Scientific Journal of Silesian University of Technology. Series Transport

7

Authors: Andrzej FELLNER, Eugeniusz PIECHOCZEK, Radosław FELLNER

The purpose of this document is to present evidence of the work carried out as part of the flight validation activities of the RNAV approach involving the instrument flight procedures (IFPs), down to the localizer performance with vertical (LPV) minima, for RWY27 at Katowice Airport (EPKT). The presented material constitutes the second part of the “Preflight validation RNAV GNSS approach procedures for EPKT in the EGNOS APV Mielec” project. The following issues were addressed: flight validation conditions, list of performed approaches, flight path analysis and pilot feedback.

7

Authors: Ilona MAŃKA, Adam MAŃKA

This article aims to characterize the authorial SimProLOGIC program, version 2.1, which enables one to conduct a cost analysis of individual links, as well as the entire logistic supply chain (LSC). This article also presents an example of the analysis of the parameters, which characterize the supplier of subsystems in the examined logistic chain, and the results of the initial optimization, which makes it possible to improve the economic balance, as well as the level of customer service for a sample test task.

8

Authors: Henryk JAFERNIK

This paper presents the results of studies on the determination of an aircraft’s trajectory and positioning accuracy. The PPP method was applied to determine the aircraft’s position in kinematic mode for code observations in the GPS system. Computations were executed in the “PPP_KINEMTIC” software, whose source code was written using the Scilab 5.3.2 platform. The PPP_KINEMTIC software allows for the latitude coordinate to be estimated with accuracy between 1 and 6 m, the longitude coordinate to be estimated with accuracy between 0.5 and 2.5 m, and the ellipsoidal height to be estimated with accuracy between 1 and 7 m. The average value of the MRSE term equals 5 m with a magnitude between 1 and 8.5 m. In the paper, general libraries of the PPP_KINEMTIC application were presented and the PPP method was characterized too.

8

Authors: Igor VAKULENKO, Dariy BOLOTOVA, Oleg PERKOV, Alex LISNIAK

The formation of grain structures with boundaries similar to substructures is one of the factors contributing to grain refinement in hot-reduction carbon steel. At the forming of a rim, the slight cooling-down (100-150°С) of the surface volumes is sufficient to increase their strength characteristics. After that, an increase in the magnitude of the hot-hardening of metal in the central rim volumes will lead to the formation of a more uniform fine-grain austenite structure over the rim section.

10

Authors: Krzysztof GARBALA, Wojciech PIEKARSKI, Sylwia ANDRZEJEWSKA, Kazimierz WITASZEK

This article presents the possibilities for using alternative fuels to power vehicles equipped with compression ignition (CI) engines (diesel). Systems for using such fuels have been discussed. Detailed analysis and research covered the LPG STAG autogas system, which is used to power dual-fuel engine units (LPG+diesel). A description of the operation of the autogas system and installation in a vehicle has been presented. The basic algorithms of the controller, which is an actuating element of the whole system, have been discussed. Protection systems of a serial production engine unit to guarantee its factorycontrolled durability standards have been presented. A long-distance test drive and examinations of the engine over 150,000 km in a Toyota Hilux have been performed. Operating parameters and performance indicators of the engine with STAG LPG+diesel fuelling have been verified. Directions and perspectives for the further development of such a system in diesel-powered cars have been also indicated.

10

Authors: Ján KAPUSTA, Alica KALAŠOVÁ

Road transportation is playing an important role in almost all freight movements and contributes to the economy. It has the highest share in the modal division of transported goods. This situation is not about to change in the coming years. Therefore, it is necessary to change the current situation and modify rules and regulations, which could lead to a decrease in the number of accidents in either the EU or the USA. This paper identifies and compares different safety measures, rules and regulations governing the safety of truck transport in the EU and the USA. The number of accidents is a good safety indicator. Finally, suggestions for improvements in terms of truck drivers’ safety in the EU and the USA are proposed.

12

Authors: Paweł MAJEWSKI, Jarosław SPYCHAŁA, Mariusz ŻOKOWSKI

The article presents the results of a laboratory gear stage with regard to deepening its consumption. In addition, the study looked at the construction of the transmission gearbox of a military helicopter, according to the basic kinematic results of the analysis of vibroacoustic signals, in order to determine the diagnostic criteria for the assessment of the technical condition of a military helicopter’s transmission gearbox.

15

Authors: Andrzej WIECZOREK

A key factor enabling the achievement of the required capacity by longwall mining systems is to obtain a satisfactory service life for individual components of such systems. Such components include right-angle planetary gearboxes for armoured face conveyors. An increase in the service life of such equipment can be achieved by ensuring adequacy in terms of design, materials and organization. As a part of organizational changes, the use of individual diagnostics systems may have the greatest impact on the service life of mining gearboxes; however, their widespread implementation is limited by economic and operational barriers. This paper presents an analysis of the possibility of integrating mining gearboxes with electronic systems of technical diagnostics, as well as expanding the scope of the technical condition monitoring by the machines operating together with these gearboxes. As a result of the calculation and design work performed, it has been demonstrated that it is possible to integrate technical diagnostics systems with advanced data transmission capabilities inside gearboxes.

6

Authors: Andrey BREUS, Vitaliy PAVLENKO

Plasma-based technology is used to deposit a wear-proof nanostructured coating on plunger tappets of pump of aviation oil system block, which allows increasing the life of the parts up to 3–5 times. For the nanostructured coatings, which are formed at the impulse bias supply, the electric field strength is 103-104 times greater than for the microstructured coatings. It results in significant change of activation energy of the process of strong bond formation in the growing coating, which makes it possible to obtain high qualitative characteristics of the coating.

7

Authors: Zbigniew CZAPLA

The paper presents a method of vehicle detection on a two-way road. Vehicle detection is carried out on the basis of the video stream from the camera placed over a road. The input image sequence is created by consecutive frames taken from the video stream. Images from the input image sequence are processed individually one by one. A detection field is defined for each lane of the road. Images from the input image sequence are converted into point image representation. The sums of the edge points within the detection fields are calculated. States of the detection fields are determined on the basis of calculated sums of the edge points. Vehicles are detected by analysis of states of the detection fields. Experimental results are provided.

9

Authors: Teresa PAMUŁA

The paper presents a method of classification of road traffic conditions based on the analysis of the content of images of the traffic flow. The view of the traffic lanes with vehicles is treated as a texture, while the change in the description of its characteristics is ascribed to the change in the density of traffic. Four classes of conditions are determined on the basis of the values of Haralick texture features. An MLP network is used for classification. Video data, which were registered by an UAV hanging over a traffic junction, are used for validation of the method.

10

Authors: Wiesław DŹWIGOŃ

Accurate design of infrastructure for public transport is the basis for the efficient functioning of traffic and passenger transportation. The article presents an analysis of the availability of public transport stops. The measure of the availability relates to access times to certain stops from other stops and the surroundings of the transport hub. The article discusses the scope and the objective of measuring pedestrian and passenger traffic. It also presents an analysis of transition times for the passengers who change their means of transport and need to reach a stop. The provided measurements were carried out on a two-level interchange tram-bus hub. Thus they should be part of any assessment of the quality of passenger service in the hub.

11

Authors: Andrzej BANACHOWICZ, Adam WOLSKI

The operation of vehicles (watercraft, aircraft, land-based,spacecraft, unmanned) requires the use of navigation systems for their control. These systems can be characterized by varying degrees of complexity and technological advancement. However, each system has sources of information about the state (position) of the navigating object, state of the environment in which the object is moving and the task to be accomplished. These components are integrated by the decision-maker (human or automated), who/which makes and implements decisions adjusted to current conditions.

11

Authors: Krzysztof GRZELEC, Krystian BIRR

In many EU cities, trolleybuses are experiencing a period of revitalization. New lines, state-of-the-art designs, the use of auxiliary propulsion batteries, ecological values and other factors offer great opportunities for this kind of public transport as an effective tool to shape transport policy in accordance with the principles of sustainable mobility. Gdynia is one of three cities in Poland with a trolleybus public transport subsystem. Since the beginning of political and economic transformation, Gdynia’s authority consistently implements measures aimed at balancing urban mobility, above all by improving the quality of public transport services and creating conditions for the development of alternatives forms of transport to private car travel. The experience of the development of trolleybuses in Gdynia as an element of sustainable mobility, the nature of this means of transport in both economic and operation terms, the implementation of original technological solutions in the trolleybuses’ construction and the impact on decision-making by marketing research are the areas of interest in this paper

11

Authors: Marek RUTKOWSKI

The aim of this article is to describe the proposals from administrators during the mid-19th century to improve the regulation of, and the rafting status on, the Vistula and other main watercourses in the Kingdom of Poland. The deliberation process is also shown, especially in order to reveal the genuine attitude of the Tsarist-controlled Polish authorities towards these requests.

13

Authors: Romanika OKRASZEWSKA, Krzysztof GRZELEC, Kazimierz JAMROZ

Modal share is an important component in developing sustainable transport within a city. In recent years, many cities have set modal share targets for balanced and sustainable transport modes: 30% of public transport and 30% of non-motorized (cycling and walking) modes. Gdansk strategic documents have set similar goals with some actions already taken towards those goals. The cycle network is increasing popular. Gdansk’s cycling infrastructure is more developed than that in other Polish cities. Promotional actions are undertaken each year. Despite that, the share of cycling in the modal split still remains at the low level of 1-3%. The article analyses the case study of Gdansk’s cycling policy and its results. The article summarizes the modal share targets set in Gdansk’s strategic documents, describes the development of its cycle network and promotional campaigns, and presents the volume of bicycle traffic and its share in the city’s modal split. Finally, the article aims to identify the causes behind the low percentage of bicyclists in Gdansk

6

Authors: Ján PETRÓCI, Martin MANTIČ, Jozef KUĽKA, Róbert BOSLAI

Initially, the development of a dual-purpose clutch was based on racing experiences and application requirements, as well as the results from testing the new power unit in the existing prototype vehicle. In order to achieve the highest possible driving range of the prototype vehicle, it has been necessary to eliminate the maximum possible losses and drive in unnecessary components. The design aimed to achieve simple access, reliability and low weight.

8

Authors: Robert GREGA, Jaroslav HOMIŠIN, Jozef KRAJŇAK, Matej URBANSKÝ

Dangerous vibrations of mechanical systems’ components are causes of failures and reduction in service life, as well lead to negative effects on the environment and the health of operators. In order to reduce these unwanted vibrations, it is necessary to pay attention to the proper design of components in mechanical systems. The aim of this article is based on the experimental measurements and demonstration of the effects of different types of flexible couplings on the size of vibration in a gearbox that forms part of a mechanical system.

8

Authors: Jozef KUĽKA, Melichar KOPAS, Eva FALTINOVÁ, Martin MANTIČ, Peter BIGOŠ

The main purpose of this article is to present a possible description of kinematic characteristics concerning the direction of travel of a selected mobile working machine in motion, namely, a hinged loader. This description is presented in the form of equations, which define the circumferential velocity as well as the angular velocity of the vehicle wheels during a ride involving a curve. In this way, it is also possible to describe a function of the axle differential.

9

Authors: Wojciech GÓRA, Jarosław JANUSZ, Jacek KŁOSIŃSKI

In this paper a control system of air compressors in a university laboratory is presented. The control system, which is built using the Astraada RCC972 and the GE 90-20 drivers, is an extension of the two states’ inputs and outputs of Astraada. To visualize the work stand, the PC computer class and the Proficy Machine Edition (ME) View software were applied. Selected results from the tests of the built control system are presented.

9

Authors: Igor OSTASHKO, Boris VINOGRADOV

The study presents the results of an investigation into centrifugal mills with an energy-saving working body. Rational geometric parameters of the working body of the centrifugal mill, which grinds the solid residue from the pyrolysis of used tyres, have been justified on the criterion of the lowest specific energy consumption during the grinding process. A method to determine the dependence of the in-grinding power consumption on the basic parameters of the working body has been developed, while an analytical expression to determine the power consumption for grinding the solid residue from the pyrolysis of used tyres has been obtained. It has been found that the power consumption in the grinding process linearly depends on the rotational speed of the working body, which is to the 0.3 power on the average size of solid particles.

11

Authors: Ondrej KOHL, Lubomir PESIK

The springing support in a driver’s seat is a very serious issue, such that manufacturers are increasing their efforts to optimize the dynamic properties of this kind of seat. The main optimization criterion is vibration insulation efficiency with regard to health research and associated health standards and regulations. This article deals with the definition of the optimal driver’s seat properties in relation to two examples of springing systems with different kinds of damping. The first case involves the springing support of a driver’s seat that uses a pneumatic spring and a telescopic hydraulic damper. In the second case, the damping effect is achieved by two pneumatic springs whose forces effect a phase shift due to a throttle valve located in the connecting piping system.

13

Authors: Józef DREWNIAK, Paulina GARLICKA, Aleksandra KOLBER

The article presents the design for a bi-planetary gear train. The project description is supplemented with calculations of kinematics, statics and meshing efficiency of the gear wheels included in the gear train. Excluded are calculations of strength and geometry of gears, shaft and rolling bearing, since they are similar to classical calculations for planetary gears. An assembly drawing in 2D and assembly drawings in 3D of the designed bi-planetary gear train are also shown. This gear train will form the main element of the research in hand.

7

Authors: Dagmara GOLBA, Katarzyna TUROŃ, Piotr CZECH

Diversity management is a long-term process, which more and more attention to attach organizations in all industries, including in the area of TSL (Transport-Shipping-Logistics). The key is to notice and appreciate the differences between employees and understand that proper working conditions allow for optimal use of the potential of a diverse team. The article explains the concept of diversity and corporate social responsibility, and also presented the organization's approach from the TSL sector to diversity.

8

Authors: Henryk JAFERNIK

The article presents results of the researches of the range to determine of the transmission’s data with using of the standard modems UHF Satellite on the transmission frequency of the 460 MHz and the regulating power 1-10W. Because of this reason there was created programme of the researches in the air. The researches revealed the possibility increase a range of monitoring and coordination of the airships on the distance of 80-120 km.

9

Authors: Tomasz BALCERZAK, Radosław FELLNER

The paper attempts to characterize changes occurring in EU transport policy, taking into account innovation of airports and aerodromes. To face challenges like: increase in air traffic, ensuring safety of flight operations, regional development or requirements of passengers it is necessary to determine desired direction network of airports and aerodromes within the aviation policy, which is part of the national and European transport policy. Overview of national and EU studies, strategies and legislative plans enable to specify changes taking place in the EU aviation policy, as well as to create potential scenarios of its development with particular attention to the innovation of aerodromes and airports. Based on the above analysis it should be noted, that aims of the European institutions and agencies are: reduction amount of restrictive rules on general aviation (including GA aerodromes), spread concepts of multimodality and Small Aircraft Transport Systems, enhance competitiveness of the EU aviation sector but also reduction investment funding at airports. Conclusions may be a theoretical inspiration in the process of updating master plans of aerodromes and airports.

10

Authors: Andrzej FELLNER, Radosław FELLNER, Eugeniusz PIECHOCZEK

The purpose of this document is to show evidence of the work carried out as part of the pre-flight flight validation activities of one RNAV approach Instrument Flight Procedures (IFP), down to LPV minima, at Katowice Airport (EPKT). The document is a deliverable of the TEN-T funded project “Support to the EGNOS APV Operational Implementation – APV MIELEC”.

10

Authors: Jan WARCZEK, Mateusz JUZUŃ

The article presents the aims and objectives of the process of non-destructive testing of turbine aircraft engines using visual methods indirect use of endoscopy. Presents brief characteristics of the construction of engines tested, analyzed the diagnostic procedures used in non-destructive testing methods are shown diagnostic equipment used in research. The paper presents examples of the results of diagnostic checks obtained for the test aircraft engine.

12

Authors: Katarzyna CHRUZIK, Andrzej FELLNER

Analyzing the level of Polish transport safety culture can be seen that it is now dependent on the culture of safety management within the organization and the requirements and recommendations of law in this field for different modes of transport (air, rail, road, water). Of the four basic types of transport requirements are widely developed in the aviation, rail, and water – the sea. In order to harmonize the requirements for transport safety so it appears advisable to develop a platform for exchange of safety information for different modes of transport, and the development of good practices multimodal offering the possibility of improving Polish transport safety. Described in the publication of the proposal in addition to the alignment platform experience and knowledge in the field of transport safety in all its kinds, it can also be a tool for perfecting new operators of public transport.

13

Authors: Dušan KOLARIČ, Marko KOLARIČ

Modern transport is still based on vehicles powered by internal combustion engines. Due to stricter ecological requirements, the designers of engines are continually challenged to develop more environmentally friendly engines with the same power and performance. Unfortunately, there are not any significant novelties and innovations available at present which could significantly change the current direction of the development of this type of propulsion machines. That is why the existing ones should be continually developed and improved or optimized their performance. By optimizing, we tend to minimize fuel consumption and lower exhaust emissions in order to meet the norms defined by standards (i.e. Euro standards). Those propulsion engines are actually developed to such extent that our current thinking will not be able to change their basic functionality, but possible opportunities for improvement, especially the improvement of individual components, could be introduced. The latter is possible by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) which can relatively quickly and inexpensively produce calculations prior to prototyping and implementation of accurate measurements on the prototype. This is especially useful in early stages of development or at optimization of dimensional small parts of the object where the physical execution of measurements is impossible or very difficult. With advances of computational fluid dynamics, the studies on the nozzles and outlet channel injectors have been relieved. Recently, the observation and better understanding of the flow in nozzles at large pressure and high velocity is recently being possible. This is very important because the injection process, especially the dispersion of jet fuel, is crucial for the combustion process in the cylinder and consequently for the composition of exhaust gases. And finally, the chemical composition of the fuel has a strong impact on the formation of dangerous emissions, too. The research presents the influence of various volume mesh types on flow characteristics inside a fuel injector nozzle. Our work is based upon the creating of two meshes in the CFD software package. Each of them was used two times. First, a time-dependent mass flow rate was defined at the inlet region and pressure was defined at the outlet. The same mesh was later used to perform a simulation with a defined needle lift curve (and hereby the mesh movement) and inlet and outlet pressure. In next few steps we investigated which approach offered better results and would thus be most suitable for engineering usage.

16

Authors: Michał GERATOWSKI, Mateusz SOBALA

Flights conducted in accordance with the instrument flight rules (IFR) allow to perform flights below the minimums for visual meteorological conditions. Nowadays, in Poland none of the uncontrolled aerodromes have implemented any IFR procedures. The paper presents an analysis of the international and national law in terms of establishing the appropriate IFR procedures at the uncontrolled aerodromes. The exemplary solutions, based on European uncontrolled aerodromes, are presented.

19

Authors: Piotr GOLDA, Robert KONIECZKA

In its preliminary part, the article characterises Boeings 737-400 as due to undergo further tests as well as the basic materials used in their construction. It also defines to what extend these materials are prone to damage in the course of their regular use over the planes’ working lives. The object of the analysis is the most prevalent structural damage to the fuselage of the planes discovered during overhaul type C and the definition of the best preventive service. Further on the article categorises the discovered problems and provides their genesis. The main part of the article is devoted to the definition of the sources and reasons for the damage. Consequently, the article forms guidelines how to prevent the occurrence of such and similar damage to the fuselage.