/mL FSH, 10 IU/mL LH, 1 μ g/mL estradiol-17 β, 20 ng/mL EGF and 50 μM cysteamine in CO2 incubator at 39 °C temperature, 5% CO2 and high humidity. The matured oocytes (427 out of 473; 90.3%) were co-incubated with 1×106 /mL buffalo sperms in modified synthetic oviductal fluid (mSOF) containing 10 ng/mL heparin for 22 hrs for in vitro fertilization. After fertilization the presumptive zygotes were stripped off of remaining cumulus cells and cultured in mSOF for 7 days to study embryonic development. A total of 278 (65.1%) oocytes cleaved after 24-36 hrs of fertilization. Out of the cleaved oocytes, 249 (89.6%), 216 (77.7%), 167 (60.1%), 139 (50.0%) and 73 (26.3%) developed up to 4-cell, 8-cell, 16-cell, morula, and blastocyst stages, respectively. A total of 29 embryos were transferred into 27 synchronized recipient buffaloes. Two of these buffaloes were found pregnant at 90 days. One of them aborted at 4.5 months of gestation (male fetus) and the other gave birth to a live male calf weighing 25 kg. Currently, the calf is normal and has attained the age of 4.5 years.

136-141

Authors: Ibrahim A Abdelazim, Mohannad Lutfi Abu faza, Mohammed Al-Kadi

Abstract Objective To evaluate the relation between matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) expression and the clinical and/or pathological parameters of the epithelial ovarian cancers (EOCs). Methods Forty-two (42) patients with EOCs diagnosed after histopathological examination of the specimens were included in this study. The pathological specimens were additionally stained by immunoperoxidase technique for MMP-2 using a monoclonal antibody against activated MMP 2. The staining intensity of MMP-2 was correlated with the clinical and pathological parameters of the studied cases, including patient's age, surgical stage, histological grade, omental, and lymph node metastasis. Results The studied cases of EOCs were classified according to the intensity or the degree of MMP-2 expression, as; seven cases (16.7%) negative, eighteen cases (42.8%) weak, seven cases (16.7%) moderate and ten cases (23.8%) intense for MMP-2 staining. There was a significant positive correlation between MMP-2 expression and the histological grades and the surgical stages of the studied EOC (r <1, P<0.05), while, there was no significant relation between MMP-2 expression and the histopathological types of the studied EOCs. MMP-2 expression was significantly high in EOCs with ascites, omental, distant and uterine metastasis, while, there was no significant relation between MMP-2 expressions and lymph node metastasis or bilaterality of the EOCs. Conclusions MMP-2 expression was associated with advanced, aggressive EOCs and there was direct relation between expression of MMP-2 and degree of invasiveness and metastasis of EOCs.

Pages 1-7

Authors: Mohamed H Abumaree, Peter R Stone, Fawaz Abomaray, Nail Hassan, Mohamed F El-Muzaini, Larry W Chamley

Objective To quantify trophoblast deportation after developing an in vitro model of trophoblast deportation by culturing placental explants in Net-well inserts which allow passage of cells shed from the explants to the lower chamber from where we can harvest, characterize and quantify the shed trophoblasts. Methods Our original model employed explants from placentae of 12 weeks gestation. Using that model, we estimated about 150 000 trophoblasts would shed daily from a placenta of 12-week gestation. In this study, we determined whether trophoblast shedding is consistent throughout pregnancy. Placental explants from second-trimester and term placentae were cultured in Net-well inserts for 72 hours. Shed cells were characterized by immunocytochemistry and quantified. Published mean placental weights were then used to extrapolate an estimate of the rates of trophoblast shedding in vivo. Results Syncytial nuclear aggregates and mononuclear trophoblasts were shed from the second-trimester and term placentae. We also noted the shedding of cytokeratin-positive anucleate “ghosts” which we presume to be derived from syncytial nuclear aggregates. Relative to the numbers of trophoblasts shed from first trimester placentae, the numbers shed from second trimester placentae declined but the number of trophoblasts shed increased again from third trimester placentae. Conclusion We have shown that the rate of trophoblast shedding is inconsistent throughout gestation confirming the results of others who found variable levels of deported trophoblasts in maternal blood.

Pages 15-18

Authors: AH Abu, PO Amuta, E Buba, TR Inusa

Objective To determine the effects of aqueous extract of Garcinia kola (G. kola) seed on serum sex hormones and epididymal functions of Wistar albino rats. Methods Fifteen male Wistar albino rats were randomly assigned into three groups of five rats per group. The animals in the treatment groups were administered orally aqueous extract of Garcinia kola seed at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight once daily for 30 days. Rats in the control group received normal saline (0.9%). The body weights of the rats were determined at the beginning and end of the experiment. Sperm characteristics of each rat were determined. Hormonal assay for FSH, LH and testosterone were done using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Results There were significant (P<0.05) decreases in relative organ weights of extract-treated rats compared to the control. G. kola seed extract decreased sperm motility, sperm concentration and sperm viability as well as affected normal morphology of sperm cells in dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the extract reduced the serum concentrations of sex hormones of the treated rats relative to the control. Conclusion The findings suggest that aqueous extract of G. kola seed may have antispermatogenic property.

Pages 25-29

Authors: Ibrahim A Abdelazim

Objective To detect the accuracy of the IGFBP-1 in diagnosing premature rupture of fetal membranes. Methods One hundred and fifty pregnant women after 37 weeks gestation were included in this study and divided into two groups according to presence or absence of PROM; 75 patients with PROM were included in group I and 75 patients without PROM were included in group II as controls. The diagnosis of PROM was based on patient's history of sudden gush of water, pooling of amniotic fluid, positive Ferning pattern, positive Nitrazine test, confirmed by visualization of fluid passing from the cervical canal during sterile speculum examination and Trans-abdominal ultrasound to measure the amniotic fluid index. Results In this study, the sensitivity and the specificity of IGFBP-1 (Actim PROM test®) in diagnosing PROM were 89.3% & 82.7%, respectively, as compared with 84% sensitivity & 78.7% specificity for Ferning test, and 86.7% sensitivity & 81.3% specificity for Nitrazine test. The PPV and NPV of IGFBP-1 (Actim PROM test®) were 83.8% & 88.6%, respectively, as compared with 79.7% PPV & 83.1% NPV for Ferning test, and 82.2% PPV & 85.9% NPV for Nitrazine test. The IGFBP-1 (Actim PROM test®) was more accurate (86%) for detection of PROM than Ferning (81.3%) or Nitrazine (84.0%) tests. Conclusion The Actim PROM test®, for detection of IGFBP-1 in the vaginal fluid is a simple bedside test, and can be used as complimentary test to confirm the clinical diagnosis of Premature rupture of fetal membranes.

Pages 34-37

Authors: Ibrahim A Abdelazim, Maha M Belal, Hanan H Makhlouf

Objective To detect the relation between serum progesterone and viability of pregnancy during the first trimester. Methods Two hundred and sixty women during the first trimester of their pregnancies were hospitalized due to vaginal bleeding and/or abdominal pain and were included in this study. Women included in this study were: sure of dates, conceived spontaneously with no history of infertility and had a positive serum pregnancy test. Blood samples were taken for women included in this study for serum progesterone assay, they were followed by ultrasound till the end of first trimester for the viability of the pregnancy and the outcome of their pregnancy were recorded. Results By the end of the first trimester, women included in this study were classified into: viable pregnancy group (178 cases, 68.5%) and non-viable pregnancy group (ended by miscarriage) (82 cases, 31.5%). The mean serum progesterone of the studied population was significantly higher in viable pregnancy group (46.5 ± 7.4) ng/mL compared to non-viable pregnancy group (9.9 ± 4.8) ng/mL, (P<0.05). The serum progesterone at cut off level 10 ng/mL was 79.3% sensitive to diagnose non-viable pregnancy and was 93.3% specific to diagnose viable pregnancy, while at cut off level 20 ng/mL it was 95.1% sensitive to diagnose non-viable pregnancy and was 98.9% specific to diagnose viable pregnancy. Conclusion Serum progesterone is a reliable marker for early pregnancy failure and single assay of its serum level can differentiate between viable and non-viable pregnancies.

Pages 42-44

Authors: Filippo Murina, Claudio Benvenuti

Objective Vulvar dermatoses are characterized by dehydration leading to symptoms as itching and burning. Topical corticosteroids and lanolin cream are the standard therapy. A new non-irritant cleanser based on soft natural surfactants (Saugella idraSerum, a product by Rottapharm|Madaus) (SiS) exhibited interesting clinical properties. Purpose of the study was to compare the activity of SiS in vulvar dermatoses versus a common reference cleanser (Aveeno intimo) (Ref). Methods In a controlled randomized clinical study 32 patients with vulvar dermatosis received Mometasone 2 applications weekly and lanolin cream 1 application daily for 7 days followed by 1 application as needed. To one half of the patients SiS and to half of patients Ref were recommended as daily cleanser bid for 1 month. Any onset of symptoms was checked before and after treatment. Results Burning improved after SiS treatment vs Ref in a significantly higher rate (respectively 80% vs 25%, P<0.05). Dryness improvement was superior with SiS (81.1% vs 50.0%, P=0.10) though the Ref group applied a significantly higher number of doses of emollient cream as needed. Conclusion This new-generation intimate cleanser was effective in reducing burning and the concomitant emollient treatment in vulvar dermatoses.

Pages 49-51

Authors: Kailin Yap, Tara Cawley, Phillip Matson

Objective To introduce a system using spiked seminal plasma for the QC of the MAR direct test, and to facilitate the determination of assay variability. Methods A simple quality control (QC) system for use in the direct MAR test was developed using samples prepared by adding serum to antibody-negative centrifuged seminal plasma to obtain optimal binding, and storing 0.4 mL aliquots at −20 °C in straws. The serum was either from vasectomised men (positive control) or an antibody-negative woman (negative control). QC samples were thawed and mixed 1:1 with donor semen and pre-incubated for 1 hr at 37 °C, and tested for sperm antibodies using the direct method of the MarScreen IgG kit (Fertility Technology Resources, USA). Two batches of controls were prepared and one of these was run on each day. Results The negative controls invariably gave binding of less than 5%, whereas the two positive controls had binding (mean ± sd) of 89.5% ± 6.2 % (coefficient of variation [CV] = 7.0%) and (97.2 ± 2.5) (CV = 2.6%). Conclusions In summary, spiked seminal plasma incubated with whole semen can be used as a QC sample in the direct MAR IgG test.

Pages 58-62

Authors: James A Osaikhuwuomwan, Abieyuwa P Osemwenkha

Abstract Objective To investigate the attitudes and perceptions of youths regarding adolescent pregnancy, in order to appraise their understanding of sexuality, contraception and why adolescents failed to use contraceptives. Methods This is a descriptive survey of a group of 163 students in their junior clinical postings in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Benin. The participants completed an anonymous self-administered questionnaire which elicited information on perceptions, attitude, beliefs and their knowledge about adolescent pregnancy, prevention and utilization of contraception. Results Overall, majority of the participants held a negative attitude about adolescent pregnancy with over 85% regarding it as wrong and considered it to be associated with medical, socio-economic and educational problems. Peer pressure to have sex (71.8%%) had the highest rating on participants perceptions pertaining to the causes of adolescent pregnancy, other items rated were ignorance on basics of sexuality and pregnancy (60.1%) and being forced or coerced/refusal by boys/men to use condoms (52.1%). Condom was reported as the most common method youths/adolescents used in attempting to prevent pregnancy (38.1%), albeit, majority (69.3%) reported poor uptake of contraception by adolescents. Common reasons cited why adolescent/youths do not use contraceptives were: feeling embarrassed or ashamed to use or purchase condom/contraceptives (68.7%) and male partner dislikes for condoms (50.3%). An overwhelming majority (87.1%) of respondents thought that private access to condoms would increase uptake. Conclusions Although youths have a negative attitude towards adolescent pregnancy, their perception and understanding of sexuality and contraception is poor. Useful strategies for empowering youth and changing perception/behavior should include peer education and access to simple non-judgmental information on family life. Adoption of strategies tailored to our socio-cultural background to make condoms accessible privately may improve uptake and consequently reduce the menace of adolescent pregnancy. Citing articles (0) Open Access Open Access Article Postpartum anxiety disordersOriginal Research Article

Pages 69-75

Authors: Prashant Tiwari, Anish Chandy, Kuldip Kumar, Rahul Mishra, Dheeraj Ahirwar

Hyperprolactinaemia has been an expected and derelict side effect of neuroleptic medication for decades. Neuroleptic drugs differ in efficacy and side effects such as movement disorders and prolactin elevation because of varying mechanisms of action. A neuroleptic drugs which categorizes the drugs according to efficacy risk of movement disorders and risk of prolactin elevation. Statistics on the safety and acceptability of neuroleptic agents such as risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, ziprasidone and clozapine, are stationary increase because these agents are relatively new compared with conventional neuroleptic. Nearly all side effects of neuroleptic agents are dose related and therefore should use the lowest effectual dose for the entity. In evaluating the risk of neuroleptic medication, we should determine the occurrence of its common side effects and uneasiness connected with these side effects. Throughout the course of action patients should be monitor regularly for the surfacing of side effects.

Pages 80-81

Authors: Emily Zuvela, Melanie Walls, Phillip Matson

Objective To describe the effect of combined oral contraceptives (COC) on serum AMH level in 2 women. Methods The COC was initially stopped after over 12 years use then restarted, with the serum being analysed by 6–8 laboratories in an EQA scheme using the same assay (Beckman Coulter Gen II). Results In both women, the AMH rose significantly after cessation of the pill, and then dropped after resumption. Conclusions In summary, AMH was affected by the combined oral contraceptive pill and further studies on the effect of oral contraceptives are warranted.