Scientific Journal of Silesian University of Technology. Series Transport

7

Authors: Agnieszka FORTOŃSKA

The author of this article will discuss issues related to aircraft accidents. The paper will set out the investigative activities carried out by Poland’s State Commission on Aircraft Accidents Investigation. The author will also address the concept of liability for aircraft accidents. The paper will be concluded with comments on aviation accidents.

9

Authors: Grzegorz BUDZIK, Aleksander MAZURKOW

The paper presents modelling process and results of the bench tests of the C0-45, which is a turbocharger for heavy-duty diesel engines. For turbochargers like this, it is necessary to measure the level of vibration. This paper presents the test results for 115 turbochargers. Rotor speed during the tests varied between 25,000 and 42,000 rpm. Rotor speed during the tests on a C0-45 turbocharger varied within three ranges, i.e., Range I: n=25,000-32,000 rpm and a=0.5g; Range II: n=33,000-38,000 rpm and a=1.0g; Range III: n=39,000-42,000 rpm and a=1.5g; (g=9.81m/s2). Measurement of vibrations was realized by a sensor located on the body of the turbocharger. Bench tests also included measurement of key charge parameters such as the amount of mass trapped, mean flow velocities, turbulence level, gas pressure, temperature and oil flow. The results are presented in the form of diagrams showing the amplitude of the acceleration function with regard to the rotor’s RPM. Research shows that using the correct parameters in construction and technological processes of assembly are very important for the effective functioning turbochargers.

9

Authors: Bożena SZCZUCKA-LASOTA

This paper describes the influence of road transport on urbanization and the transport of oversized loads. There is an increasing interest in oversized transport and urban development. In this developmental context, it is necessary to transport heavy construction machinery, infrastructure elements, pipes for gas pipelines and waterworks, or even rails to create roads for rail transport. For this purpose, the transport of loads exceeding standard parameters (16.50 m in length, 2.55 m in width, 4.00 m in height and 40 Mg in mass) is used. Oversized traffic has many obstacles on the roads, such as low bridges and viaducts, narrow roads, poor technical condition of roads, road works and low-permeability roundabouts.

11

Authors: Marek BISTÁK, František BRUMERČÍK, Michal LUKÁČ

This article presents a brief overview of weighing systems and devices designed to facilitate fluent and safe road traffic. The number of vehicles on roads is perpetually on the rise, resulting in increased wear of road surfaces. This is why weight check gates have widely been implemented to check the speed and weight of a vehicle against what is permitted by law. A cheaper, albeit more time-consuming, traffic weighing alternative would involve weighing points using weighbridges or mobile axle scales. The second part of this article examines the development of an axle scale. The design and calculation works were performed with the use of the Creo Parametric CAD system and the ANSYS Workbench FEM system.

11

Authors: Jerzy MARGIELEWICZ, Damian GĄSKA, Grzegorz WOJNAR

This paper presents the results of computer simulations of a gear model, where the variable stiffness of the meshing and backlash are considered. The outcome of such assumptions is a non-linear mathematical model in which chaotic phenomena can occur. During model studies, attention was paid to the identification of areas limited by the physical parameters, for which the analysed system behaved chaotically. To determine the ranges of irregular gear behaviour, numerical procedures were used to plot the bifurcation diagram, the Lyapunov exponent, the amplitude-frequency distribution and the Poincaré cross section.

12

Authors: Kamil KRASUSKI, Janusz ĆWIKLAK

The aim of this article is to present the results of GLONASS positioning in kinematic mode in air navigation. The flight experiment was conducted at Dęblin Airfield on a Cessna 172 aircraft. The aircraft position was recovered on the basis of the single-point positioning (SPP) method of the GLONASS code observations. The numerical computations of aircraft coordinates were executed in the RTKPOST library of the RTKLIB software. The standard deviations in aircraft position in a BLh geodetic frame were checked with the ICAO standards on civil aviation for the GLONASS system. The typical accuracy of aircraft positioning on the horizontal plane is better than 12 m, whereas, on a vertical plane, it is better than 17 m. In this paper, standard.

12

Authors: Elżbieta MACIOSZEK, Damian LACH

Tools for counting traffic are not only used to obtain information about traffic conditions and necessary data in order to design new transport system infrastructure. They primarily allow for the assessment of road users’ communication needs, as well as their dynamic mobility in the transport network of the analysis area. In these aspects, general traffic measurements (GTM), which, since 1965, have been performed in Poland every five years, are extremely helpful. The article presents the results of a detailed analysis of the data derived from the GTM conducted in the period 2005-2015 on voivodeship roads. The analysis was carried out using results from the West Pomeranian Voivodeship.

13

Authors: Damian TOBÓR, Jacek BARCIK, Piotr CZECH

Over the past few years, interest in the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (commonly referred to as drones) has increased. Uncontrolled drone flights poses a threat to air navigation, including air transport. The aim of this article is to identify potential sources of this threat, together with the identification of Polish legal regulations that respond to them. Conclusions will be based on proposals de lege ferenda, i.e., related to the postulated change of legal regulations, in order to limit the risk of incidents. The object of the article is subordinate to its structure, consisting of five parts. In the first part, the concept of unmanned aerial vehicles used by the Polish legislature will be defined, which is necessary because of the inaccuracies surrounding it. The second part will present ways to use drones for civilian purposes. The next part of the article will describe the cases of accident and aerial incidents involving drones. The fourth part focuses on the indication of Polish legal regulations related to the exploitation of drones. The article closes with concise conclusions.

14

Authors: Serhiy MELNYCHUK, Ivan VITIUK, Ihor BOVSUNIVSKYI, Dmytro BEHERSKYI, Yuriy KUBRAK

An N1 vehicle model is created, which allows for changing suspension parameters and conditions of experimental performance. A methodology of computer testing performance for vehicle ride comfort and stability service properties’ characterization in a virtual environment is proposed. Vehicle suspension system modelling and simulation are performed. The results of the N1 vehicle suspension system from full-scale laboratory and road tests are given.

5

Authors: Adam WOLSKI

As maritime tourism has been developing dynamically in recent years, including cruises into polar areas, the author attempts to identify factors essential for the safety of navigation in those sea areas, with a specific focus on the waters of the Antarctica. The presented methods of navigation take account of hazards that are typical in polar waters. All the considerations are based on the guidelines of the Polar Code.

9

Authors: Adam BAWORSKI, Piotr CZECH, Krzysztof GARBALA, Kazimierz WITASZEK, Zbigniew STANIK

This paper deals with problems relating to the impact of wind power plants on the landscape and their acceptance by society. The advantages and disadvantages of wind power energy produced by such energy plants are discussed. It is observed that most of the disadvantages of classic windmills can be avoided with the application of wind turbines with vertical spin axes. These turbines are designed for consumers who need power sources up to 1.5 kW. This paper also presents new and original construction solutions for these types of turbine masts, which are defined as types “F,” “2F” and “F/2F”. It is concluded that the presented solutions are easily integrated with the landscape, architecture and infrastructure of the region. The work also introduces research results concerning wind speed in the Białystok region (Nowosiółki, near Krypno). As the range of wind speed changes over time is relatively wide, this influences the value of momentary turbine power. The research results indicate that from October to March, wind speeds are significantly greater than during the remaining months.

9

Authors: Michał JUZEK, Grzegorz WOJNAR

This article is dedicated to the subject of gearboxes, with a specific focus on the load distribution on the tooth. The aim of the study was to review the selected solutions and methods that can contribute to aligning the load on the width of the tooth. The structure and operation of each solution are described in detail. The paper presents the possible benefits of using the described solutions.

9

Authors: Maciej MINDUR

This paper discusses the findings of studies on the relationship between the world economy and transport, based on the polynomial curve in 1995-2015. The socio-economic measures were reviewed, recognizing that GDP, although not reflecting what is happening in the social sphere, is the best indicator of economic growth, especially its dynamics. The results of the review show a high convergence in the shaping of the polynomial curves representing GDP and total transport, which is confirmed by the closeness of this relationship, as well the relationship between economic development and transport. The coefficients R2 of the variables studied are fully reliable, ranging from 0.9725 to 0.9954.

10

Authors: Zbigniew CZAPLA

This paper presents a method of vehicle detection using the conversion of images from a source image sequence into binary target images. This conversion is performed on the basis of small image gradients. The location of binary values after conversion is in accordance with the edges of the converted image. For all processed images, a detection field is defined, which is composed of two segments. In the area of each segment, the sum of the edge values is calculated. On the basis of the calculated sums within the segments, an adjusted sum of the edge values is established, which allows for the determination of the state of the detection field. Vehicle detection is carried out by recognition of distinctive changes in the state of the detection field caused by the passing vehicle. Experimental results are provided.

10

Authors: Kamil POPIELA, Mariusz WASIAK

The problem of loading unit formation is computationally complex in nature. This article presents a heuristic algorithm of forming unit loads, which can be applied to unit load arrangement on unit load devices. This method accounts for dimensional, mass and load-bearing strength of loading units and loading devices. Moreover, the rotation of packages about a 90° vertical axis has been made possible. In this algorithm, the bearing surface of each packing unit is entirely supported. This guarantees the stability of additional unit load layers. A sample calculation of the arrangement of 30-unit loads is presented in this article.

11

Authors: Monika N. BUGDOL, Marcin D. BUGDOL, Marcin GRZEGORZEK, Andrzej W. MITAS

The Bluetooth standard is a low-cost, very popular communication protocol offering a wide range of applications in many fields. In this paper, a novel system for road traffic estimation using Bluetooth sensors has been presented. The system consists of three main modules: filtration, statistical analysis of historical, and traffic estimation and prediction. The filtration module is responsible for the classification of road users and detecting measurements that should be removed. Traffic estimation has been performed on the basis of the data collected by Bluetooth measuring devices and information on external conditions (e.g., temperature), all of which have been gathered in the city of Bielsko-Biala (Poland). The obtained results are very promising. The smallest average relative error between the number of cars estimated by the model and the actual traffic was less than 10%.

11

Authors: Zbigniew OLCZYKOWSKI, Jerzy WOJCIECHOWSKI, Jakub MŁYŃCZAK

The subject of this paper deals with the reliability of the power supply and quality of electricity on the railway networks. The paper discusses the impact of changes in the area of traction substation load on parameters characterizing the quality of electricity. It analyses the quality of electricity in supply networks for the traction substation, as well as on auxiliary lines and in trackside power supply. Particular attention is given to the propagation of interference caused by traction DC appliances for the trackside power supply. This is important due to the fact that these networks provide the power supply for devices that are responsible for the safety of train traffic. The paper also discusses the impact of major failures (blackouts) in power systems on transport, especially rail transport.

12

Authors: Marianna JACYNA, Piotr GOŁĘBIOWSKI, Mirosław KRZEŚNIAK

Rail traffic organization is a multifactorial decision-making problem. To achieve the best results and reduce the risk of error when deciding on its implementation, appropriate algorithms should be identified and implemented in the form of computer tools, allowing for the optimal solution to be obtained. This paper discusses the process of organizing freight traffic on the rail network. The algorithm of relocating loaded cars in a compact and dispersed system is discussed. In turn, it is been indicated that the movement of empty and loaded cars must follow a strictly defined timetable. A heuristic algorithm supporting decision-making in the area of rail freight traffic management is presented, divided between the concept development stage, the timetable design stage for the developed concept, and its implementation in the form of specialized tools. An example of how the application works is also presented.

13

Authors: Leszek MINDUR

The article discusses the development of the Italian railways between 2002 and 2015, taking into account the investment expenditure allocated to the growth of this transport mode in the period under investigation, as well as within a time horizon extending until 2026. The research has been complemented by an analysis of economic conditions. The paper describes the organizational structure of the Italian national railways, namely, the FS Group and its subsidiary companies, which manage the different sectors of the supply chain, rendering various services and supporting the activities undertaken across the group. Specific trends observed in passenger and cargo transport are analysed, with high-speed railway services given special consideration.

7

Authors: Andrzej BANACHOWICZ, Adam WOLSKI

The estimation of position coordinates of a navigating ship is one of the navigational subprocesses. The methods used in this process are either deterministic (the case of a minimum number of navigational parameters measurements) or probabilistic (in cases where we have access to information redundancy). Naturally, due to the accuracy and reliability of the calculated coordinates, probabilistic methods should be primarily used. The article presents the use of the method of least squares and Kalman filtering in algorithms in integrated navigation for the estimation of position coordinates, taking into account ship movement parameters.

8

Authors: Marta GALANT, Jerzy MERKISZ

An excessive load on an operator’s cognitive system can cause deterioration in perceptual abilities, decreased reaction time and increased probability of making an incorrect decision, which in turn can lead to a dangerous situation. Researching the cognitive load of an operator can therefore contribute to safer transportation. While there are many methods used in the study of cognitive load, they can be classified as either subjective assessments or objective assessments. This paper presents an analysis of the possibilities of using electroencephalography in assessing the psychophysical condition of the pilot. The investigation was conducted in the Simulation Research Laboratory in the Institute of Combustion Engines and Transport at Poznan University of Technology.

8

Authors: Piotr LASKOWSKI

The article describes the problem regarding stalls in axial compressors, which are widely used in the engines of large and very large transportation aircrafts. The stall phenomenon, unless cleared, poses a major danger to the integrity of a compressor module, which in turn may result in uncontained engine failure and loss of thrust, thereby seriously affecting flight safety. The costs of maintenance to be performed may also be very high, due to irreversible deterioration in some components. A practical assessment of the stall problem and its countermeasures are discussed below.

8

Authors: Rudolf VOLNER

This article is dedicated to the art of improving safety in aviation in response to stress in the aviation sector, as well as the impact of stress on aviation and communications errors caused by ignorance of communication skills needed at the required level. The first part is dedicated to safety management systems, the second part is devoted to stress and the third part explores communication errors, which have resulted in aviation accidents. The paper concludes with a preview of a possible solutions known as “Virtual Airport”, which enables you to use simulator systems in order to increase the effectiveness level of training.

11

Authors: Robert BRODZIK

This article presents the opportunities for the development of road concrete pavements in Poland. The analysis of the prospects for evolving a new type of concrete pavement, based on continuous reinforcement, has been performed. The advantages and disadvantages, in terms of functionality, strength and economy, have been analysed. The evaluation of stress and displacements in the analysed continuously reinforced concrete slabs, involving the use of the finite element method (FEM), has been performed on selected temperature distributions derived from thermal loads. Based on the analysis of adopted decompositions, the use of the FEM to assess the effectiveness of the continuously reinforced pavements has been proposed.

11

Authors: Zbigniew ŁUKASIK, Aldona KUŚMIŃSKA-FIJAŁKOWSKA, Jacek KOZYRA

Transport plays an important role in national economies and impacts on economic development. The scale of the transportation of goods that may be dangerous to humans and the environment is expanding every year. Overall, transport is dangerous for the environment and road users, causing the increased emission of pollutants, accidents and traffic collisions. The rise in demand of basic materials, such as petrol and diesel, has led to a growth in the transport of dangerous goods, which in turn has increased the risk of road accidents. The research method used in this article involves an analysis of the inspection rates regarding the transport of dangerous goods by road in the EU and related legal documents.

11

Authors: Krzysztof OGONOWSKI, Jarosław KOZUBA

In recent years, much attention has been paid to the recording of flight data in order to provide objective information concerning routine and emergency in-flight situations. The data recorded can be used for assessing the air mission execution by the pilot and flight safety breaches, for specifying some damage to the equipment, and for preventing faulty equipment from being used in flights. Flight data recorders (FDRs) are commonly known as “black boxes”. This article presents issues related to flight data acquisition and preparing the data for later use, as well as their impact on flight safety. The systems recording and processing selected parameters not only enable ongoing diagnostics, but also make it possible to predict the period of further reliable operations and to analyse the causes that led to possible damage. In addition to improving economic indicators of the aircraft operation, flight safety is improved. Obviously, the article will only discuss certain ways of enhancing safety by applying the processing of data obtained from FDRs. Nevertheless, I believe it will offer an overall view of how important it is to collect, process and properly analyse such data for diagnostics, prediction and flight safety.

12

Authors: Kazimierz LEJDA, Maksymilian MĄDZIEL, Sylwia SIEDLECKA, Edyta ZIELIŃSKA

The paper highlights possible directions in the development of sustainable public transport solutions. When appropriately identified and implemented, such solutions can contribute to improved quality of urban life by reducing the adverse effects of transport on human health and the natural environment. The paper also raises questions about implementing pedestrian traffic zones, expanding the level of cycling, and introducing a workable parking policy, congestion charges, electromobility and intelligent systems for road traffic management in conurbations.

12

Authors: Marek RUTKOWSKI

This article focuses on the problem of changing job descriptions of Polish transportation engineers (including general inspectors and voivodeship engineers, as well as newly introduced county engineers) after the fall of the November Uprising. The text also explains possible obstacles that uncoupled these transportation staff officials from their basis duties.

13

Authors: Magdalena KAUP, Dorota ŁOZOWICKA, Wojciech ŚLĄCZKA

The paper examines the feasibility of transporting liquefied natural gas (LNG) along the Odra waterway. It looks at the existing LNG carriers and presents concepts of inland vessels designed for operation on the Odra waterway. Examples of inland LNG barges operating on waterways, which involve high inland navigational infrastructure parameters, are presented. Requirements and restrictions of the class III Odra waterway are discussed in the context of the transportation of LNG inland. Possible variants of inland LNG carriers designed for operation on the Odra waterway are examined, with some of their characteristics discussed in view of the restrictions on navigation. Two variants of barges, which meet the requirements of shipping along the Odra waterway, are presented.

14

Authors: Joanna ORYMOWSKA, Paulina SOBKOWICZ

This article presents the main hazards that occur in the context of inland navigation and their impact on the vessel. First, characteristics are extracted from the following methods with regard to identifying threats: involving steering gear damage to an inland vessel moving on a straight waterway. Next, a hazard identification model is presented, which is appropriate to a situation involving steering gear damage to an inland vessel moving on a straight fairway.

8

Authors: Ryszard BUCHALIK

This paper presents a brief description of an unconventional steering system involving electronic stability control and its influence on vehicle motion. The proposed configuration enables individual changes in steering angle for each single wheel, in contrast to the mechanical linkage solution. An analysis of vehicle behaviour during emergency braking on a heterogeneous surface is conducted, especially with regard to the undesirable rotation of the vehicle body. The benefits of using this active steering system, implemented in the steer-by-wire mode, are characterized, while the problems for further consideration and the potential benefits of such a solution are described.

8

Authors: Przemysław ŻUKIEWICZ, Katarzyna DOMAGAŁA

The aim of this article is to present the main problems of public transportation in Kosovo after 2008 when the province’s parliament announced the declaration of independence. We focus on the plans and documents that were signed between 2008 and 2010 in an attempt to compare them with the real impact of investments made in the last five years. We show how the conflict between Belgrade and Prishtina has influenced public transportation and examine the prospects for problem-solving in this sector. To do this, we employ a neo-institutional approach to the document analysis as the main research method.

9

Authors: Czesław WOJDAT

The specificity of military flights operations imposes a number of requirements on aircraft. One of the main factors concerning the realization of the air task is the reliability of the engine. The most common cause of aircraft engine malfunctioning is the quality of the fuel supplied. This paper presents the factors affecting the quality of fuel supplied to aircraft and the procedures preventing the delivery of aircraft fuel, which could interfere with the operation of the aircraft engine.

10

Authors: Paweł GŁOWACKI, Włodzimierz BALICKI

Poland, as a member of the EU, is represented within the ICAO, by the European Aviation Safety Agency. However, this does not relieve our country from the responsibility of developing a state safety programme (SSP). The need to set up such a programme, which has to be specific to every country involved in aviation operation, was introduced by the ICAO’s Annex 19. One of the important points in Annex 19 is: “5.2.1 Each State shall establish and maintain a safety database to facilitate the effective analysis of information on actual or potential safety deficiencies obtained, including that from its incident reporting systems, and to determine any actions required for the enhancement of safety”. The Polish Civil Aviation Authority, along with other databases, manages the European Coordination Centre for Aviation Incident Reporting Systems (ECCAIRS). The authors (who are specialists dealing with exploitation processes in aviation) have conducted a laborious processing of the data contained in the ECCAIRS database, analysing them based on various criteria: aviation occurrence categories (as defined by the ICAO), phases of flight for different airports in Poland etc. Aircraft with an maximum take-off mass (MTOM) <5,700 kg (mainly general aviation) and for aircraft with an MTOM >5,700 kg (commercial aviation) were considered separately. It was found that the most events are those that relate to power plant (SCF-PP) airframes and related system (SCF-NP) failures, followed by collisions with birds (BIRD), events related to airports (ADRM) and events related to the required separation of aircraft (MAC). For lighter aircraft, the dominant categories are ARC, CTOL, GTOW and LOC-I events. The article presents a proposed method for predicting the number of events, determining the alert levels for the next years and assuming a normal distribution (Gaussian). It is one of the first attempts to use actual data contained in the database of events on airports in Poland. The results of this analysis may support the decisions of supervisory authorities in the areas where security threats are most important.

10

Authors: Anna KWASIBORSKA, Jacek SKORUPSKI

Many European airports are located in close proximity to residential or protected areas. Aircraft noise emissions caused by the landing and taking off of aircraft are a big problem in these areas. From an operational point of view, the method for reducing noise is to reduce traffic volume or change its organization, especially during the night. Some procedures and tools have been developed to support air traffic management in the implementation of operational constraints necessary to maintain noise at an acceptable level. The objective of this paper is to analyse the effectiveness of these tools. For this purpose, we have analysed existing methods of operational noise reduction, taking into account their influence on the structure, smoothness, punctuality and, especially, the safety of air traffic. As a result, existing risks have been identified, while methods have been proposed to combine two important air traffic service tasks: ensuring safety, while taking into account the environmental constraints, especially in relation to the acoustic climate.

11

Authors: Piotr LASKOWSKI

This article defines the typical damage to components of turbine engines, highlighting the differences between them and indicating possible causes. The distinction between various types of defects helps to explain the occurrence and supports personnel in defining the most suitable maintenance action to be performed. The defects described below are common in high-airflow turbine aviation engines on commercial and cargo aircrafts.

11

Authors: Jakub MARSZAŁKIEWICZ

Transport and logistics are a global enterprise, which means transportation must be provided to and from every continent around the world. This article presents the main threats facing international air transport in the course of necessary flying over dangerous and unstable countries, which represent almost a half of world’s land surface.

11

Authors: Vladimír RIEVAJ, František SYNÁK

This article focuses on the comparison of the amount of emissions produced by vehicles with a combustion engine and electric cars. The comparison, which is based on the LCA factor results, indicates that an electric car produces more emissions than a vehicle with combustion engine. The implementation of electric cars will lead to an increase in the production of greenhouse gases.

12

Authors: Ján PIĽA, Peter KORBA, Michal HOVANEC

Safety is critical throughout all stages of aircraft operation, from air mission to ground operation. One of the most important airframe systems that influences the efficacy of ground safety is a wheel brake system. Aircraft ground speed deceleration requires the dissipation of kinetic energy, which depends on aircraft weight and speed. Significant levels of aircraft kinetic energy must be dissipated in the form of heat energy. The brakes of heavy aircraft are especially prone to overheating during landing and taxiing on the ground. The aim of this paper is to focus on the dangers caused by aircraft brakes when overheating and ways in which to eliminate brake overheating problems from a safety perspective.

13

Authors: Tomasz BALCERZAK

The sole purpose of air accident investigations should be the prevention of accidents and other incidents in the future, without apportioning blame or liability. A civil aviation safety system is based on feedback and lessons learned from accidents and incidents, while requiring the strict application of rules on confidentiality in order to ensure the availability of valuable sources of information in the future. Therefore, related data, especially sensitive safety information, should be protected in an appropriate manner. Information provided by an individual in the framework of a safety investigation should not be used against them, in full respect of constitutional principles, and national and international law. Each “involved person” who knows about an accident or serious incident should promptly notify the competent state authority for carrying out an investigation of the event. “Involved person” refers to one of the following: the owner; a member of the crew; the operator of the aircraft involved in an accident or serious incident; any person involved in the maintenance, design, manufacture of that aircraft or in the training of its crew; any person involved in air traffic control, providing flight information or providing airport services, which provided services for the aircraft concerned; staff of the national civil aviation authority; or staff of the European Aviation Safety Agency. In terms of the protection level of the organization (employer), employees who report an event or submit an application to the investigation cannot bear any prejudice from their employer because of information provided by the applicant. The protection does not cover (exclusions): infringement with wilful misconduct (direct intent, recklessness infringement); infringement committed by a clear and serious disregard of the obvious risks; and serious professional negligence, i.e., the failure to provide unquestionably duty of care required under the circumstances, causing possible or actual damage to persons or property leading the level of aviation safety being seriously compromised. All employees in the aviation sector, regardless of their function, have safety-related duties and are therefore critical to the security of the entire civil aviation system. The safety of this system requires that any event that has or may have an impact on security in aviation should be reported voluntarily and without delay, because it is necessary to conduct an appropriate investigation in order to increase the level of safety. “Just Culture” is the basic premise for the effective functioning of the reporting of events required for all aviation organizations in order to maintain and raise the safety level. As safety management is based on precise data, it is necessary to introduce appropriate procedures, which allow for obtaining information not only about the events that have already occurred, but also about any other events that could potentially cause hazardous conditions. All the procedures and rules of operation relating to the policy of Just Culture should be constructed so that they not only comply with the provisions of applicable law, but are also rational and understandable by all stakeholders, as well as provide certain comfort and confidentiality to persons reporting events that affect airline safety. Changes in the existing legal system should be established in cooperation with all concerned institutions: law enforcement, including the courts and public prosecution, aviation insurers, the Aircraft Accident Investigation Commission and other entities. Is it possible to reconcile the interests of the so-called culture of aviation safety, i.e., Just Culture, with the requirements of the above-mentioned institutions and traders involved in the implementation of air transport and the exploration of the effects of aerial surveys? The answers to this and similar questions will be widely presented in this article.

15

Authors: Andrzej ŁEBKOWSKI

This paper describes the structure of a light electric vehicle known as the Mia Electric vehicle. The vehicle parameters and exploitation properties are presented, while the advantages and disadvantages of the vehicle’s technical solutions are discussed, along with possible ideas for their improvement. Vehicle test results on a roller dyno and under actual driving conditions are presented. The data recorded during tests form the basis of an analysis of the vehicle powertrain, whose findings are described in the summary along with testing conclusions.