Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease

550-552

Authors: Nahid Soltani Majd, Ebrahim Khodaverdi Darian, Pejvak Khaki, Soheila Moradi Bidhendi, Emad Yahaghi, Reza Mirnejad

Objective: To determine epidemiological patterns of Leptospira spp. among slaughterhouse workers in Zanjan- Iran during 2011. Methods: 98 human blood samples collected from slaughterhouse workers in Zanjan province, in 2011. The serum samples were analyzed with the microagglutination test (MAT) in order to detect antibodies against Leptospira interrogans. Results: The results of this study showed that from 98 Samples, 34 Samples (34.7%) were positive to different leptospiral sreovars. The lowest dilution that each serum was considered positive was 1:200. The most prevalent Leptospira serovars was Hardjo (47.8%), Grippotyphosa(15.2%), and the lowest belonged to serovar Sejro(4.3%). Conclusions: Leptospirosis is a work-related disease and slaughterhouses’ workers face a higher risk than other individuals in danger of contracting it which, in turn, leads to transmittance of the infection into the food and protein cycle. Early diagnosis of the disease could prevent its occurrences in these groups of workers.

558-562

Authors: Manoj Ku Mohapatra , Laxmi Kanta Dash, Nihar Ranjan Mishra, Ritesh Ku Agrawala

Objective: To study the profile of convulsion in adult severe falciparum malaria and efficacy of phenytoin sodium for its control. Methods: It comprised of two sub studies. Study-1 evaluated the pattern and risk factors of seizure in severe malaria and Study-2 investigated the efficacy of phenytoin sodium to control seizure in an open label trial. Patients of severe malaria were diagnosed as per WHO guideline. Clinical type and duration of convulsion were determined. Biochemical and haematological investigations including EEG and CT scan of brain were performed in all cases. All patients were treated with injection artesunate along with other supportive measures and patients with convulsions were treated with injection phenytoin sodium. Results: Out of 408 patients of severe malaria 118 (28.9%) patients had seizure. Generalized tonic clonic seizure, partial seizure with secondary generalization, and status epilepticus was present in 89(75.4%), 25(21.2%), and 4(3.4%) cases respectively. CT scan was abnormal in 16 (13.6%) cases. EEG was abnormal in 108 (91.5%) cases showing generalized seizure activity. Patients with convulsion (n=118) were treated with phenytoin sodium injection and convulsion was controlled within 12 hours [mean (6.2±2.1) hours] of treatment in 107 (90.6%) patients. Recurrence of seizure occurred in 2 (1.7%) patients and 11 (9.3%) patients did not respond. The mortality and sequelae were more among patients with than without convulsion. Conclusions: Seizure is common in adult falciparum malaria and phenytoin is an effective drug for seizure control.

567-570

Authors: Ahmed Moussa, Djeblin Noureddine, Aissat Saad, Meslem Abdelmalek

Objective: To evaluate the effects of heat processing on the antifungal activity of honey. Methods: A sample of the honey of eucalyptus was divided into four portions of 250 g each. One of the four portions obtained from studied honey was not heated (not heated fraction 25°C), the other portions were placed in water bath during 24 hours at 40 °C, 60 °C and 80°C temperatures. The HMF rates, Acidity, pH and the index of refraction were determined by harmonized methods. The antifungal tests (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) were carried out on Sabouraud agar medium embedded with honey according to dilution test. Results: The moisture shows values of 15.65% and 15.83%, pH between 4.10 and 4.24, the free acidity ranges between 33.8 and 38.36 meq kg -1 , hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) content shows values between 28.8 and 103.44 mg kg -1 . The antifungal action of the non-heated fraction (Fc) of honey in vitro was marked 40 % (vol/vol) than heated fractions of honey (42%, 44%, and 45%) vol/vol. respectively The antifungal activity of each fraction decreased in the following order: Fct°25 > Fct°40 > Fct°60 > Fct°80]. Conclusion: our findings indicate that different levels of parameters physical-chemical properties of honey to different temperatures showed inhibitory activity against C. albicans with variable degrees.

574-578

Authors: Sheeja BD, Sindhu D, Ebanasar J, Jeeva S

Objective: The purpose of the present study was to assess the acetone and ethanol extracts of Andrographis paniculata against the filarial vector Culex quinquefasciatus. Methods: The ethanol and acetone extracts of plant leaves was used at 25, 50, 100, 200 and 300 ppm dilution in bioassays against second instar larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus. Ten larvae were exposed to the leaf extract at different concentration in a final volume of 100 mL formulation taken in 500 mL of glass bowl. For avoiding error triplicates were maintained. Tap water was taken as control. The larval mortality at different concentrations and in control was recorded 24 hour continuous exposure. Results: The toxicity of ethanol extract of Andrographis paniculata on survival of Culex quinquefasciatus reveals that the mortality is dependent on the dose of the plant extract and also on time of exposure. Highest mortality rate of 20% and 73.3% was recorded in 300 ppm at 3 and 24 h respectively. The similar trend was observed in case of the toxicity of acetone extract. Conclusions: The results of the present study suggest that the leaf extracts of Andrographis paniculata may have the potential to be used as an ideal eco-friendly approach for the control of the filarial vector Culex quinquefasciatus.

585-587

Authors: Shyamapada Mandal. Manisha DebMandal, Nishith Kumar Pal

Objective: To evaluate the applicability of nalidixic acid (Nx) resistance in determining reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (Cp) among Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) clinical isolates. Methods: The correlation between Cp MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) values and that Nx, and between Cp MICs and zone diameter of inhibition (ZDI) around 30-μg Nx disc for 421 S. Typhi isolates were determined by scattergram analysis. The specificity and sensitivity, in determining Cp reduced-susceptibility, of Nx resistance by disk testing and MIC determination were calculated. Results: For the test S. Typhi isolates the simultaneous presence of Nx-resistance and decreased Cp susceptibility has been recorded. The Nx sensitive S. Typhi isolates were sensitive to Cp; the disc diffusion and MIC breakpoints cannot determine Cp resistance. The sensitivity of Nx disc was 100 %, and the specificity was 89.20 % in determining Cp reduced-susceptibility of S. Typhi isolates; when MICs of Nx were compared with MICs of Cp, the sensitivity and specificity of the approach were 100 % and 95.95 %, respectively. Conclusion: Association between Nx-resistance and reduced susceptibility to Cp was noticed (P ≤ 0.001) among the S. Typhi isolates, and thus Nx-resistance might be an indication of decreased susceptibility to Cp.

592-595

Authors: Anuradha B. Patil, Annasaheb Patil, Sangeeta Shah, Mahantesh Patil

Objective: To explore relationships between total antioxidant gap and lipid peroxidation with respect to the disease severity of Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), which may have further implications in understanding rheumatoid pathology and therapeutic management of the disease. Method: The present of study was designed to investigate the relationship between antioxidant gap and certain antioxidant parameters with disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis patients. A significantly increased lipid peroxidation, measured as malondialdehyde (MDA), was demonstrated in the plasma of rheumatoid arthritis patients. Results: MDA was observed in RA patients (0.98±0.34 μmol/L) than those found in controls (0.98±0.34 μmol/L). The antioxidant gap was significantly decreased. total antioxidant gap (0.34±0.14 mmol/L) and total antioxidant capacity (1.34 ±0.16 mmol/L) were significantly lower in RA patients as compared to healthy controls (0.76±0.33 and 1.78±0.35 mmol/Lrespectivel). Discussion: The excessive production of ROS disturbs redox status including antioxidant gap and can exacerbating inflammation and affecting tissue damage in RA, as exemplified by their strong association with disease activity.

603-611

Authors: Tejas Prabhakar Gosavi, Pinaki Ghosh, Amit Dattatraya Kandhare, V. Shiva Kumar, Mohammad Adil, Anuchandra Ramchandra Rajmane, Subhash L. Bodhankar

Objective: H. pylori is classified as class I carcinogen by World Health Organization and is a global as it is the primary cause of gastric carcinoma. The objective of present investigation was made to investigate the protective effect of homeopathically potentized H. pylori nosode in rats infected with H. pylori. Methods: The infection was induced in the rats using a bacterial suspension of 5 x 10 8 CFU per ml. The various animals were treated with three potencies of H. pylori nosode (3X, 6X and 12X) and standard (Clarithromycin 25mg/kg + amoxicillin 50 mg/kg + omeprazole 20 mg/kg). A period of ten weeks followed and then the rats were sacrificed. Results: H. pylori nosode was able to stop the initiation of infection in the pretreatment group of animals. This defines and provides us with the data regarding its sphere of action. A plethora of parameters such as ulcer area, infection status, biomarkers of oxidative stress, total intracellular ROS, degree of apoptosis, TNF level and load of bacteria in the gastric tissue served as the hallmarks to prove the preventive role of H. pylori nosode in the amelioration of the infection. It is evident that homeopathic drug H. pylori nosode was able to transform the susceptibility of the animals to the induction of infection. It provides a novel avenue in the field of research in homeopathy as the results suggest that H. pylori nosode was able to initiate the infection resistive forces in the animals before being subjected to the infection of H. pylori. Conclusion: H. pylori nosode possesses potent prophylactic anti H. pylori activity in vivo.

617-623

Authors: Alok Chauhan

Objective: To assess the utilization of antenatal care (ANC) services among currently married women in Rajasthan. Methods: The data have been extracted from District Level Household and Facility Survey (DLHS-3) which was conducted during 2007-2008, all over India. A total of 12 458 currently married women in the age group of 15-49 were taken as the sample for the study. Cross tabulation and binary logistic regression method were applied to determine the factors influencing ANC. Results: Out of 12 458 respondents, 43.4 percent women not received even a single ANC during their pregnancy period. 45.1 percent of the women not received tetanus toxoid injection and 13.0 percent of the women not received Iron folic acid tablets during their pregnancy period. Only 6.6 percent of women fulfilled the minimum recommendation with regard ANC services. Conclusions: The study points to the avenues through which policy makers can formulate and implement policies on a realistic basis by identifying critical variables and target groups for effective utilisation of ANC.

629-634

Authors: Bemnet Amare, Solomon Meseret, Tomoki Yabutani, Beyene Moges, Afework Kassu

Objective: To determine incidence of hypercalcemia among TB patients with and without HIV infection before and after anti-TB chemotherapy in tropical settings of Northwest Ethiopia. Method: Serum levels of calcium were determined using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer from all subjects at baseline and from 60 TB patients (34 with HIV co-infection) at the end of an intensive phase of anti-TB chemotherapy. Results: At baseline, significant difference was found between the mean albumin-adjusted calcium levels in TB patients with HIV (11.95±3.72) and controls (9.81±1.59) (P=0.03). Hypercalcemia (serum calcium of > 10.5 mg/dL) was observed in 62.2% and 43.2% of TB patients with and without HIV co-infection, respectively. The serum levels of calcium did not significantly change after anti-TB chemotherapy both in patients with (n = 34) and without (n = 26) HIV co-infection. Conclusions: The present study suggests that TB itself appears not to be responsible for hypercalcemia; however, rates of hypercalcemia are high in TB and HIV co-infected patients in the tropical settings of Northwest Ethiopia, of rarely symptomatic. Anti-TB chemotherapy does not improve the incidence of hypercalcemia in both groups with HIV co-infection and without.

639-641

Authors: Ophori Endurance Anthony, Okojie Rachel

Objective: To determine the CD4 lymphocyte counts in patients diagnosed with chronic periodontitis. Methods: A total of eighty patients and twenty control subjects attending Central Hospital and University of Benin Teaching Hospital (UBTH), Nigeria were recruited for the study. Three millilitres of blood sample was collected from each subject, put into ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) bottle and mixed thoroughly. CD4 cell counts were determined using the Cyflow SL-3 method. Results: The results showed that subjects within the age of 51-60 years had the highest cases of periodontitis (32.5%). Females were more affected (61.25%) than the males (38.75%). Based on the CD4 counts among the subjects, 60 (75%) had greater than 700 cells/μL; 12 (15%) between 500-700 cells/μL and only 8(10%) had less than 500 cells/μL which showed that CD4 counts increased in the peripheral blood of the subjects. Conclusions: The need to properly brush the teeth and encourage regular cleanings by the dentist is further encouragedc for the prevention of periodontal disease.

651-657

Authors: Ghatule RR, Goel Shalini, Gautam MK, Singh A, Joshi VK, Goel RK

Objective: To evaluate the healing effects of extract of dried leaves of Azadirachta indica (Neem) on acetic acid-induced colitis in rats. Neem tree is known as ‘arishtha’ in Sanskrit, meaning ‘reliever of sicknesses’. Methods: 50% ethanolic extract of Azadirachta indica leaves was administered orally, once daily for 14 days in rats after the induction of colitis with acetic acid and 500 mg/kg dose of extract was found to have an optimal effect against acetic acid-induced colonic damage score, weight and adhesions (Macroscopic). Effect of Azadirachta indica extract was then further studied on various physical (mucous/blood in stool, food and water intake and body weight changes), colonic mucosal damage and inflammation (microscopic), antibacterial and biochemical parameters viz. i) antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, catalase and reduced glutathione) and ii) free radicals (nitric oxide and lipid peroxidation) and myeloperoxidase (acute inflammatory marker) activities in acetic acid-induced colitis. Results: Azadirachta indica extract decreased colonic mucosal damage and inflammation (macroscopic and microscopic), mucous/bloody diarrhea, fecal frequency and increased body weight. Azadirachta indica extract showed intestinal antibacterial activity and enhanced the antioxidants but decreased free radicals and myeloperoxidase activities. Acute toxicity study indicated no mortality or other ANS or CNS related adverse effects even with 5.0 g/kg dose (10 times of effective dose) indicating its safety. Conclusions: Azadirachta indica seemed to be safe and effective in colitis by its predominant effect on promoting antioxidant status and decreasing intestinal bacterial load, free radicals and myeloperoxidase responsible for tissue damage and delayed healing.

663-666

Authors: Tollamadugu Nagavenkata Krishina Vara Prasad, Erusan Kuppan Elumalai, Shaik Khateeja

Objective: Metallic nanoparticles are traditionally synthesized by wet chemical techniques, where the chemicals used are quite often toxic and flammable. In this research article we present a simple and eco-friendly biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using P. longifolia leaf extract as reducing agent. Methods: Characterization using UV-Vis spectrophotometry, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) was performed. Results: TEM showed the formation of silver nanoparticles with an average size of 57 nm. Conclusions: P. longifolia demonstrated strong potential for synthesis of silver nanoparticles by rapid reduction of silver ions (Ag+ to Ag0). Biological methods are a good competent for the chemical procedures, which are enviro- friendly and convenient.

671-678

Authors: Pinaki Ghosh, Amit Dattatray Kandhare, V. Shiva Kumar, Anuchandra Ramchandra Rajmane

Objective: Arthritis is a severe debilitating chronic disease. The objective of the present investigation was to evaluate the clinical outcome and cost effectiveness of anti-rheumatoid arthritis regimen for the treatment of arthritis.Methods: The patients were classified into three treatment cohorts on the basis of the treatment regimens prescribed by the physicians. These were group I consisting of patients treated with monotherapy of non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drugs alone, group II consisting of patients treated with disease modifying anti rheumatoid drugs + non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drugs and group III consisting of patients treated with disease modifying anti rheumatoid drugs along with oral Corticosteroids. The patient reported outcome was measured using European questionnaire 5 dimension 3 levels (EQ-5D-3L) and European questionnaire visual analogue scale (EQ-VAS) before and after the treatment regimen. Clinical outcome was measured using Clinical disease activity index (CDAI). The details of costs were recorded by interviewing the patients. Results: The patient reported outcome measured by EQ- 5D-3L and EQ-VAS was significantly improved in patients belonging to group III when compared to group II (P < 0.05) and I (P < 0.001) respectively. The outcomes of CDAI scores demonstrate that the mean change in CDAI levels was 7.04, 12.01 and 16.98 in group I, II and III respectively. Total cost incurred per patient was found to be equal to Rs. 1120 ($19.6) in group I, Rs. 1685 ($29.49) in group II and Rs. 2465 ($43.14) in group III. The ACER was determined as 159.09 in group I, 140.299 in group II and 145.17 in group III.Conclusion:Amelioration of arthritis in clinics can be effectively measured by validated instruments (EQ-5D-3L, EQ-VAS, CDAI) and DMARDs along with NSAIDs are the most cost effective therapy for treatment of arthritis.

685-691

Authors: Tawde K. V., Gacche R. N , Pund M. M

Objective: To evaluate different solvent extracts of selected Indian traditional medicinal plant against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, its antioxidant potential and cytotoxicity. Methods: Acacia catechu (L.) Willd (Root extract) and Ailanthus excelsa Roxb., leaf extracts of Aegle marmelos Corr., Andrographis paniculata Nees. and Datura metel L. were sequentially extracted in water, ethanol, chloroform and hexane and evaluated for their anti-tuberculosis (TB) activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis using agar diffusion assay. The zone of inhibition ( at 20 and 40 mg/ ml) was measured and MIC were calculated. The results were compared with Rifampicin as a standard anti TB drug. The extracts were also evaluated for DPPH and OH radical scavenging activities to understand their antioxidant potential. MTT based cytotoxicity assay was used for evaluating cytotoxicity of the selected samples against Chang liver cells. Results: The selected botanicals were sequentially extracted in water, ethanol, chloroform and hexane and tested for growth inhibition of M. tuberculosi. The hexane extract of A. catechu root and ethanol extract of A. paniculata leaf showed promising activity against M. tuberculosis while remaining extracts showed moderate anti TB activity. The samples were found to possess considerable DPPH and OH radical scavenging activities with no demonstrable cytotoxicity against Chang liver cells. Conclusions: Five traditional medicinal plants were selected for the present study. The selection of medicinal plants was based on their traditional usage for the treatment of tuberculosis, asthma and chronic respiratory diseases. Herein we report for the first time, the anti TB activity of root extracts of Acacia catechu and Ailanthus excelsa while leaf extract of Andrographis paniculata, Aegle marmelos and Datura metel. The study holds importance in the midst of multi drug resistance (MDR) crisis in the TB management, since it unravels the scientific basis of use of these plant species for the management of TB and related disorders which will be useful for searching the lead compounds from natural products as potential antimycobacterial agents.

699-702

Authors: Chinnavenkataraman Govindasamy , Rajendran Srinivasan

Objective: To screen the bioluminescent bacteria from Portunus pelagicus (P. pelagicus) at Thondi coast, Palk Strait, Bay of Bengal, India. Methods: Physico-chemical parameter including atmospheric and surfacewater temperature, pH, salinity and dissolved oxygen were analyzed. The population of bioluminescent bacterium was screened in ambient water and blue swimmer crab of P. pelagicus (muscle, gill, hemolymph, shell) and colony forming unit (CFU) was calculated. Result: Atmospheric and surface water temperatures varied from 26.1 and 27.3 °C to 33.4 and 32.6 °C, respectively; salinity varied from 28.4% to 34.3%, pH varied from 7.6 to 8.6, and dissolved oxygen varied from 4.8 to 6.9 O2 ml/l. In addition, the maximum CFU value was identified (12.63 x10 4 CFU/ml) during postmonsoon season and the minimum level (1.09 x10 4 CFU/ml) identified during summer season. Further, based on the phenotypic characterizations the isolated strain were identified as Vibrio harveyi (V. harveyi). Conclusions: It is concluded from that the incidence of V. harveyi infections was frequently identified with edible crab of P. pelagicus, throughout the study periods in different seasons.

707-711

Authors: Sukhendu Shekhar Bhowmik, Swapan Biswas, Dr Mohit Kharbanda, Dr Tapan Kumar Chatterjee , Subhangkar Nandy

The aim of this study was to assess all aspects of the routine clinical practices of DVT prophylaxis followed in the non ICU hospitalised (both medical & surgical) patients in various ward of multispecialty, tertiary care hospital in India (Kolkata). All patients admitted in AMRI hospital in general ward were screened for inclusion and exclusion criteria. Those patients meeting the inclusion criteria were assessed for the risk factor and appropriateness of DVT prophylaxis on third day of hospitalization during August-2009 to April-2010. Further assessment was done to see the light on the thromboprophylaxis practices according to the recommendations given by the American College of Chest Physician (ACCP) in the 8th ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy, (June-2008). Total 1938 patients were enrolled of which 267 patients (13.78%) were excluded (did not meet inclusion criteria) and 1671 patients (86.22%) were included. From included patients 331(19.8%) received any form of prophylaxis and majority of patients 80.2% did not receive any form of prophylaxis. Appropriateness of the prophylaxis practices was low (81.57%) and many patients experienced inappropriate prophylaxis practices (18.43%). Mechanical prophylaxis was used predominantly and GCS was used more than IPC. In pharmacological form of prophylaxis LMWH was used more than UFH and appears to be the prophylaxis of choice. Inspite of multiple guidelines on risk factors assessment for venous thromboembolism (VTE), utilization of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) prophylaxis remains less than satisfactory in non ICU hospitalized patients.

715-719

Authors: P.Selvakumar, Edhaya naveena . B , D prakash . s

Objective: To determine the effect of the essential oil of Coleus amboinicus and Eucalyptus globules as potential antidandruff agent. Methods: Fresh leaves of Coleus amboinicus and Eucalyptus globules were collected from the Horticultural Research Station, Yercaud, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India. The collected leaves were washed thoroughly and shade dried for 7-10 days. The essential oils from both the dried plant leaves were obtained by hydro distillation procedure. The chemical compositions of hydro distilled essential oils were analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The pure essential oils and the essential oils diluted with coconut oil of the two plants were used to check antidandruff activity against the dandruff causing fungus Malassezia furfur by agar well diffusion assay. Results: The average yield of essential oil from Coleus amboinicus (0.89%) and Eucalyptus globules (0.77%). The results of GC-MS revealed that the presence of eight compounds from Coleus amboinicus essential oil and five constituents from Eucalyptus globules representing 90.45% and 96.32% of the total oil respectively. The major component was identified as Thymol (phenolic rich compocnd) (41.3%) in Coleus amboinicus and in Eucalyptus globules the major constituents was 1-8, Cineol (91.61%). In the antidandruff activity the broad range of inhibitory zone was observed in Eucalyptus globules (37mm) oil compare to Coleus amboinicus (31mm). Ketaconazole based shampoo used as a standard. Conclusion: This study would direct to the establishment of a natural compound from Coleus amboinicus and Eucalyptus globules as an antidandruff agent which can be used for the production of potential antifungal drug and novel pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical leads.

724-728

Authors: G. Palani Selvan, S. Ravikumar, A. Ramu, P. Neelakandan

Objective: To investigate the antibacterial potential of the marine actinomycetes isolated from sponge samples. Methods: Thirty six marine sponge samples were collected from Palk Strait and further used for actinomycetes isolation by using serial dilution. The antibacterial activity was carried out by using cross streak assay method. Moreover, most potential strain also subjected to MIC and MBC techniques and the isolated potential strain was identified by molecular tools. Results: The maximum counts (26 x 10 2 CFU/g) were observed in the month of May and minimum counts (1 x 10 2 CFU/g) were noticed in April. A total of 21 actinomycetes were isolated and their antibacterial potential was assessed by using cross streak method. Among the 21 actinomycetes, the ACT-21 showed sensitivity against all the isolated fish pathogens. Further, the MIC and MBC results reveal that, the ACT-21 showed sensitivity at the concentration ranged between 500 μg/ mL-1500 μg/mL. The phylogenetic analysis suggested that, the potential isolate ACT-21 (accession no: JF899543) showed maximum similarity index (>98%) with Streptomyces sp. Conclusions: It is concluded from present study that, the crude extracts of sponge associated actinomycetes could be used as an effective antibacterial agent for the management of disease free fish culture system.

734-738

Authors: C. Baskaran , M. Ramachandran

Objective: Cancer can be described as the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells. Lung cancer is one of the commonest malignant neoplasms all over the world. Oncogenic fusion genes consisting of EML4 and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) are present in non-small-cell lung cancers, representing 2 to 7% of such tumors. ALK proteins play a vital role in deactivating the apoptosis process in cancer disease. Some of the most commonly used non-small-cell lung cancers drugs are Crizotinib, Sunitinibmalate, Tandutinib etc..., Non-small-cell lung cancer Cells need anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) to cell growth and proliferation the role of ALK in malignant proliferation and as a valid drug target. These drugs mainly work against the effects of ALK on these cells. Methods: The Protein- Ligand interaction plays a significant role in structural based drug designing. In our research work we have taken the Human anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) and the commercially available drugs against non-small-cell lung cancer. The ALK was docked to the above said drugs and the energy value obtained as follows Crizotinib(-9.86), Sunitinib malate(-8.26), Tandutinib(-8.05) using the Argus Lab docking software. Results: Depending on the energy values we have chosen the best two drugs they are Crizotinib(-9.86) and Sunitinib malate(-8.26). We tried to improve the binding efficiency and steric compatibility of the two drugs namely Crizotinib(-9.86) and Sunitinib malate(-8.26). Several modifications were made to the probable functional groups which were interacting with the receptor molecule. Analogs of this drug molecule were prepared using ACD ChemSketch and docked using Argus Lab docking software. Conclusions: Crizotinib Analog 2 and Sunitinib malate analog 1 were detected with significant energy values and probable lead molecules. The Modified drugs was sketched using Chemsketch were found to be better than the conventional drugs available. Further from this work we can improve the steric compatibility and then ADME/T properties of the Analogs can be analyzed using Inslico ADME/T tools available.

744-747

Authors: Tsewang Chorol, Shukla Das, Shilpee Choudhry, V G Ramachandran , Gajendra Singh Ranga , S N Bhattacharya , D P Bhadoria

Objective: Initiation of anti retroviral therapy (ART) is routinely based on the algorithms that combine CD4, HIV load and clinical illness. But their high cost and unavailability at resource poor settings are one of its major limitations. An attempt has been made to find a correlation between CD4 count and Absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) so that timely initiation of ART could be done in peripheral areas of developing countries where automation and established technologies have not been reached. Methods: This cross sectional study included 200 patients between 18-60 year of ages who are HIV seropositive with and without clinical evidence of oral candidiasis (100 case; 100 control). ALC was calculated as per the percentage of lymphocyte in total leukocyte count as seen in peripheral smear. CD4 cell count estimation was done by flow cytometry method. Results: A good correlation was found between CD4 count and ALC in both cases (R=0.656) and controls (R=0.642). There was an increase in sensitivity (St) and decrease in specificity (Sp) of predicting CD4 count <200 cells/mm3 and < 350 cells/ mm3 as the cut off value for ALC increased. ALC cut off value of 1700 cells/mm3 is likely to be the best predictor of CD4 count of < 200 cells/mm3 and ALC cut off value of 1800 cells/mm3 for CD4 count <350 cells/mm3. Conclusions: We recommend the use of ALC as a surrogate marker for or in combination with CD4 count to determine when to start therapy and to enable routine monitoring in resource poor settings.

753-755

Authors: Sunny Malik, Shahin N. Jamil, Fatima Shujatullah, Pratik Tantia, Mehnaz W Rizvi

Objective: This study was undertaken to determine the carriage of MRSA strains due to nasotracheal intubation into the lower respiratory tract where they can be a potential source of infection leading to high morbidity and mortality. Materials: Study was done on 100 patients (50 intubated nasally and 50 intubated orally). Swabs were taken from the anterior nares, throat and tip of the endotracheal tube (ETT tip), cultured on conventional media and sensitivity was determined.Results: In study group 1, nasal swabs showed growth of MRSA in 21 (42%) patients and out of these 16 (76%) patients showed growth of MRSA strains from ETT tip. MRSA was not detected from ETT tip in any of the patients in study group 2. Screening for MRSA should be done before intubation by nasal route.

761-764

Authors: Suresh Kumar, Sunil Sharma, Neeru Vasudeva

Objective: This study was made to investigate the chemical composition of Cinnamomum tamala, (Buch.-Ham.) Nees & Eberm (Tejpat) oil (CTO) which was taken from two different regions. The plant leaves were collected from two different regions of India (Southern India and Northern India). Methods: The chemical composition of the hydro distilled essential oil of Cinnamomum tamala were analyzed by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results: The GCMS analysis of the oil collected from northern region (Chandigarh Botanical garden, Chandigarh) showed 20 constituents of which methyl eugenol (46.65%), eugenol (26.70%), trans-cinnamyl acetate (12.48%) and Beta-Caryophyllene (6.26%) were found the major components. The GC-MS analysis of the oil collected from southern area showed 31 constituents of which cinnamaldehyde (44.898%), Tans-cinnamyl acetate (25.327%) and Ascabin (15.249%) were found the major components. Conclusions: The oil is used in various preparations in pharmaceutical industries so it should be used after the verifications of quality of the oil. The difference observed in the amount and type of constituents may be due to the geographical origin of the plant.

769-773

Authors: Senthilkumar Kuppusamy, Jeyaprakash Karuppaiah

Objective: The present study demonstrated the antioxidant and cytotoxic efficacy of chitosan by evaluating cell viability in T24 human bladder cancer cell line and benzidine induced bladder cancer. The chemo preventive effects of the chitosan were evaluated in Swiss albino mice using 16 weeks medium term model of benzidine induced bladder cancer. Methods: Treatment of T24 cells with increasing concentration of chitosan led to a concentration dependent decrease in cell migration by MTT assay. The enzymic and non enzymic antioxidants were measured. Results: Bladder cancer was induced twice weekly through oral incubation of benzidine for 4 weeks. The oral administration of chitosan (100mg KG-1 body wt) showed a significant increase in antioxidant enzymes like Super oxide dismutase (SOD), Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), Glutathione reductase (GR), Catalase (CAT) and non-enzymic antioxidants like reduced Glutathione (GSH),vitamin C and vitamin E when compared to benzidine treated groups. The effect is more pronounced in pretreatment regime than in the post treatment regime. The levels of lipid peroxidation were significantly decreased in the chitosan treated regimes. Conclusions: The present study reveals that chitosan has antioxidant and cytotoxic effects on benzidine induced bladder cancer and T24 human bladder cancer cell line.

778-782

Authors: Rinki Dandapat, Bhabani Sankar Jena, Pradeep Singh Negi

Objective: To study the antibacterial and antimutagenic properties of the Peltophorum ferrugineum flower extracts. Methods: Dried flowers of P. ferrugineum were extracted successively with hexane, ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol, and the total phenolic content of extracts were determined spectrophotometrically at 760 nm after reaction with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. The extracts were tested against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Yersinia enterocolitica by agar dilution method. The antimutagenicity of extracts was studied using the tester strains of Salmonella typhimurium by the standard plate incorporation test. The effect of extracts on nucleic acid leakage (spectrophotometrically at 260 nm), bacterial respiration (total dissolved oxygen) and bacterial cell wall (Scanning Electron Microscopy) were also determined. Results: The total phenolic content of extracts was in the order of methanol > acetone > hexane > ethyl acetate. All the extracts showed antibacterial activity with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging from 0.1 to 1.25%. However, higher activity was found with acetone and methanol extracts. The acetone and methanol extracts showed strong antimutagenic activity against sodium azide and methyl methane sulfonate induced mutation in Salmonella tester strains. The antibacterial action of extracts was probably due to the ability of these extracts to cause the disintegration of cell wall, leakage of genetic material and inhibition of respiration. Conclusions: It can be concluded that the acetone and methanol extracts of P. ferrugineum possess antibacterial and antimutagenic activities, and can find application as food preservatives and nutraceuticals.

790-795

Authors: Rajanandh MG, Satishkumar MN, Elango K, Suresh B

Objective: Herbal medicine is a use of plant’s seeds, roots, barks, leaves, berries or flowers for medicinal purposes. In this present study, leaves of Moringa oleifera Lam were evaluated for its hypolipidemic, antioxidant, anticoagulant, platelet antiaggregatory and antiinflammatory activity in experimental animals. Methods: The experimental animals were divided into five groups of male Wistar rats each. The hydroalcoholic extract of Moringa oleifera (HEMO) was prepared and administered orally to hyperlipidemic rats for a period of 28 days. Results: The results showed that oral administration of HEMO at two different dose level (100 and 200mg/kg/b.wt) showed significant (P<0.001) reduction in elevated levels of body weight, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein, very low density lipoprotein and similarly significant (P<0.001) increase in high density lipoprotein level. Atherogenic index was significantly reduced in the Moringa oleifera treated groups at tested dose levels. The antioxidant parameters of SOD, Catalase, MDA was significant (P<0.001) in vivo. The intravenous administration of HEMO delayed the plasma recalcification time in rabbits and also inhibited ADP induced platelet aggregation in vitro, which was comparable to commercial heparin. The significant (P<0.001) inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines like TNF-毩 and IL-1毩 by HEMO were taken as it s antiinflammatory activity. Conclusions: All these results revealed the therapeutic potential of HEMO against vascular intimal damage and atherogenesis leading to various types of cardiovascular complications. Thus, Moringa oleifera can be prescribed as food appendage for coronary artery disease patients along with their regular medicines.

800-803

Authors: Abhijit Dey, Dr. Jitendra Nath De

Objective: Ethnobotanical excursions were carried out among the tribals of Purulia district, West Bengal, India to explore the traditional use of medicinal plants against fever. Methods: With the help of a semi structured questionnaire, informants were interviewed and their indigenous knowledge regarding antipyretic use of plants was documented. Results: A total number of 22 plants used as febrifuge were recorded along with their vernacular names, part(s) used, method of preparation and route of administration. Conclusions: Different tribal communities residing in the area were found to possess traditional knowledge of using phytotherapy in the treatment of fevers.

809-814

Authors: Kabiru, Y. A., Okolie, N. L., Muhammad, H. L and Ogbadoyi, E. O.

Objective: The rising problem of resistance to the classical drugs like chloroquine and the problem of recrudescence of malaria after treatment with artemisinin suggest the need for new antimalaria agents. This project was designed to explore the antiplasmodial potential of Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaf extracts. Methods: The antiplasmodial potential of the methanol and aqueous extracts of Eucalyptus camadulensis (leaf) were evaluated in a mouse model of malaria. Swiss albino mice were intraperitoneally infected with plasmodium berghei (NK65), a rodent malaria parasite. The level of parasitemia, life span, variation in weight and percentage packed cell volume (% PCV) of infected and treated mice were used to assess the efficacy of extracts. Treatment with the extracts at dose levels of 100, 200 and 400mg/kg body weight commenced 72 hours post infection for the test groups, while a standard antimalarial drug, Artesunate, at a dose of 50mg/kg body weight was administered on the positive control group. The negative control group was left untreated. Results: Animals treated with the methanol extract showed a significant decrease in parasitaemia (p < 0.05), and survived for 29 days compared with those treated with the aqueous extract which survived for 19 days with a higher level of parasitemia. However, the control group treated with Artesunate showed a significantly lower parasitaemia (p < 0.05) and survived for 34 days when compared with the groups treated with methanol and aqueous extracts. The level of parasitemia, decrease in weight and %PCV in all the treated groups was significantly lower (P < 0.05) compared with the infected but untreated group (negative control) which survived for only 7 days. Conclusions: The methanol extract of the leaves of E. camadulensis has an antimalarial potential that could be exploited for the benefit of mankind.

822-826

Authors: Arumugam Madeswaran, Muthuswamy Umamaheswari, Kuppusamy Asokkumar, Thirumalaisamy Sivashanmugam, Varadharajan Subhadradevi, Puliyath Jagannath

Objective: To evaluate the phosphodiesterase inhibitory activity of flavonoids using in silico docking studies. Methods: In this perspective, flavonoids like Aromadedrin, Biochanin, Eriodictyol, Isorhamnetin, and Okanin were selected. Caffeine, a known phosphodiesterase inhibitor was used as the standard. In silico docking study, was carried out to identify the inhibiting potential of the selected flavonoids against phosphodiesterase enzyme using AutoDock 4.2. The basic principle employed in the AutoDock 4.2 was Lamarckian genetic algorithm. Results: Docking results showed that all the selected flavonoids showed binding energy ranging between -7.57 kcal/mol to -5.79 kcal/mol when compared with that of the standard (-4.77 kcal/ mol). Intermolecular energy (-9.06 kcal/mol to -8.17 kcal/mol) and inhibition constant (2.82 毺mol to 57.41 毺mol) of the ligands also coincide with the binding energy. Conclusions: Eriodictyol contributed better phosphodiesterase inhibitory activity because of its structural parameters. Further investigations on the above compounds and in vivo studies are necessary to develop potential chemical entities for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory disorders.

833-836

Authors: Upendra Bhadoriya, Praveen Sharma, Shailendra Singh Solanki

Objective: Antioxidant capacities and phenolic contents of Gallic Acid isolated from plant Caesalpinia decapetala were investigated. Caesalpinia decapetala is a plant used to treat burns, biliousness and stomach disorders. Methods: The antioxidant activity was estimated by the ABTS and DPPH methods. The total phenolic was measured using Folin-Ciocalteu assay. Identification of isolated Gallic Acid was also performed by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) using Cosmosil C18 column (150mm x 4.6mm, 5μm particle). The mobile phase was a mixture of ethyl acetate: ethanol: water (1:5:4, v/v/v) delivered at a flow rate of 1.0 mL min-1. Results: The total phenolic content was found to be 4.31% (w/w). Isolation of Gallic Acid with optimum yield was performed using a mixture of solvents (Ethanol: Water 65:35). Isolated Gallic Acid showed significant in vitro free radical scavenging activity in both model; but in ABTS assay significant % inhibition of free radical was observed as compared to DPPH assay. Conclusions: Research concluded that Caesalpinia decapetala extract can be used as potent antioxidant which can play vital role against the diseases like neurodegenerative disorders, inflammation, viral infections and gastric ulcer.

841-845

Authors: Imran Kazmi, Muhammad Afzal, Mahfoozur Rahman, Gaurav Gupta , Firoz Anwar

Objective: Polygonatum verticillatum is the main ingredient of Astavarga. Astavarga is the important ingredient of various classical Ayurvedic formulations like Chavyanprash. Astavarga has been assigned various medicinal properties by ancient Materia Medica dealing with Ayurveda. As per Ayurveda the main property of this plant is in the treatment of vata, pitta, general weakness, aphrodisiac etc.Aim of the study: In the present study, we examined the effect of Polygonatum verticillatum leaf aqueous extract upon the expression of male rat sexual behavior, in order to know whether Polygonatum verticillatum leaf aqueous extract possess aphrodisiac property. Methods: The aphrodisiac activity of Polygonatum verticillatum leaf aqueous extract was investigated in male rats. The extract (500 mg/kg body weight/day) and L-dopa (100 mg/kg body weight/day) were administered orally by gavages for 28 days. Mount latency (ML), intromission latency (IL), ejaculation latency (EL), mounting frequency (MF), intromission frequency (IF), ejaculation frequency (EF) and postejaculatory interval (PEI) were the parameters observed before and during the sexual behavior study at day 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28. Results: The Polygonatum verticillatum leaf aqueous extract reduced significantly ML, IL, EL and PEI (P < 0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.001). The extract also increased significantly MF, IF and EF (P < 0.05, P< 0.01, P < 0.001). These effects were observed in sexually active and inactive male rats. Conclusions: Present findings provide experimental evidence that the Polygonatum verticillatum leaf aqueous extract possesses aphrodisiac property.

849-855

Authors: Deepa Iyer and U. K. Patil

Objective: To explore the anti-hyperlipidemic and anti-tumor effect of ethanolic extract, chloroform fraction and stigmast-5-en-3β-ol from stems of Salvadora persica L. Methods: The antihyperlipidemic effect of ethanolic extract of Salvadora persica, its chloroform fraction and isolated components was evaluated in Triton- induced hyperlipidemic rats. Animals were administered with i.p. injection of Triton WR 1339 at dose of 400 mg/kg body weight. After 24 h. of Triton administration the test drugs were administered orally at doses of 200 mg/kg body weight in rats. The ethanolic extract and stigmast-5-en-3β-ol from Salvadora persica were further investigated for the tumor take inhibitory activity in hybrid mice (of C57BL strain + Swiss albino strain). Preventive group animals were injected daily with the extract and Stigmast-5-en-3β-ol at dose of 50mg/kg body weight i.p. for 10 consecutive days. The animals were observed for the growth of tumor after injection of B16F10 melanoma cells into the dorsal skin of mice. Results: Phytochemical investigation of stems of Salvadora persica resulted in the isolation of stigmast- 5-en-3β-ol. The structure of the component has been established on the basis of spectral data analysis. UV λmax was found to be 206 nm with a melting point of 138°C for the isolated component. The stigmast-5-en-3β-ol showed inhibition of total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoproteins level (LDL), and significantly increased high density lipoprotein level (HDL) in Triton- induced hyperlipidemic rats. It suggested marked antihyperlipidemic activity of stigmast-5-en-3β-ol at the oral dose of 200mg/kg. Pretreatment with the drug showed delay tumor growth by increasing the Volume Doubling Time (VDT) and Growth Delay (GD). The Stigmast-5-en-3β-ol had shown better mean survival time. Conclusions: These observations enabled to conclude that supplementation of antioxidants and phytosterols rich food exerts significant antihyperlipidemic and antitumor activity. The present investigation may be quite useful as this drug is highly valued as traditional system of medicine.

861-864

Authors: Subramanian Kumaran, Balaraman Deivasigamani, Uttara Vairagkar, Sadaiappan Balamurugan & Manikkam Sakthivel

Objective: At present scenario need the potential medical application enzymes and control the major clinical bacterial pathogens produce infections in humans. In this mind isolate and characterization of chitinase and antibacterial compounds from streptomyces. Methods: The actinobacterial strains isolated from crab and shrimp shells disposable area (Parangipettai) were screened for chitinolytic activity on colloidal chitin-agar plates. After incubation the clear zone producing strain were selected for chitinase production. Every 2 days interval chitinolytic activity was measured and protein estimation was determined. Antagonistic activity of chitinase producing actinobacterial isolates were tested by adopting agar plug method. Based on the preliminary screening results, chitinase producing strain was used for bioactive substance production through submerged fermentation by adopting shake flask method. Antibacterial activity of crude extracts was tested by disc diffusion method at 100毺g/disc concentration. Results: totally 15 actinobacterial strain were isolated. Based on the zone formation on chitin minimal plate CDB20 showed promising zone activity. The CDB20 strain was inoculated in chitin production medium at 10 days. After incubation the chitinase activity showed 1.22U/ml protein estimation 14mg/ ml. The preliminary screening showed promising antibacterial activity against clinical bacterial pathogens. Secondary screening results showed maximum K. pneumonia(23mm) and minimum S. aureus (18mm) was observed. The potent strain identified as genera streptomyces. Conclusion: The isolated potent streptomyces have degraded chitin and inhibited the clinical bacterial pathogens. In future in this strain will be used for waste shrimp and crab shells management and recycling and In this strain produce chitinase and antibacterial compounds have more medical application. So this strain has multi functional applications.

869-873

Authors: Olajubu, Festus Abiose, Osinupebi, Olubunmi Adetokunbo, Lawal Ismail, Obadina Bosede, Deji-Agboola, Anota Mopelola

Objective: This study aimed at investigating the distribution and antibiogram of possible hospital associated pathogens, providing baseline information for the hospital. Methods: Patients with hospital associated infections in the various wards of OOUTH, Sagamu, between January 2007 and October 2010 were analyzed with respect to their age, sex, ward and duration of admission, site of infection, pathogens isolated and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern. Results: There were 12,109 discharges during the study period, out of which 217 had hospital associated infections giving an incidence rate of 1.8%. Surgical sites were the most infected (31.3%) while burns were the least infected (4.1%). Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most frequently isolated pathogen (37.3%) closely followed by Staphylococcus aureus (36.4%). Male surgical specialty and Neonatal wards had the highest hospital associated infections; each recorded 54 cases while the intensive care unit had only 4 cases during the period under study. Most of the isolates were sensitive to Ofloxacin and Ceftriazone while resistance was demonstrated against Azithromycin and Tetracycline by most isolates. Conclussion: The infection rate in this hospital is relatively low, however, regular surveillance remains a good control measure to either maintain the current infection rate or further reduce it.

878-882

Authors: Yoirentomba Meetei Sinam, Sanjeev Kumar, Sachin Hajare, Satyendra Gautam, Suchandra Chatterjee, Prasad S. Variyar, G.A. Shantibala Devi & Arun Sharma

Objective: To isolate and identify the antibacterial compound from Aconitum nagarum Stapf., a little known medicinal plant in Manipur (Indo-Himalaya). Methods: The enriched alkaloid extract from Aconitum nagarum root was fractionated through silica gel column chromatography and analysed for antibacterial activity against bacterial species including human pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. The most potent compound (F3C2) isolated from this fraction was purified by chromatography and identified by spectral (IR and NMR) analysis. Results: Among different fractions (F1-F6), ether fraction (F3) was found to have maximum antibacterial activity. Based on activity guided fractionation, the compound was identified as a diterpenoid alkaloid aconitine [(1α,3α,6α,14α,16β)-8-(acetyloxy)- 20-ethyl-3,13,15-trihydroxy-1,6,16-trimethoxy-4-(methoxymethyl)aconitan-14-yl benzoate]. Conclusion: The antibacterial compound showed activities against different human pathogens and has been identified as aconitine.

887-889

Authors: Osonuga A, Mahama HM, Brown AA, Osonuga OA, Serbeh G, Harding AN, Hormeku AK

Objective: Background: Studies have documented the agenesis of Palmaris longus muscle in different populations but none has included the Ghanaian population. Methods: The study involved 226 subjects (130 females and 96 males) who are students of the University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana. The presence of the PLM was clinically determined using the Schaeffer’s test. Subjects in which the tendon was not visualized or palpable, two other tests were performed to confirm the absence. Results: The total prevalence of absence of PLM was 3.1%; absence on the left hand was commoner than on the right hand. The frequency of PLM absence was also slightly higher in females than in males representing 1.8% and 1.3% respectively. One female had the PLM absent bilaterally whiles a male subject had a trifid tendon on the right forearm with a bifid on the left. Conclusion: The prevalence of PLM agenesis in the Ghanaian population is lower compared to values coated in standard textbook on surgery. PLM is not diminishing as fast as observed in some population hence it is can be readily used as donor tendon by Ghanaian surgeons.

897-903

Authors: BP Pimple, AN Patel, PV Kadam, MJ Patil

Objective: To study the microscopic evaluation and physicochemical analysis of Origanum majorana Linn leaves. Methods: Fresh and dried powdered leaf samples was studies for its morphology, microscopy, organoleptic characters, fluorescence analysis and various other WHO recommended methods for standardisation. Results: Leaves are simple, petiolated, ovate to oblong-ovate, (0.5-1.5 cm) long, (0.2-0.8 cm) wide, with obtuse apex, entire margin, reticulate veination and symmetrical but tapering base. The microscopy revealed the dorsiventral nature of the leaf. Both the surfaces show presence of numerous covering trichomes, diacytic stomata and thin walled, wavy epidermal cells. The covering trichomes are multicellular, uniseriate, thin walled and pointed. In the midrib region, the epidermis is followed by collenchyma and vascular bundle (xylem and phloem). Whereas; the mesophyll exhibited only palisade cells and spongy parenchyma. Conclusions: It can be concluded that the pharmacognostic profile can serve as tool for developing standards for identification, quality and purity of Origanum majorana Linn leaves.

909-913

Authors: Deepak Kumar, Versha Parcha, Alok Maithani, Ishan Dhulia

Objective: To investigate the effect and evaluation of Anti-hyperlipidemic activity guided subfraction isolated from total methanolic extract of Bauhinia variegata (Linn.) leaves on Triton WR-1339 induced hyperlipidemic rats. Methods: Column chromatographic fractionation of butanol fraction of total methanol extract of leaves of Bauhinia variegata (Linn.) yields four subfractions (sub-fraction A-D). All sub-fractions tested for their anti-hyperlipidemic activity. Subfractions administered at a dose of 65 mg/kg (oral) to the Triton WR-1339 induced hyperlipidemic rats and total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL and VLDL level in the blood were checked. Results: Sub-fraction D showed significant reduction (P<0.05) among four sub-fraction in comparison with standard drug fenofibrate. Conclusions: From the above study it could be concluded that butanol sub-fraction D of Bauhinia variegata (Linn.) not only have resulted in significant reduction in cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, VLDL level but also increases the HDL level at a reduced dose level.

920-926

Authors: Dhanapalan Karthik, Elumalai Arunkumar, Periasamy Viswanathan, Carani Venkatraman Anuradha

Objective: The objective of the present study is to investigate whether rosmarinic acid (RA) could prevent cardiac fibrosis induced in a rat model of insulin resistance. Methods: Insulin resistance was induced in rats by feeding a semi-synthetic diet containing fructose (60%) as the source of carbohydrate for 60 days. Control group received a diet containing starch in place of fructose. RA (10mg/kg) administration was initiated from the 16th day of the experimental period. Electrocardiography, fibrotic changes and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were measured at the end of 60 days.Results: Fructose-fed rats (FFR) showed insulin resistance and significant changes in the electrocardiogram pattern and heart rate. Increased cardiac superoxide production (50%) accompanied by collagen deposition and increased expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-毬1, 毩-smooth muscle actin (毩-SMA) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs)-2 and -9 and decreased expression of tissue inhibitors of MMP (TIMPs)-1 and -2 were noted in the FFR. This was accompanied by increased angiotensin II (AII) in plasma and angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) and fibronectin mRNA in heart. RA treatment restored the electrocardiographic patterns and regulated heart rate. The levels of superoxide, AII and collagen and the expression of TGF-毬1, 毩-SMA, MMPs and AT1R were significantly reduced while the expression of TIMPs was increased upon RA treatment. Masson’s trichrome stained heart sections revealed reduction in collagen in RA-supplemented FFR. Conclusions: We conclude that RA treatment improves cardiac function and prevents myocardial fibrotic changes and hence could be useful as a cardioprotective agent under insulin resistant conditions.

933-936

Authors: Rasool Abdul Nazeer, Nune Satya Sampath Kumar

Objective: To determine the proximate and fatty acid composition of muscle, viscera, skin and bone of marine fish’s horse mackerel and croaker. Methods: Freshly collected fishes were dissected and their moisture, ash and protein content were estimated gravimetrically by AOAC procedure and the lipid was extracted using chloroform, methanol and water in a ratio proposed by Bligh and Dyer. Extracted lipid was injected into gas chromatography connected to BPX-70 glass column to evaluate the fatty acid composition. Results: All the body parts analyzed had varying moisture content in between 73%-83%. Horse mackerel contained less than 3% and croaker had above 4% of lipid in all the body parts except muscle (1.4%). Fatty acid and lipid class composition was determined for all the body parts and the dominant polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Conclusion: Both the fish species showed variation, in protein content, lipid content and fatty acid composition. However, croaker had more remarkable quantity of lipid than horse mackerel.

940-943

Authors: Suman and Rajiv Gupta

Objective: To detect and quantify the concentrations of Quercetin in the root, leaves and flower test sample of Clerodendrum infortunatum L. Method: In the present study High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography has been developed for detection and quantification of Quercetin in Clerodendrum infortunatum L. Increasing serial dilutions of reference standard Quercetin (20 to 100 μg/ml) were scanned at 366 nm to detect and quantify the concentrations of Quercetin in the test sample. Result: The estimated values obtained from the same were 0.05mg/g, 0.111mg/g and 0.199mg/g of Quercetin in powdered root, leaves and flower sample respectively. Conclusion: The method provided a rapid and easy approach for detection and the quantitation of the biomarker Quercetin. In the present study we established the HPTLC profile for the vegetative and reproductive parts of Clerodendrum infortunatum L. to detect and quantify the Quercetin.

949-951

Authors: R.Kamalraj, M.Vijey Aanandhi

Objective: The study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of stress induced alteration on lipid profile in rats by different fractions (Petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and chloroform) of ethanolic extract of Erythrina Indica an indigenous plant used in ayurvedic medicine in India. Methods: The study was carried on albino rats (150-200g) of either sex, divided into four groups of 6 each. Group I served as control, Groups II, III and IV was treated with different fractions (Petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and chloroform) of ethanolic extract of Erythrina Indica 150mg/kg, p.o. in a single daily dose from day 1 to day 22. Physical stress of 5 hours swimming was given to all the groups on day 22. Blood samples were withdrawn in group I on day O (blank control) and on day 22 after stress (positive control). Blood samples were withdrawn in group II, III and IV on days 3,7,14 and 21 and on day 22 after stress. Results: All the blood samples were analyzed for total cholesterol (TC) HDL, cholesterol (HDLC) triglyceride (TG) by enzymatic method and LDL & VLDL cholesterol was calculated by on the basis of Friedwalds equation. After 21 days of treatment changes the serum lipid levels in rats insignificantly. In control group stress increased the lipid levels in rats significantly except HDL cholesterol which reduced insignificantly. When Erythrina indica treated rats were subjected to stress on day 22, their serum lipid levels increased significantly except HDL cholesterol which reduced insignificantly. Conclusions: study indicates that various fractions (Petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and chloroform) of the ethanolic extract of Erythrina Indica is effective in attenuating stress induced dislipidemia in rats.

957-962

Authors: Lilaram, Nazeer Ahmed R

Objective: To evaluate the effect of oral administration of the ethanolic seed extract of Caesalpinia bonducella on the reproductive system in Wistar female albino rat. Methods: The study was divided into four groups. The group I received distilled water and served as vehicle treated control. Groups II, III and IV were orally administered 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight dose of seed extract respectively, for 10 consecutive days and subsequently euthanized twenty four hours after the last dose. Results: The treatment prolonged the length of estrous cycle with significant increase in the duration of diestrus stage. The analysis of the principal hormones viz. LH, FSH, estradiol and progesterone showed significantly decreased levels in dose-dependant manner. Ovarian and uterine weight was significantly reduced as compared to that of the control group. Histoarchitectural observations revealed follicular atresia and degeneration of corpora lutea in ovary. Oviduct showed degeneration of mucosal folds and epithelium cells. Uterus showed evidence of degeneration of endometrial epithelium and endometrial glands. Lamina propria and muscularis layer of vagina were found slightly disorganized. Conclusions: It can be concluded that significant decrease in the hormone levels, reproductive organs weight and alterations in histoarchitecture of reproductive organs might be due to antiestrogenic nature of seed extract.

965-968

Authors: Poppy M Lintong, Maria Kr Sambuaga, Eddy H Tambajong

Blastocystis hominis (B. hominis) is an anaerobic protozoan parasite, which lives in human and animal’s intestines. It is commonly found in the tropical area. The parasite is low pathogen and its infection causes gastrointestinal disease with diarrhea symptom as reported from many studies. B. hominis is rarely seen in tissue section. The clinical diagnoses are usually confirmed with the microscopic examination of the stool, which can directly detect the parasite through trichrom stain and Kinyoun acid fast technique. We reported a case of 52 years old man with abdominal pain and suspected as perforated appendicitis and tumor of appendix as the differential diagnosis. The macroscopic features of the appendix mass were 7 cm in length and 1.5-2.5 cm in diameter. The cut section showed a widening of the appendix lumen, and the distal part filled with a gelatinous mass. The microscopic examination with HE stain showed the infiltration of PMN inflammatory cells in the muscle layer of the appendix and foci of a number of round structures in the sub mucosal layer known as B. hominis. Some authors reported results from the endoscopy and biopsy examinations that B. hominis does not infiltrate in the intestinal mucosa; nevertheless, in this case we found the infiltration of the parasite towards the mucosal and sub mucosal layers of the appendix.