Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine

429-437

Authors: Tian-Ning Li, Yan Li

This paper reviews the existing depth of anaesthesia (DoA) monitors and their algorithms and also proposes to improve their performance from four aspects. An ideal DoA monitor should be able to suggest a personalised drug dosages, to predict and provide early warnings when dosages are inappropriate, to be portable and highly cost-effective. The limitations of the existing DoA monitors commonly include unsatisfied data filtering techniques, time delay for the monitoring responses, and inflexible and low noise immunity problems. The latest research results show that their performance can be improved using up-to-date computing technology and neurophysiology. The findings in Chinese market review show that neither the imported nor the Chinese domestic DoA monitors are widely utilised at hospitals, but the demand for DoA monitors is very high. Clearly there is a high demand which encourages the development of a better DoA monitor and its mass production in China.

446-450

Authors: Thapana Chontananarth, Chalobol Wongsawad, Siriwadee Chomdej, Duangduen Krailas, Jong Yil Chai

Objective To analyze a phylogenetic tree for understanding the molecular systematic of trematode in Family Heterophyidae, which are highly distributed in Thailand. Methods Based on thirteen sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (mCOI) gene from six genera of heterophyid trematodes, viz. Haplorchis, Stellantchasmus, Centrocestus, Metagonimus, Pygidopsis, and Haplorchoides were aligned automatically using the Clustal × 2.0 program. A phylogenetic tree was constructed by maximum likeinghood (ML) and neighbor-joining (NJ) methods, with 1 000 bootstrap using the 5.0 program. Results The phylogenetic relationship from both methods was similar and separated into three groups consisting of Haplorchoides pumilio group, Haplorchoides taichui group and another heterophyid genera. Conclusions The sequence data of mtCOI can be used to investigate the phylogenetic relationships of trematodes at the genus level. Each clade of different genera of heterophyid trematodes can be separated into sister groups that correlated with the morphological characteristic, kind of secondary intermediate host and geographic distribution.

456-461

Authors: Sasitorn Chusri, Thanyaluck Siriyong, Pinanong Na-Phatthalung, Supayang Piyawan Voravuthikunchai

Objective To investigate the efficacy of 17 ethnomedicinal plants belonging to Apocynaceae family used in combination with 16 conventional antibiotics against non-multidrug resistant-, multidrug resistant (MDR)-, and extensive drug resistant (XDR) Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii). Methods Antibacterial activity and resistance modifying ability of 272 combinations were determined by growth inhibition assays and further confirmed by time-kill assay. Results Among the combinations of the antibiotics with Apocynaceae ethanol extracts on this pathogen, 15 (5%) had synergistic effects, 23 (8%) had partial synergistic effects and 234 (86%) had no effects. Synergistic activity was observed mostly when the Apocynaceae extracts were combined with rifampicin or cefazolin. Interestingly, 10 out of 17 combinations between the extracts and rifampicin displayed synergistic or partial synergistic behaviors. Holarrhena antidysenterica extract was additionally tested to restore rifampicin activity against clinical isolates of MDR and XDR A. baumannii. With respect to total or partial synergy, 70% was XDR A. baumannii isolates and 66% was MDR A. baumannii isolates. Conclusions Holarrhena antidysenterica extract clearly demonstrated the ability to restore rifampicin activity against both A. baumannii ATCC19606 and clinically isolated A. baumannii. Additional studies examining its active principles as well as mechanisms of actions such as the effects on efflux pumps and outer membrane permeability alterations are recommended.

468-472

Authors: Xu Zhao, Yu Wang, Jian-Jun Gao, Jia-Jun Yin

Objective To explore inhibition effects of veliparib as PARP inhibitor combined doxorubicin for BEL-7404 proliferation of human liver cancer cell line. Methods BEL-7404 was taken as the object of study and conventional culture was performed. It wastreated by doxorubicin and (or) veliparib after 24 h. Cell proliferation rate was detected by four methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay, cell apoptosis was measured with annexin V-FITC/PI double staining method by flow cytometry, DNA damage degree evaluation by single cell gel electrophoresis assay, and cytosolic C levels of the mitochondrial and cytosol by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (Western blotting). Results Cell proliferation rate of doxorubicin combined veliparib group was lower than that of the control group and doxorubicin alone treated group significantly (P<0.01), the apoptosis rate was significantly higher than that of the control group and doxorubicin alone treated group (P<0.05). At the same time, DNA damage level of doxorubicin combined with veliparib group was significantly higher than doxorubicin alone treatment group and the control group (P<0.01), and cytochrome C in the cytosol was significantly higher than that of control group and doxorubicin alone treated group (P<0.01). Conclusions Veliparib, PARP inhibitor could inhibit PARP activity, block tumor cell DNA repair, and have significant sensitizing effect for hepatocellular carcinoma cell line BEL-7404 treated with doxorubicin. This might provide a new target for clinical treatment of hepatic carcinoma.

478-482

Authors: Ting Li, Xiao-Jian Zhang, Jun Li, Quan-Cheng Kan

Objective To discuss effect of FK506 nanospheres used at different time on the regeneration of allogeneic nerve after transplant. Methods Single emulsion-solvent evaporation method (O/W) was adopted to prepare the FK506 nanospheres and the tibial nerve of rats after allogeneic transplantation. FK506 nanospheres were used in group A after operation immediately, in group B in 24 h after operation, and in group C in 3 d after operation while FK506 nanospheres were not used in group D; in the 4th, 8th and 12th week after operation respectively, general observation of transplanted nerves, histological examination, image analysis of myelinated fibers, wet-weight determination of musculi triceps surae, retrogradely labeling of neurons by the fluorescein and electrophysiological comparison of bilateral tibial nerve were carried out. Results FK506 nanospheres can be degraded and absorbed quickly. The neural regenerations in group A and B were similar, which were both much better than those in group C and D. The difference was statistically significant and so was the difference between group C and D. Conclusions Drug release rate of FK506 nanospheres is accordant with the regeneration law of damaged nerves and the local application can promote the regenerations of nerves. The effect would be better if the drug is used in earlier period (within 24 h).

488-491

Authors: Hong-Hai Zhu, Xiao-Yuan Zhu, Ming-Hui Zhou, Gen-Yang Cheng, Wei-Hua Lou

Objective To investigate the correlation between nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell WNT5A and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (emt)/metastasis, and investigate its possible mechanisms. Methods RT-PCR and gene transfection were used to detect the expression of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell strains WNT5A and EMT related factor 5–8F. Transient transfection of NPC cell line 5–8F was determined by liposome of plasmid with WNT5A gene. The differential expressions of WNT5A and EMT-related factors in cells before and after transfection were detected by RT-PCR. Cell scratch assay and Transwell assay were used to detect the motility abilities of cells before and after 5–8F transfection. Results The expressions of WNT5A and EMT related factors matrix metalloproteinase-2 of the WNT5A transferred group in the nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line 5–8F were higher than the blank control group and the empty vector transferred group, and the transfer ability of the WNT5A transferred group was higher than that in the blank control group and the empty vector transferred group, while the expressions of EMT related factors E-cadherin were lower than that in the blank control group and the empty vector transferred group, and the transfer ability of the WNT5A transferred group was higher than that in the blank control group and the empty vector transferred group. Conclusions In nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells, WNT5A can regulate the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and affect the ability of tumor invasion and metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

496-500

Authors: Hong Jiang, Juan-Juan Lei, Yi-He Zhang

To explore protective effect of topiramate (TPM) on hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Methods A total of 360 neonatal rats were selected then randomly divided into sham operation group, ischemia and hypoxia group, conventional treatment group and degradation therapy group (n=90). After surgical treatment, sham and ischemic hypoxia group were treat with normal saline; conventional treatment group was received TPM solution 100 mg/kg, 2 times/d; degradation therapy group received TPM solution 150 mg/kg, 2 times/d, per 3 d treatment each dosage was reduced 50 mg/kg, the lowest reduced to 50 mg/kg. Four groups received continuous treatment for 10 d. After treatment for 1 d, 4 d, 7 d, 10 d the cerebral edema, neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels and cognitive abilities of four groups were observed. Results After 1 d, 4 d of treatment, the brain water content and NSE levels in ischemia and hypoxia group, the conventional treatment group and the degradation therapy group were significantly higher than that in sham group (P<0.05), the brain water content and NSE levels of the conventional treatment group and the degradation therapy group were significantly lower than that in the ischemic hypoxia group (P<0.05). GABA levels and learning ability of the ischemia and hypoxia group, the conventional treatment group and degradation therapy group were significantly lower than the sham group (P<0.05), the GABA levels and learning ability of the conventional treatment group and degradation therapy group were significantly higher than the ischemia and hypoxia group (P<0.05). After 7 d, 10 d of treatment, the brain water content and NSE levels in the sham operation group, the conventional treatment group and degradation therapy group were significantly lower than the ischemia and hypoxia group (P<0.05), while the GABA levels and learning ability of these three groups were significantly higher than that in the ischemia and hypoxia group (P<0.05), the GABA levels in the conventional treatment group were significantly higher than degradation therapy group (P<0.05); After 10 d of treatment, the GABA levels of the conventional treatment group were significantly higher than the sham group, the learning ability of the degradation therapy group and sham operation group were significantly higher than the conventional treatment group (P<0.05). Conclusions The correct amount of short-term TPM has protective effect on hypoxic-ischemic brain injury, but long-term or excessive use may cause new damage to the brain and reduce the cognitive ability.