Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease

259

Authors: Beuy Joob, Viroj Wiwanitkit

No

265-268

Authors: Agustin Iskandar, Muhammad Rasjad Indra, Satuman, Novi Khila Firani, Titin Andri Wihastuti

Objective: To find out the levels of Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) profilin and adiponectin in obese patients complicated with or without metabolic syndrome as compared to non-obese patients. Methods: This study was an observational analytic study using cross sectional design. After interview, the subjects were performed with a anthropometric test and then a metabolic syndrome panel. The levels of profilin and adiponectin were detected by using ELISA method. Results: There was a significant difference of T. gondii profilin between the obese complicated with metabolic syndrome group and the non-obese group (P = 0.00; α = 0.05), as well as the metabolically healthy obese, in which the level of profilin was significantly higher in the group as compared to the non-obese group (P = 0.001; α = 0.05). Adiponectin level of the obese complicated with metabolic syndrome group was significantly lower as compared to the metabolically healthy obese and non-obese group (P = 0.001; α = 0.05). Conclusions: The level of T. gondii profilin in obese patients was higher than that in the nonobese, whereas the level of adiponectin in obese patients complicated with metabolic syndrome was lower than that in the obese without metabolic syndrome and non-obese patients.

272-277

Authors: Abd Hafis Abd Rahim, Abu Hassan Ahmad, Abdul Hafiz Ab Majid

Objective: To determine the development time of each immature stage and total development time of Cimex hemipterus reared on human blood type A, B, O and AB, and to compare survivorship and fecundity of Cimex hemipterus reared on blood type A and AB. Methods: Bed bugs were reared on human blood type A, B, O and AB, fed through an artificial feeding system. The number of live and dead individuals, number of nymphs that molted, and number of eggs laid were observed and recorded daily. Results: Statistical analysis showed that no significant difference was observed for the development from egg to adult emergence. Bed bugs reared on blood type A and AB had a life expectancy of 88 and 105 days respectively from the egg stage. The net reproductive rate (R0), mean generation time (T), intrinsic rate of increase (rm), finite rate of increase (λ), and doubling time (DT) for bed bugs reared on blood type A were 12.24, 67.84, 0.037, 1.038 and 18.73, respectively. On the other hand, the same parameters calculated for bed bugs reared on blood type AB produced R0 = 12.58, T = 83.36, rm = 0.030, λ = 1.030 and DT = 23.10. Conclusions: Different blood sources may have different effects on the development time and life characteristics of bed bugs.

284-290

Authors: Manish Kumar Tripathi, Mohammad Yasir, Pushpendra Singh, Iftikhar Asalm Tayubi, Rishikesh Gupta, Rahul Shrivastava

Objective: To investigate the role of dumped residues in the loss of immunity using human immune proteins, which provides protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Methods: In this study, toxic chemicals were docked with immune proteins using AutoDock 4.0, and further, molecular dynamics simulations were performed for refinement of the docked complexes which were obtained from docking to confirm its stable behaviour over the entire simulation period. Results: Results revealed that alpha-naphthol showed the maximum inhibition with glutathione synthetase protein, while butylated hydroxytoluene and carbaryl showed the maximum inhibition with p38 MAPK14 protein with binding free energy ΔG -5.06, -5.1 and -5.36 kcal/ mol, respectively. Molecular dynamics simulation supported the greater stability of carbaryl and alpha-naphthol complexes with p38 MAPK 14 and glutathione synthetase protein as compared to butylated hydroxytoluene. Conclusions: In summary, findings suggested that toxic exposure of carbaryl and alphanaphthol as compared to butylated hydroxytoluene generated immunotoxicity and disrupted the functioning of immune system thus it may have caused an increase in susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.

298-304

Authors: Shahid Iqbal Mohammed, Manoj Zumbarlal Chopda, Ravindra Himmatrao Patil, Kishor Sukhlal Vishwakarma, Vijay Laxminarayan Maheshwari

Objective: To evaluate antidiabetic and antioxidative properties of Coccinia grandis leaf extract in experimental diabetic rats and to study the co-relation of the two in vivo. Methods: Ethanolic extract, showing the highest activity in in vitro experiments, was prepared in saline and given orally to streptozotocin induced albino Wistar diabetic rats for 21 days. Biochemical parameters, histopathological analyses, liver and muscles glycogen and in vivo antioxidant activity in normal, diabetic control, standard (metformin) and treated animals were determined and compared. Results: Treatment of experimental rats with diabetes induced by streptozotocin by ethanolic leaf extract (500 mg/kg) caused significant (P < 0.001) reduction in blood glucose (312–169 mg/100 mL), increase in body weight (181–210 g) and serum insulin (1.28–3.10 IU/dL). It also maintained lipid profile and liver and kidney functions within normal range compared with diabetic control rats and almost at par with metformin-a standard antidiabetic drug. The oxidative stress induced decline in glutathione and catalase in liver and kidney tissues showed up to 60% recovery as a function of treatment. Histopathology of pancreas showed marked restorative effect in diabetic rats. Conclusions: The results suggest that Coccinia grandis ethanolic leaf extract has strong antidiabetic activity and can be meaningfully utilized in the management of diabetes.

311-316

Authors: Saima Gul, Muhammad Ismail, Muhammad Iqbal Khan, Sher Bahadar Khan, Abullah Mohamed Asiri, Inayat U Rahman, Murad Ali Khan, Muhammad Afzal Kamboh

Objective: To synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) adopting a green approach and evaluate their toxicological potential against housefly Musca domestica which is responsible for spreading a number of fatal diseases. Methods: In the present work, AgNPs were synthesized by consuming secondary metabolites present in the fresh aqueous extract of melon. While the toxicity of the synthesized materials were recorded against house fly via feeding deterrence protocol. Results: Surface plasmon resonance was observed at 430 nm and the average crystallite size calculated from powder X ray diffraction was (18 ± 6) nm. Significant results were observed at different concentrations in the range of 2–10 mg/mL. Conclusions: Fresh melon extract resulted in a simple one-step formation of AgNPs with better control over the size of the material and the noteworthy insecticidal activity was displayed. This study proved the insecticidal potential of AgNPs against Musca domestica and its candidacy for replacing commercially available insecticides (organic/inorganic) which are synthesized in nature.

321-327

Authors: Samia Ahmed El-Fiky, Fouad Afifi Abou-Zaid, Ibrahim Mohamed Farag, Maha Aly Fahmy, Naira Mohamed El-Fiky

Objective: To assess the genotoxic potential of the antidepressant drug clomipramine hydrochloride (CH) through different mutagenic end points. Methods: The study included chromosomal aberration analysis of bone marrow cells, primary spermatocytes, morphological sperm abnormalities and histopathological changes of liver cells using both light and electron microscopy. Three doses (0.195, 0.26 and 0.65 mg/20 g body weight) were tested. Each dose was given orally to mice for different periods of time (the doses are equivalent to the recommended daily intake doses in man). Results: The tested doses of CH applied for 5 and 30 days increased the frequencies of chromosomal aberrations with dose and time dependant manner. The two high doses, 0.26 and 0.65 mg/20 g body weight revealed significant effect in comparison to the control. Dose -dependent increase in morphological sperm abnormalities and decrease in sperm count were recorded after CH treatment for 5 consecutive days. Pathological changes in liver tissue reached to sever damage were recorded after treatment with the medium and the high doses for 30 days. Ultrastructural examination showed that the low dose had little differences in liver histological architecture as compared to the control group, while prominent pathological changes in nuclei as well as dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum were observed in mice treated with the medium or the high dose of the drug. Conclusions: It is concluded that CH has genotoxic effect in somatic and germ cells of mice as well as damaging effect on liver tissue after treatment with the medium and the high doses. However, the usage of low dose (especially for short time, 5 days) can be utilized as a safe therapeutic dose.

330-336

Authors: Najeeb Ullah, Mahboob Ahmad, Hasnain Aslam, Muhammad Asad Tahir, Muhammad Aftab, Noreen Bibi, Sohail Ahmad

Green tea is universally considered significant and its benefits have been experimentally explored by researchers and scientists. Anticancer potential of green tea has been completely recognized now. Green tea contains anti-cancerous constituents and nutrients that have powerful remedial effects. By using electronic data base (1998–2015), different compounds in green tea possessing anticancer activity including epigallocatechin-3-gallate, paclitaxel and docetaxel combinations, ascorbic acid, catechins, lysine, synergistic arginine, green tea extract, proline, and green tea polyphenols has been reported. Green tea extracts exhibited remedial potential against cancer of lung, colon, liver, stomach, leukemic cells, prostate, breast, human cervical cells, head, and neck. For centuries, green tea has been utilized as medicine for therapeutic purposes. It originated in China and extensively used in Asian countries for blood pressure depression and as anticancer medicine. Green tea has therapeutic potential against many diseases such as lowering of blood pressure, Parkinson’s disease, weight loss, esophageal disease, skin-care, cholesterol, Alzheimer’s disease and diabetes.