Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease

421-428

Authors: Javid Hussain, Najeeb Ur Rehman, Ahmed Al-Harrasi, Liaqat Ali, Abdul Latif Khan, Muhammad Abdullah Albroumi

Objective: To evaluate the nutrients and essential oils of five medicinal plants, Juniperus excelsa (J. excelsa), Dodonaea viscosa, Euryops pinifolius, Teucrium polium (T. polium), and Helianthemum lippii that were collected from Jabal Al Akhdar, Oman. Methods: Proximate parameters (moisture, dry matter, ash, crude fats, proteins, fibers, nitrogen, carbohydrates, and energy values) and nutrient analysis (K, Na, Ca, Fe, P, Mg etc.) were evaluated in the five medicinal plants using standard techniques. On the basis of these analysis, T. polium and J. excels were selected for essential oil analysis using a rapid solvent-free microwave extraction method and GC-MS. Results: The results showed that leaves of J. excelsa had highest proportion of crude fats, fibers and energy value while ash was highest in T. polium. J. excelsa was also rich in essential minerals such as calcium, magnesium, potassium and iron while the trace elements and heavy metals composition was marginal. A rapid solvent-free microwave extraction method to extract oil from medicinal plants species showed that only T. polium and J. excelsa yielded oil. The chemical composition of essential oils showed higher proportion of delta-3-carene, limonene, β-eudesmol, ledeneoxide (II), α-trans-bergamatene, linalyl acetate and germacrene. Conclusions: J. excelsa and T. polium are a good source of proximate, minerals and essential oils, which can be considered for healthy life besides their medicinal values.

434-440

Authors: Humeera Nisa, Azra N. Kamili, Suhaib A. Bandh, Shajr-ul Amin, Bashir A. Lone, Javaid A. Parray

Objective: To elucidate the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Rumex dentatus L. (R. dentatus) along with its phytochemical analysis. Methods: Agar disk diffusion method for antimicrobial activity and DPPH, riboflavin photooxidation, deoxyribose and lipid peroxidation assay for antioxidant activity. Results: The antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of different concentrations of five R. dentatus extracts were tested against different clinical bacterial strains (Shigella flexneri, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhimurium) and fungal strains (Aspergillus versicolor, Aspergillus flavus, Accremonium spp., Penicillium dimorphosporum, Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida kruesie). Among all extracts, the butanol extract showed strong antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae (inhibition zone diameter of 20 mm) and aqueous extract showed no activity against any of the bacterial strains. While as in case of the fungal strains, the maximum antifungal activity was observed against Aspergillus flavus by aqueous extract. The antioxidant activity revealed that the extracts exhibited scavenging effect in concentration-dependent manner on superoxide anion radicals and hydroxyl radicals. The phytochemical tests carried out with the crude extracts of R. dentatus showed the presence of flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, anthraquinones and cardiac glycosides in it. The total phenolic content of these extracts was estimated quantitatively from standard calibration curve of gallic acid and it varied from 145 µg/mg in butanol extract to 45 µg/mg in petroleum ether extract. Conclusions: It can be concluded that the plant has got a broad spectrum antimicrobial and antioxidant activity and could be used as a potential alternative for treating various diseases.

444-453

Authors: Mehnaz Pervin, Md Abul Hasnat, Beong Ou Lim

Objective: To investigate antibacterial and antioxidant activity of the leaf extract of tropical medicinal herb and food plant Vaccinium corymbosum L. (V. corymbosum) . Methods: Free radical scavenging activity on DPPH, ABTS, and nitrites were used to analyse phenolic and flavonoid contents of leaf extract. Other focuses included the determination of antioxidant enzymatic activity (SOD, CAT and GPx), metal chelating activity, reduction power, lipid peroxidation inhibition and the prevention of oxidative DNA damage. Antibacterial activity was determined by using disc diffusion method against seven strains of bacteria. Results: Results found that V. corymbosum leaf extract had significant antibacterial activity. The tested extract displayed the highest activity (about 23.18 mm inhibition zone) against Salmonella typhymurium and the lowest antibacterial activity was observed against Enterococcus faecalis (about 14.08 mm inhibition zone) at 10 mg/ disc. The IC50 values for DPPH, ABTS and radical scavenging activity were 0.120, 0.049 and 1.160 mg/mL, respectively. V. corymbosum leaf extract also showed dose dependent reduction power, lipid peroxidation, DNA damage prevention and significant antioxidant enzymatic activity. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that leaf extract of V. corymbosum could be used as an alternative therapy for antibiotic-resistant bacteria and help prevent various free radical related diseases.

460-466

Authors: Anoja Priyadarshani Attanayake, Kamani Ayoma Perera Wijewardena Jayatilaka, Chitra Pathirana, Lakmini Kumari Boralugoda Mudduwa

Objective: To investigate the oral antihyperglycemic effect of aqueous leaf extract of Coccinia grandis (L.) (Cucurbitaceae) along with toxicological effects in alloxan induced diabetic and healthy Wistar rats. Methods: A single graded dose of aqueous leaf extract of Coccinia grandis (0.25-2.00 g/kg) was administered orally to alloxan induced (150 mg/kg, i.p.) diabetic Wistar rats (n=6). In acute toxicity assessment, Wistar rats were administered the extract at the same dose range and observed for three days. Sub-chronic toxicity was evaluated by daily administration of the extract for 30 d at the dose which showed the optimum antihyperglycemic effect. Signs of toxicity, body weight of animals, consumption of food and water were monitored during the study period. The effects of the extract on biochemical (lipid parameters and activities of liver enzymes), hematological parameters (full blood count) and histopathological effects in organs were assessed at the end of the study. Results: The optimum effective dose on glucose tolerance for Coccinia grandis leaf extract was found to be 0.75 g/kg in diabetic rats. The extract neither produced significant changes in consumption of food, intake of water, relative weight of organs nor affected biochemical, hematological and histopathological parameters (P<0.05). Conclusions: The extract at a dose of 0.75 g/kg was found to be toxicologically safe as a potential antihyperglycemic agent in Wistar rats.

472-479

Authors: Eleazu Chinedum Ogbonnaya, Eleazu Kate Chinedum

Objective: To investigate the effect of Gnetum africanum on its pharmacopotency as well as its nutritional properties. Methods: The total chlorophyll, carotenoids, proximates, phytochemicals, minerals, vitamins as well as antioxidant assays were performed using standard techniques. Results: The raw leaves of the vegetable (Gnetum africanum) possessed significant amounts of proximates, phytochemicals, minerals, vitamins, chlorophyll as well as antioxidant activity, but had low levels of carbohydrates and energy value. The cooking method adopted resulted in insignificant loss of lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins, phytochemicals, chlorophyll, significant loss of energy and carotenoids (P<0.05), insignificant increase in moisture, crude fibre, crude protein, Ca, Fe, Zn, but significant increase in ash, Mg and P (P<0.05). Conclusions: The conventional method of cooking the raw Gnetum africana in Nigeria results in insignificant loss of its lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins, phytochemicals, chlorophyll, significant loss of its energy and carotenoids (P<0.05), insignificant increase in its moisture, crude fibre, crude protein, Ca, Fe, Zn, but significant increase in its ash, Mg and P contents as well as its antioxidant capacity which confers high pharmaco potency to the cooked form of this vegetable, justifying its usage in the dietary management of a wide array of diseases in Nigeria. The results obtained are discussed from a biochemical point of view.

487-491

Authors: Sajal Kumar Saha, A. K. Azad Chowdhury, Sitesh Chandra Bachar, Sreedam Chandra Das, Ruhul H . Kuddus, Md Aftab Uddin

Objective: To assess the in vitro-in vivo correlation of immediate release formulation of pioglitazone 30 mg film coated tablet. Methods: In vitro release data were obtained for test and reference formulation using the USP paddle method (Apparatus 2) at 50 r/min and with the temperature of 37 °C in the dissolution medium of 0.1 mol/L hydrochloric acid of pH 1.2. Twelve healthy volunteers were administered both test and reference pioglitazone 30 mg tablet orally and blood samples were collected over 24 h period. In vivo drug concentrations were analyzed by a simple, fast and precise reverse phase binary HPLC method with UV detection to establish a correlation between in vitro release and in vivo absorption data. Results: Similarity factor (f2) and dissimilarity factor (f1) were determined for the time intervals of 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105 and 120 min and the obtained values were 65.17%, 59.37%, 63.62%, 66.61%, 68.89%, 70.73%, 72.27%, 73.59%, 74.65% and 75.67% for f2 and 9.43%, 9.00%, 5.42%, 3.86%, 3.07%, 2.56%, 2.20%, 1.94%, 1.82% and 1.65% for f1 at respective time intervals. Mean dissolution time for test and reference products were obtained at 3.06 and 3.40 min respectively. f2 and f1 values obtained were within the acceptable range f2 (50%-100%) and f1 (<15%). Conclusions: Comparison of dissolution profiles corroborate that the test and reference formulations are similar and there is no linear in vitro-in vivo correlation.

496-504

Authors: Shashi Alok, Sanjay Kumar Jain, Amita Verma, Mayank Kumar, Monika Sabharwal

Medicinal plants have been known for millennia and are highly esteemed all over the world as a rich source of therapeutic agents for the prevention of various ailments. Today large number of population suffers from kidney stone, gall stone and urinary calculi. Stone disease has gained increasing significance due to changes in living conditions i.e. industrialization and malnutrition. Changes in prevalence and incidence, the occurrence of stone types and stone location, and the manner of stone removal are explained. Medicinal plants are used from centuries due to its safety, efficacy, cultural acceptability and lesser side effects as compared to synthetic drugs. The present article deals with measures to be adopted for the potential of medicinal plants in stone dissolving activity. The problem of urinary stones or calculi is a very ancient one and many remedies have been employed during the ages these stones are found in all parts of the urinary tract, the kidney, the ureters and the urinary bladder and may vary considerably in size. In the present article, an attempt has been made to emphasis on herbal option for urinary stone.

337-340

Authors: Nanven Abraham Maurice Samuel Yiltawe Wungak, B lami Arhyel Gana, Magdalene Baneche Nanven, Emmanuel Ochefije Ngbede, Amina Ibrahim, Mabel Kamweli Aworh, Leviticus Konzing, Sunday Emmanuel Hambolu, Victor Tita Gugong

Objective: To determine the seroprevalence of brucellosis among cattle in some local government areas (LGA) of the northern part of Plateau State, Nigeria. Methods: Sera obtained from a total of 270 randomly selected cattle from different herds in the four selected LGAs were for Brucella antibodies using the Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT). Results: An overall brucellosis seroprevalence of 9.6% (26/270) was obtained. The seroprevalence of Brucella antibodies among the cattle across the LGA ranged from 0%-37.3% with Riyom and Bassa LGA having the lowest and highest seroprevalence respectively while Barkin Ladi LGA had no sero-positive cattle. Females had a higher percentage of seropositives compared to males while cattle reared under extensive system of management had a higher (11.6%) percentage of sero-positives compared to cattle kept under the intensive system of management. However, there was no statistically significant (P>0.05) association between serological status and sex or management practice. Conclusions: The results of this study indicates that bovine brucellosis is still a problem among the cattle population in Plateau State, Nigeria. And the public and other animals are at risk of exposure to the disease agent in these animals which are still shedding the organism.

348-351

Authors: Tanasak Changbunjong, Thekhawet Weluwanarak, Poonyapat Sedwisai, Tatiyanuch Chamsai

Objective: To determine species diversity, relative population abundance and diurnal activity of the Stomoxyini flies at the Khao Yai National Park. Methods: Stomoxyini flies were collected bimonthly from February to June, 2012, using Vavoua traps. Species were identified based on morphological characteristics. Results: A total of 712 individuals of 3 genera and 6 species were captured including Stomoxys calcitrans (13.3%), Stomoxys indicus (0.7%), Stomoxys pullus (44.4%), Stomoxys uruma (19.7%), Haematobosca sanguinolenta (19.2%) and Haematostoma austeni (2.7%). Conclusions: This study provides information about Stomoxyini flies fauna at the Khao Yai National Park. These results may be useful for Stomoxyini fly control programs.

362-366

Authors: Mohammad Reza Youssefi, Reza Tabaripour, Vahid Fallah Omrani, Adel Spotin, Behzad Esfandiari

Objective: To isolate and characterize the genotype of Echinococcus granulosus (E. granulosus) fr om goats in Mazandaran Province, Northern Iran. Methods: A total of 120 goats were screened from abattoirs of Mazandaran Province, Northern Iran. Forty out of 120 samples were infected with cystic echinococcosis and 29 out of 40 infected samples were fertile hydatid cysts (containing protoscolices) which were collected from the livers and lungs of infected goats. DNA samples were extracted from the protoscolices and characterized by mitochondrial DNA sequencing of part of the mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit 1 gene. Results: Sequences analysis of nine fertile hydatid cysts indicated that all isolated samples were infected with the G1 sheep strain and two sequences were belonged to G14 and G1c microvarients of the G1 genotype. Conclusions: The results showed that goats act as alternative intermediate hosts for sheep strain. G1 genotype seems to be the main route of transmission and it should be considered in further studies.

375-381

Authors: Abebe Bizuye, Feleke Moges, Berhanu Andualem

Objective: To isolate and screen antibiotic producing actinomycetes from potential soil samples of Gondar town, Ethiopia. Methods: Fifteen soil samples were collected, serially diluted and spread on starch casein and oat meal agar supplemented with amoxicillin and cyclohexamide for inhibition of bacteria and fungi, respectively. Cross streak method was used to check antagonistic activity of isolated actinomycetes against test organisms. Solid state fermentation and crude extraction were used for the production of antibiotics from isolates. Agar well diffusion was used for antimicrobial activity of crude extracts against test organisms. Results: Three isolates (Ab18, Ab28 and Ab43) have been shown high antagonistic activity during primary screening. Inhibition zones obtained from crude extracts showed significance differences when compared with standard antibiotics tested against test organisms (P<0.05). Inhibition zone of crude extracts from isolate Ab18 against Klebsiella pneumonia ATCC7000603 and Escherichia coli ATCC25922 were (14±1) mm and (35±1) mm, respectively which were strong active when compared to amoxicillin (0 mm) and tetracycline [(13±1) mm for Klebsiella pneumonia ATCC7000603 and (33±1) mm for Escherichia coli ATCC25922]. Crude extracts from isolate Ab18 showed (20±1) mm and (15 ±1) mm inhibition zones against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains 2 (MRSA2) and MRSA4, respectively. Crude extract from isolate Ab43 has shown inhibition zones of (16±1) mm and (17±1) mm against MRSA2 and MRSA4, respectively. Combination of Ab18 and Ab43 has shown high antimicrobial activity (18±1) mm against MRSA2 and MRSA4. Conclusions: There was not any scientific report on soil actinomycetes producing antibiotic in the study areas. Therefore, isolation and screening of actinomycetes from such areas in optimum condition may contribute the discovery of new antibiotics. Potent antibiotics from these actinomycetes could contribute a lot to fight against antibiotic resistant pathogens. Selected isolates have been shown strong antimicrobial activity against resistant pathogens. Further purification, structural elucidation and characterization are recommended to know the quality, novelty and commercial value of these antibiotics.

389-392

Authors: Kennedy D Nyongbela, Alain M Lannang, Godfred A Ayimele, Moses N Ngemenya, Quentin Bickle, Simon Efange

Objective: To screen for antiparasitic properties of Pittosporum mannii Hook (Pittosporaceae) through in vitro bioassay tests and to identify the bioactive compound(s). Methods: The stem bark of Pittosporum mannii was harvested in Bali Nyonga in January 2007. The CH 2Cl2 and MeOH extracts were tested in vitro for antiparasitic activity. NF54 (an airport strain of unknown origin and sensitive to all known drugs) and K1 (a clone originating from Thailand and resistant to chloroquine/pyrimethamine) strains were used for the antiplasmodial screening while Leishmania donovani MHOM-ET-67/L82 was used for antileishmanial testing. 1H and 13C NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker AMX-500 spectrometer using CDCl3 as solvent. EIMS were recorded on a double-focusing mass spectrometer (Varian MAT 311A) while HREIMS were recorded on a JEOL HX 110 mass spectrometer. Results: The MeOH extract was active on both the chloroquine-resistant (K1) strain (IC50=4.3 μg/ mL) and on the macrophages of Leishmania donovani (IC50=8.6 μg/mL). The CH2Cl2 extract was considered inactive on both parasites (IC50>5.0 μg/mL and 21.7 μg/mL respectively). Compound 1, a constituent that precipitated from the MeOH extract, showed pronounced activity on both Plasmodium falciparum and Leishmania donovani parasites (IC50=1.02 and 1.80 μg/mL respectively) with artemisinin and miltefosine included as reference drugs. Its structure was identified as 1-O-[apha-L-(Rhamnopyranosyl]-23-acetoxyimberbic acid 29-methyl ester, a pentacyclic triterpenoid estersaponin. Conclusions: The present study constitutes the first report on the antiparasitic activity of this plant and provides some support for the traditional use of the plant in the treatment of malaria. The plant has therefore been identified as a potential source for the discovery of antiparasitic lead compounds.

401-404

Authors: Mulyadi Tanjung, Tjitjik Srie Tjahjandarie, Mulya Hadi Sentosa

Objective: To determine antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of two flavanones, pinocembrin (1) and pinostrobin (2) from the rhizomes of Kaempferia pandurata. The chemical structures of both compounds were determined based on spectroscopic data, including UV, IR, MS and NMR spectra. Methods: The antioxidant activities of pinocembrin (1) and pinostrobin (2) were assayed by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl. Cytotoxic assay was done by using brine shrimp lethality test, and cytotoxic properties was tested against murine leukemia P-388 cells. Results: Compounds 1-2 were evaluated for their antioxidant properties against DPPH, showing their IC 50 were 5 816 and 6 268 µmol/L; brine shrimp lethality test: LC50 23.3 and 60.5 µg/mL; murine leukemia P-388: IC 50 176.3 and 218.5 µmol/L. Conclutions: The results indicated that pinocembrin (1) was slightly more active than pinostrobin (2).

409-412

Authors: Javad Tajik, Saeid R Nourollahi Fard, Amin paidar, Samaneh Anousheh, Elahe Dehghani

A 3 years old male dromedarian camel was examined because of anorexia and diarrhea. The affected camel was depressed, tachycardic, eupnic, and had a body temperature of 38.8 °C. Mucous membranes were hyperemic and faeces was soft and mucous coated but of normal colour and odour. Faecal examination revealed a large number of Balantidium coli trophozoites and cysts (15 000/g) and no other parasite could be detected in faecal sample. Seven days after the onset of treatment using intramuscular antibiotic (ampicillin) and anti inflammatory agent (flunixin meglumine), the food consumption, clinical signs and faecal consistency were normal, and faecal examination revealed no parasite. Presence of no other pathogen in faecal samples, and concurrent disappearance of clinical signs and absence of the parasite in the faeces confirmed a diagnosis of balantidiasis. There are only two previous reports about the balantidiasis in camel and the current report is the first report of camel balantidiasis in Iran and supports the proposed role of camels as a reservoir host for Balantidium coli in Iran.

253-261

Authors: Diksa Devi Tacouri, Deena Ramful-Baboolall, Daneshwar Puchooa

Objective: To investigate the in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities along with phytochemical screening of organic and aqueous extracts of spices used in Mauritian foods. Methods: Antioxidant activity of the crude extracts was evaluated in terms of total antioxidant capacity, total phenol content and total flavonoid content. The antimicrobial activity of the spices was determined by the agar well diffusion method against a gram positive and a gram negative bacteria. The qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening were carried out by standard biochemical assays. Results: All six spices were found to possess alkaloids, coumarins, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, tannins and phenols. Total phenolic content of the extracts varied between 177 and 1 890 mg GAE/g DW while the total flavonoid content varied between 2.8 and 37.6 mg QE/g DW. All six spices were found to possess strong antioxidant properties as well. Highest value was obtained for cinnamon [(24.930依0.198) µmol Fe2+/g DW] whilst turmeric showed the lowest antioxidant activity [(5.980±0.313) µmol Fe2+/g DW] (P<0.05). All extracts showed promising activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The size of the inhibition zones ranged between (11.20±0.23) mm to (26.10±2.09) mm (P<0.05) with turmeric and cinnamon being the most effective against Staphylococcus aureus while garlic was least effective against both E. coli and S. aureus. Conclusions: The present study reveals the presence of potential antioxidant and antimicrobial properties in the extracts of the spices which could be further exploited.

267-270

Authors: Gloria Baaba Aubyn, Daniel Nii Aryee Tagoe

Objective: To determine the prevalence of vaginal infections and associated lifestyles of students visiting the University of Cape Coast Hospital. Methods: Fifty female students presenting with clinical symptoms of vaginitis were sampled. One hundred samples made up of 50 urine and 50 higher vaginal swabs (HVS) were obtained from patients and questionnaire administered. Samples were wet prepared, examined microscopically, and cultured on blood and chocolate agars for 24 h at (35±2) °C. Colonial morphology, Gram reactions and biochemical tests were used for the identification of isolates. Results: There were high percentages of pus cells (64%), epithelial cells (62%) and yeast cells (56%) in all urine samples. Bacterial isolates included Staphylococcus aureus (28%) and (22%), Klebsiella spp. (6%) and (4%) in urine and HVS samples respectively; Escherichia coli in urine (18%) and Candida in HVS (16%). The overall prevalence of vaginitis was 66%, including bacterial vaginosis 28%, Candida infection 22% and co-infection of bacterial and Candida 16%. Lifestyle data showed all sampled students were sexually active, 48% used contraceptives, 54% used antimicrobial agents, and 92% prefered wearing of trousers and shorts. Conclusions: The present study indicates prevalence of vaginal infection among female students, which strongly correlates with student lifestyle. Education on lifestyle modifications will go a long way in reducing the prevalence of vaginitis.

277-285

Authors: Hefnawy Taha M. Hefnawy, Mohamed Fawzy Ramadan

Objective: To study the protective effects of the ethanolic extract of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolia) leaves against the toxicity caused by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in reproductive system of rats. Methods: Lettuce leaves were dried and extracted with ethanol (plant: solvent, 1:10, w/v). The extract was filtered and evaporated to yield dried lettuce extract. Animals were divided into seven groups and treated with CCl4 and different concentrations of lettuce extract. At the end of the experimental period, the animals were sacrificed and blood was collected and centrifuged for serum separation. Body weights, testis size, histopathology of testis and liver, catalase (CAT) activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, peroxidase (POD) activity, reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase activity (GSH-Px), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), nitrite level, and serum hormones were determined. Results: Oxidative stress induced by CCl4 (2 mL/kg body weight) in rat decreases the increase in body weight and relative testis weight. It also markedly increases the level of TBARS and nitrites along with corresponding decrease in reduced glutathione and various antioxidant enzymes in testis (i.e., CAT, POD, SOD and GSH-Px). Serum level of testosterone, luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone was decreased while estradiol and prolactin were increased during CCl 4 treatment. Histopathology of CCl4-treated rats indicated the partial degeneration of germ and leydig cells along with deformities in spermatogenesis. Supplementation of lettuce extract (100, 150, 200 mg/kg body weight orally) once a week for 10 weeks results in decrease of TBARS and nitrite, while increase in antioxidant enzymes; CAT, POD, SOD, GSH-Px and GSH contents. Serum level of testosterone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, estradiol, prolactin, histology, body weight and relative testis weight was also concomitantly restored to near normal level by lettuce extract supplementation to CCl4-intoxicated rat. Conclusions: The results clearly demonstrate that lettuce extract treatment augments the antioxidants defense mechanism against CCl4-induced toxicity and provides evidence that it may have a therapeutic role in free radical mediated diseases.

294-300

Authors: Omonhinmin A Conrad, Agbara I Uche

Objective: To evaluate the phytochemical profile and potential anti-oxidant properties of Dacryodes edulis and Ficus exasperata. Methods: Six groups of Albino rats were intoxicated with tetrachloromethane (CCl4) for 2 d, prior to 7 d administration of 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg ethanol extracts of plants and three control remidies which is Tween 80 (placebo), CCl4 (negative control) and vitamin E (positive control). Tissue homogenates were employed in assessing the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances expressed as malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, reduced glutathione (GSH) and catalase (CAT) activities. Results: Phytochemical profiling of the plants showed the presence of reducing sugars, flavonoids, saponins and tannins, except alkaloids and terpenoids in F. exasperata and cardiac glycosides in D. edulis. Generally, significantly different values (P<0.05) were recorded for blood than for liver homogenates. Elevated MDA levels were observed for the CCl4 treated group (negative control). However, lower MDA levels comparable to vitamin E (positive control) were recorded for all D. edulis and the 200 mg/kg F. exasperata pre-treatments. CAT levels were significantly (P<0.05) raised in the 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg pretreatments for blood and the 200 mg/kg pretreatments for liver, than for Vit E. CCl4 reduced GSH levels were reversed significantly (P<0.05) in blood by D. edulis and by the 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg F. exasperata pretreatments in blood and liver tissues. The mean dose-dependent analysis shows increasing fall in MDA levels with dosage. Conclusions: The plant extracts exhibited dose-dependent oxidative stress suppressive action. This may justify their use for the traditional preparation of anti-malarial remedies.

308-313

Authors: Trishna Debnath, Sa Ra Park, Da Hey im, Jeong Eun Jo, Beong Ou Lim

Objective: To investigate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of distilled water extract of fresh Polygonatum sibiricum (P. sibiricum) rhizome. Methods: The extracts were tested for antioxidant activity by using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), and hydroxyl (OH•) radicals scavenging activity. The level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was determined in H2O2 treated chang liver cells. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by the inhibition of nitric oxide (NO), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), as well as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) protein expression in a lipopolysaccharide stimulated Raw 264.7 murine macrophages cell line. Results: P. sibiricum water extracts scavenged DPPH, OH• radicals and decreased the level ROS. The extracts reduced NO reduction and inhibited the expression of iNOS and TNF-α proteins. Conclusions: The findings indicate that water extracts of P. sibiricum could be considered as natural antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents for food and drug industries.

320-322

Authors: Coulibaly-Kalpy Julien, Goualie Bernadette, Kouassi Kan Stephane, Koffi Kouadio Stephane Kra Guy Forget, Faye-Kette Hortense, Fantodji Agathe, Dosso Mireille

Objective: To investigate the presence of Campylobacter spp. in feces of grasscutter farming in Côte d'Ivoire and then to see the possibility for grasscutter meat consumption to constitute a risk for people. Methods: Standard methods of microbiology were used for the isolation of Campylobacter spp. The identification of the bacteria was performed by biochemical and molecular tests. Results: A total of 138 feces samples were collected from 52 paddocks on an experimental farm and a family farm in Abidjan. Of the 138 samples analyzed, three from the experimental farm were positive for Campylobacter with a prevalence of 2.18%. All the strains isolated was identified as Campylobacter coli. Conclusions: The presence of Campylobacter coli, a pathogenic bacterium, in cane rats whose meat is highly valued by Ivorians could pose a risk to consumer’s health.

324-326

Authors: Vania Giacomet, Francesca Penagini, Paola Erba, Francesca Di Nello, Pilar Nannini, Stefania Pisanelli, Giulia R mponi, Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti

Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is a parasitic infection of the central nervous system caused by larvae of Taenia solium. It represents the most common cause of neurological disease in children living in developing countries. In recent years, NCC is increasingly being diagnosed also in high-socioeconomic countries, mainly due to the high rate of immigration. We describe a case of a 14-year-old Ecuadorian boy living in Italy, who experienced a generalized tonic-clonic seizure and was diagnosed with NCC. The boy was successfully managed with anticonvulsant, anticysticercal and anti-inflammatory treatment. With the present case we would like to emphasize the importance of considering NCC as a possible cause of non febrile seizures in children living in developed countries, particularly in those immigrated from an endemic region or had a long-term stay in an area of high prevalence.

331-336

Authors: Jigar Katwala, Ananda K Kumar, Jaykumar J Sejpal, Marcelle Terrence, Manish Mishra

Histamine is an excitatory neurotransmitter in central nervous system. It plays an important role in the regulation of the sleep-wake cycle. Antidepressant with sleep-promoting effects, for example, doxepin, promotes sleep not through a sedative action but through resynchronisation of circadian cycle. The stimulation of the H1 receptor is thought to play an important role in mediating arousal. Doxepin has a high affinity for the H1 receptor, making it a selective H1 antagonist at low dose and it has been shown to display sedating properties. Compared to other sedative antidepressant, low dose doxepin is the only tricyclic drug which has been evaluated by well-designed, randomised, double blind, placebo controlled studies in both adult and elderly patients. Doxepin is not designated as controlled substance/unscheduled drugs and thus may be of special advantage to use in patients with a history of substance abuse. Hence, welldocumented therapeutic efficacy, tolerability and lack of important adverse effects make the low dose doxepin as a unique, rational drug for the treatment of insomnia in adult and elderly patients.

169-173

Authors: Vahid Nasiri, Abdolhossein Dalimi, Fatemeh Ghaffarifar

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of chicken serum as an alternative to fetal calf serum (FCS) in the culture of Leishmania. Methods: In the present work, the efficacy of chicken serum was evaluated in the cultivation of promastigotes of Leishmania infantum (L. infantum), by assassing the parasite growth and replication pattern after adding 5%-10% chicken serum to the RPMI-1640 medium. Results: The 10% chicken serum enriched culture medium, supported the growth of L. infantum. Conclusions: According to our finding, the chicken serum can be used for primary and mass cultivation of L. infantum is an effective, easy available and low-cost replacement for FCS.

180-183

Authors: Chinnavenkataraman Govindasamy, Mani Arulpriya

Objective: To investigate the antimicrobial activity of Acanthus ilicifolius against the skin infecting bacterial and fungal pathogens. Through the literature survey, the mangrove plant Acanthus ilicifolius was used in skin infection diseases and have potential anti-inflammatory activity. Methods: Antimicrobial activity of the leaf extracts was tested using agar well diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were carried out. Results: Among the different extracts, chloroform extract showed maximum activity against the bacterial pathogens methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and Trichophyton rubrum. Methanol and acetone extracts showed maximum activity against Staphylococcus epidermis and Lactobacillus plantarum respectively. Chloroform extracts showed the lowest MIC (0.5 mg/mL) and MBC (2 mg/ mL) values against the skin pathogens compared with other extracts. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of resins, steroids, tannins, glycosides, sugars, carbohydrates, saponins, sterols, terpenoids, phenol, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides and catechol. Conclusions: Further, the separation of potential compounds from the crude extracts will be useful for control the skin infection pathogens.

189-191

Authors: Rohit Gundamaraju

Objective: To evaluate the anti-helmintic activity of Ferula foetida “Hing” against helmintic (Pheretima postuma). Methods: Aqueous extracts from the Ferula foetida resin was investigated for its anthelmintic activity against Pheretima posthuma. Three concentrations (25, 50 and 100 mg/mL) of extract were studied in activity, which involved the determination of time of paralysis and time of death of the worm. Results: The extract has exhibited significant anti-helmintic activity at the highest concentration of 100 mg/mL. Infact, the extract has shown better significant activity than the standard drug. Piperazine citrate in the same concentration as that of extracts was included as standard reference and distilled water as control. Conclusions: It was concluded fr om the present study that the plant revealed significant anthelmintic activity.

196-201

Authors: Mohamed Yacoob Syed Ali, Sundaram Ravikumar, Johanson Margaret Beula

Objective: To identify the larvicidal activity of the seaweed extracts against Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus Methods: Seaweed extracts of Ulva lactuca, Caulerpa racemosa (C. racemosa), Sargassum microystum, Caulerpa scalpelliformis, Gracilaria corticata, Turbinaria decurrens, Turbinaria conoides and Caulerpa toxifolia were dissolved in DMSO to prepare a graded series of concentration. The test for the larvicidal effect of seaweeds against mosquitos larvae was conducted in accordance with the WHO standard method. Batches of 25 early 4th instar larvae of three mosquitoes were transferred to 250 mL enamel bowl containing 199 mL of distilled water and 1 mL of plant extracts (10-100 µg). Each experiment was conducted with triplicate with concurrent a control group. Results: Among the seaweeds extract, C. racemosa showed toxicity against 4th instar larvae of Aedes aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus, Anopheles stephensi with equivalent LC50 value (0.055 6±0.010 3) µg/mL, (0.067 5±0.136 0) µg/mL and (0.066 1 ±0.007 6) µg/mL, respectively. Conclusions: The present study concluded that, the mosquito larvicidal property of C. racemosa might be the prospective alternative source to control the mosquitoes.

207-210

Authors: Ernest Afu Ochang, Oyinlola O. Oduyebo, Ifeanyi A. Onwuezobe, Sunday M. Obeten, Godwin I. Ogban, Ubleni E. Emanghe

Objective: To evaluate the possible use of MPT64 based rapid test to detect multi-drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) in antibiotic broth dilution cultures. Methods: Twenty five isolates of M. tuberculosis whose susceptibility pattern had previously been identified by HAIN Genotype MTBDRplus (HainLifecience, Herhen, Germany) were processed and cultured according to the microscopic-observation drug susceptibility technique. These included 20 susceptible, two multi-drug resistant M. tuberculosis and three isoniazid mono-resistant isolates. After 10-day incubation, aspirates from each well were tested with the MPT64 rapid test. Results: The rapid test correctly identified all 25 isolates and detected rifampicin and isoniazid resistance in all but one isoniazid mono-resistant isolate. Conclusions: MPT64 rapid test could be useful in detecting M. tuberculosis and drug resistance from Middlebrook 7H9 antimicrobial broth dilution in resource poor settings without an inverted microscope.

217-226

Authors: Mahesh Chandra Sahu, Rabindra Nath Padhy

Objective: To investigate the antibacterial activity, using cold and hot extraction procedures with five solvents, petroleum ether, acetone, ethanol, methanol and water to validate medicinal uses of Butea monosperma Lam (B. monosperma) in controlling infections; and to qualitatively estimate phytochemical constituents of leaf-extracts of the plant. Methods: The antibacterial activity of leaf-extracts was evaluated by the agar-well diffusion method against clinically isolated 12 Gram-positive and -negative multidrug resistant (MDR) pathogenic bacteria in vitro. Values of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of leaf-extracts against each bacterium were obtained in a 96-well micro-titre plate, by broth dilution micro-titre plate technique. Results: The presence of tannins, flavonoids, starch, glycosides and carbohydrates in different leaf extracts was established. Pathogenic bacteria used were, Acinetobacter sp., Chromobacterium violaceum, Citrobacter freundii, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Shigella sp., Enterococcus sp., Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), methicillin resistant S. aureus and vancomycin resistant S. aureus, along with standard bacterial strains. These MDR bacteria had been recorded to have significant inhibitions by leaf extracts, obtained by cold and hot extraction procedures with five solvents. In addition, the hot aqueous extract against Enterococcus sp. had the highest inhibition zone-size (21 mm). Ciprofloxacin 30 µg/disc was the positive/reference control and the diluting solvent, 10% dimethyl sulphoxide was the negative control. Recorded MIC values of different extracts ranged between 0.23 and 13.30 mg/mL, and MBC values were 0.52 to 30.00 mg/mL, for these bacteria. Conclusions: Leaf-extracts with hot water and ethanol had shown significant antibacterial activity against all bacteria. B. monosperma leaf-extract could be used in treating infectious diseases, caused by the range of tested bacteria, as complementary and alternate medicine.

232-234

Authors: Mahmoud Bahmani, Hannaneh Golshahi, Fereidon Ghotbian, Farzaneh Bahmani

The leech is a blood sucking worm belonging to the class Hirudinea of the phylum Annelida. Leeches are commonly found in the waterland of temperate and tropical countries. Hirudiniasis, a rare condition with unusual symptoms, is caused by accidental introduction of leeches through natural orifices. In August 2011, a 1-year-old hen (Gallus gallusdomesticus) referred to private veterinary clinic in Iran with symptoms of severe respiratory distress, restless and inappetite. According to owner statement, the hen had a history of using spring water. After physical examination, black object was found attached to the internal mucous membrane of floor of mouth. The diagnosis was leech infection. The leech was removed by forceps without administration of drugsand detection, the hirudiniasis was caused by immature larvae of Limnatis nilotica (L. nilotica). According to author’s knowledge, there is no report of Hirudiniasisin birds and the present case is the first report of internal hirudiniasis due to L. niloticain hen in literature.

240-241

Authors: Nidhi Bhatnagar, Manoj Grover, Smita Sinha, Ravneet Kaur

Since the launch of Global Polio Eradication Initiative in 1988, disease burden has been reduced by more than 99% globally. Lately, India has witnessed a year without a case of poliomyelitis. It no longer stands endemic and is being regarded as a model for polio eradication efforts in other low income endemic countries: Pakistan, Nigeria and Afghanistan. The near elimination of wild polio virus in India has set forth new challenges of vaccine derived polio virus and need for newer strategies in oral poliomyelitis vaccine cessation preparatory phase. Stricter surveillance measures are needed to check for importations, any spread of virus in migratory populations and rapid containment of newly found virus. No stone should be left unturned in this last ditch effort for extermination of polio virus form environmental circulation. India's battle against polio will be cited as the biggest public health achievement or the most expensive public health failure.

252

Authors: Anupam Ghosh

No

85-92

Authors: Prashant Tiwari, Rajnikant Panik, Arin Bhattacharya, Dheeraj Ahirwar, Anish Chandy

Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), also known as Lyell's syndrome, is a rare, life-threatening dermatological condition that is usually induced by reaction to medications. It is characterized by the detachment of the top layer of skin (the epidermis) from the lower layers of the skin (the dermis) all over the body. There is broad agreement in medical literature that TEN can be considered a more severe form of Stevens Johnson syndrome, and debate whether it falls on a spectrum of disease that includes erythema multiforme. Some authors consider that there is an overlap between the two syndromes (usually between 10% and 30% of skin detachment). This article deals with history, epidemiology, diagnosis, pathophysiology treatment and management of TEN.

103-110

Authors: Usharani Veerabadran, Anuradha Venkatraman, Aroumougame Souprayane, Mathivanan Narayanasamy, Dhanalakshmi, Perumal, Sagadevan Elumalai, Sindhu Sivalingam, Vadivelu Devaraj, Arumugam Perumal

Objective: To investigate the antioxidant and antiproliferative potential of Leonotis nepetifolia (L. nepetifolia) leaves. Methods: The leaves of L. nepetifolia were subjected to extraction using three different solvents and the antioxidant potential of those extracts were tested by using various in vitro assays. Further, the best screened extract was analyzed for its phytochemical profile by both qualitative and quantitative assays. In order to determine its anti-proliferative activity, the best screened extract was treated with breast and laryngeal cancer cell lines such as MCF-7 cells and Hep2 cells, respectively. The cytotoxicity of the extract was also studied using MTT assay. The inhibitory effect of the extract of leaves of L. nepetifolia on the selected cell-line DNA was determined by DNA fragmentation assay. Also, the extract was subjected to TLC and bioautography analysis. Results: The DPPH assay showed methanol extract of L. nepetifolia leaves to be more significant in scavenging free radicals with inhibition percentage of 60.57%. From the data obtained, the methanol extract proved to be significant in all anti-oxidant assays and this effect was well comparable with the standard used in the study. The predominant phytochemicals such as phenols and flavonoids were further quantified as 0.107% and 0.089%. The cytotoxicity assay showed that the cell viability increased with increasing concentration of methanol extract. In addition, the extract caused dose dependent damage to the cancer cell lines MCF-7 and Hep2. Conclusions: Our study suggests that the leaves of L. nepetifolia were significant in scavenging fr ee radicals and causing damage to proliferative cells. Further mechanistic studies would help in proving the efficiency of the selected plant under in vivo conditions.

119-126

Authors: Chellamuthu Vasugi, Siva Kamalakannan, Kadarkarai Murugan

Objective: To evaluate the toxicity, predatory efficiency of Delonix elata (D. elata) and Mesocyclops aspericornis (M. aspericornis) against dengue vector, Aedes aegypti (Ae. aegypti). Methods: A mosquitocidal bioassay was conducted at different concentration of plant extract followed by WHO standard method. The probit analysis of each tested concentration and control were observed by using software SPSS 11 version package. The each tested concentration variable was assessed by DMRT method. The predatory efficiency of copepod was followed by Deo et al., 1988. The predator, M. aspericornis was observed for mortality, abnormalities, survival and swimming activity after 24 h treatment of plant and also predation on the mosquito larvae were observed. Results: D. elata were tested for biological activity against the larvae, and pupae of Ae. aegypti. Significant mortality effects were observed in each life stage. The percentage of mortality was 100% in first and second instars whereas 96%, 92% in third and fourth instars. Fitted probit-mortality curves for larvae indicated the median and 90% lethal concentrations of D. elata for instars 1-4 to be 4.91 (8.13), 5.16 (8.44), 5.95 (7.76) and 6.87 (11.23), respectively. The results indicate that leaf extract exhibits significant biological activity against life stages. The present study revealed that D. elata is potentially important in the control of Ae. aegypti. Similar studies were conducted for predatory efficiency of Copepod, M. aspericornis against mosquito vector Ae. Aegypti. This study reported that the predatory copepod fed on 39% and 25% in I and III instar larvae of mosquito and in combined treatment of D. elata and copepod maximum control of mosquito larval states and at 83%, 80%, 75% and 53% in I, II, III and IV instars, respectively. Conclusions: The combined action of plant extract and predatory copepod to effectively control mosquito population and reduce the dengue transmitting diseases.

133-142

Authors: Debasmita Dubey, Shakti Rath, Mahesh C. Sahu, Lolly Pattnaik, Nagen K. Debata, Rabindra N. Padhy

Objective: To access nosocomial and community accounts of multidrug resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) isolated by surveillance in a teaching hospital, over a period of 30 months. Methods: Clinical samples from nosocomial sources, i.e., wards and cabins, intensive care unit (ICU) and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) sources, as well as community or outpatient department (OPD) sources of a hospital were used for isolating strains of S. aureus resistant to methicillin/oxacillin and vancomycin, over a period, November 2009-April 2012. Results: Of a total of 1 507 S. aureus isolates, 485 strains from community and 1 022 isolates were fr om nosocomial sources; Out of 485 (100%) OPD S. aureus isolates, 390 (80.41%) were MRSA strains. Similarly, from wards and cabins of 564 (100%) isolates, 461 (81.73%) strains were MRSA; whereas of 458 (100%) isolates obtained from ICU and NICU, 363 (79.25%) strains were MRSA. It was ascertained with χ2-tests of independence that MRSA strains were equally distributed in "community" or "wards and cabins" or "ICU and NICU" sources, alike rest other drug-resistant S. aureus strains. Antibiotic sensitivity patterns of isolated strains with 16 antibiotics were ascertained. Out of 390 (100%) MRSA strains isolated from OPD, 80 (20.51%) were vancomycin resistant (VRSA) and 173 (44.35%) strains were moderately sensitive to vancomycin or called, vancomycin intermediate strains (VISA). Similarly, from nosocomial sources, out of 461 (100%) MRSA isolates obtained from wards and cabins, 110 (23.86%) strains were VRSA and 208 (45.11%) were VISA strains, whereas out of 363 MRSA isolates obtained from ICU and NICU, 61 (16.8%) VRSA strains and 164 (45.17%) VISA strains were found. A progressive increase of percent values of drug resistance to 16 antibiotics used for antibiotic profiling revealed its subtle infection dynamics. Conclusions: This study revealed the appalling state of occurrence of MRSA and VRSA in a resource-limited setting. A progressive increase of percent values of drug resistance to 16 antibiotics used revealed its subtle infection dynamics.

146-149

Authors: Mohammed Said Al- Balushi, Juma Z Al- Busaidi, Muna S Al- Daihani, Mohammed O Shafeeq, Sidgi S Hasson

Objective: To investigate the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, a crosssectional epidemiological study, based on the age and gender-specific seroprevalence of H. pylori antibodies in asymptomatic healthy Omani blood donors attending the SQUH blood bank. Methods: Analysis of the sera from 133 apparently healthy subjects, based on the serological determination of the IgM, IgG and IgA antibodies against H. pylori, was carried out using a commercially available kit ELISA (NovaLisa, NovaTec, Germany). While the presence of H. pylorispecific IgG antibodies is the marker for a "chronic" infection with this pathogen. Therefore, there was no indicator of the time of acquisition of the infection. However, the H. pylori-specific IgM antibody was a more specific marker for a recently acquired infection with H. pylori. Results: Of the 133 subjects, there were 100 (74%) males and 33 (26%) females. The age range was 15 to 50 years with a mean of 25.75依3.75 years. The overall prevalence of H. pylori infection in our study was 69.5%. The overall seroprevalence was found to be increased 69%-86% with age. Subjects between 15-20 years of age showed 71% seroprevalence, while those between 21-40 years showed gradual increase (63%-70%) with age and reached up to 87% in subjects between 41-50 years of age. A significant inverse association was found between sex and age groups. This is when each age group was examined individually; a higher positive percentage of H. pylori antibodies increasing with age was seen in males between 21-40 years of age group in comparison to the females of the same age group. Male subjects with age group between 21 to 40 years were found to have a significant seropositivity compared to the female subjects within the same group. This may reflect how frequent were the male subjects being exposed to the outer environment and their conduct than the females in this society like Oman. Conclusions: The seropositivity of H. pylori is moderately higher between ages of 21 to 30 more than any other age group.

155-157

Authors: Mahmoud Bahmani, Maryam Rasouli, Pouya Parsaei, Ebrahimkhalil Bahnihabib, Koroosh Saki, Fereidon Ghotbian

Leech infestation can cause various clinical symptoms in human and animals. There are a few reports about this infestation in the world. In this report, we represented two cases of leech infestation of Limnatis nilotica in domestic kid and ram with anorexia, little respiratory disorders and restlessness in Dehloran city, Ilam province, west of Iran. Based on author’s knowledge, there is no report of leech infestation on ram and kid and the present case is the first report of internal hirudiniasis of ram and kid due to Limnatis niloticain in literature.

161-163

Authors: Deepinder Chhina, Rama Gupta, Bishav Mohan

Patients with tuberculosis sometimes may present with atypical, unusual features. The reported case is of 57 years male admitted with chief complaint of fever and breathlessness. Spiral CT chest revealed significant pericardial effusion all around heart, bilateral pleural effusion and multiple ill defined alveolar nodules scattered in both the lungs, more so in upper lobes. No significant mediastinal lymphadenopathy was seen. Pericardial fluid on Ziehl-Neelsen staining revealed acid fast bacilli. Subsequently sputum examination also showed acid fast bacilli. Hence pericardial fluid examination is helpful in the diagnosis of tubercular pericarditis. Tuberculosis can have protean manifestations as in this case with bilateral pleural effusion, pericardial effusion and mottling of lungs. Therefore clinician needs to keep complex presentation of tuberculosis in mind to manage the case at its earlier stage to avoid residual complications.

167-168

Authors: Utpal Adhikari, Anupam Ghosh, Goutam Chandra

No