Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan

1-12

Authors: Dulsalam, Sukadaryati, & Yuniawati

Currently, timber production and biodiversity of natural forest are decreasing. The Ministry of Forestry has put an effort to improve timber production by applying silviculture system namely as Indonesian Intensive Selective Cutting (TPTII) which includes felling technique, land preparation and tree planting. This paper studies productivity, efficiency and felling cost based on TPTII system applied in one of logging company at East Kalimantan by comparing conventional technique and reduced impact felling technique. Results revealed that felling productivity of the conventional technique ranged from 33.74 – 39.87 m3/hour with an average of 36.24 m3/hour which were higher than those of reduced impact felling technique with variation of 28.30 – 36.23 m3/hour and average of 32.8 m3/hour. Felling efficiency of the conventional technique ranged from 84.03 – 88.2% with an average of 86.56%, which were lower than those of the reduced impact felling with variation of 88.75–90.12%, average of 89.36%. Felling cost of the conventional felling technique ranged from Rp1,712 – Rp2,023/m3 with an average of Rp1,8936/m3, lower than those of reduced impact felling technique which varied from Rp1,884 – Rp2,412/m3, and average of Rp2,104/m3. The reduced impact felling technique caused lower felling productivity, however it also improved felling cost and increased felling efficiency. The reduced impact felling could increase benefit as much as Rp321.57 million in a year.

23-31

Authors: Gusmailina, Komarayati, S., & Wibisono, HS.

In Indonesia, Gyrinops is one important genera of agarwood producing trees, which is relatively slow growth. Stimulant addition is one possible way to enhance agarwood tree growth by improving the physiology activity. This paper studies the effect of charcoal and liquid smoke addition into the Gyrinops sp. seedling growth. Wood charcoal at various portion of 10%, 20% and 30%, and liquid smoke of 1%, 2%, 3% and 4% were added separately into seedling media. The charcoal and liquid smoke were made from mixed wood waste of sengon (Falcataria moluccana) and rubber wood (Hevea brasiliensis). Results showed that in general wood charcoal and liquid smoke addition improves Gyrinops seedling growth. The addition of 4% liquid smoke addition enhanced Gyrinops’s seedling growth as indicated by seedling height and diameter increments. In conclusion, wood charcoal and liquid smoke are two potential organic materials for seedling growth improvement.

59-65

Authors: Wibisono, HS. Jasni Muliastuty Arsyad, WO.

Timber utilization is mostly affected by wood chemical composition and its natural durability in certain condition. This paper studies chemical composition and under shade natural durability of eight wood species originated from Banten and West Java Provinces. Chemical composition was tested based on Norman and Jenkins’ methods, SNI 14- 0492-1989 and SNI 14-1032-1989 and the wood natural durability test was conducted outdoor under the shade. Result shows that in general wood chemical composition of eight wood species tested is approximately in average of those in broad leaf trees. Among the wood samples studied, the highest holocellulose content was recorded from baros wood (Michelia champaca L.) which was about 75.64% and the lowest holocellulose content was recorded from pasang taritih wood (Lithocarpus elegans Blume Hatus ex Supadmo) which was about 60.19%. In term of lignin content, the highest percentage was recorded from pasang taritih wood, which was about 35.14% and it is comparable with those of ki hiyang (Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth.) wood, which was about 25.35%. The greatest extractive content was recorded from tarisi wood (Albizia lebbeck (L) Benth), which was about 7.9%, while extractive content nemely tangkalang wood (Litsea roxburghii Hassk) falled into 1.54%. Under the shade durability test showed pasang taritih wood performed second class durability (class II), while the other seven wood species of tarisi, ki hiyang, hanja, cerei, tangkalang, baros, and kapinango were extremly non durable (class V).

231-243

Authors: Ina Winarni & T. Beuna Bardant

Various sawmilling industries of high, medium and small enterprises operate in Indonesia. During log conversion into sawn timber, wood waste occurs in the form of left over cut and sawdust. Small cut waste is lignocellulose material which is potentially used for bioethanol production. This paper studies the possibility of bioethanol production from sengon sawmill waste. High loading substrate method was applied by hydrolizing high concentration substrate, i.e 15, 25 and 35% and two concentrations of enzymes (12.5 and 15 FPU/g substrate). Result showed that the treatment of 25% substrate concentration and 15 FPU/g cellulase substrate produced the highest reducing sugar of 248.3 mg/mL, while the substrate concentration of 35% generated the highest ethanol content i.e 17.7% and recovery about 38.4%. It can be concluded that the high loading substrate method could increase the ethanol concentration made from sengon wood waste.

255-262

Authors: Aam Aminah, Supriyanto, Iskandar Zulkarnaen Siregar dan Ani Suryani

Malapari (Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre) is one of the most potential biodiesel raw materials to be developed in Indonesia. The plant is naturally distributed from Sumatera to Papua. However, oil content and its physico-chemical properties of malapari originated from Java was limitedly known. This study investigates chemical composition of malapari seeds, identifies fatty acid composition of the produced seed oil and characterises physico-chemical properties of malapari oil. Composition of chemical content of malapari seeds was analyzed through proximate analysis. Physico-chemical properties of malapari oil were analyzed using the ASTM test method. Results showed that Batukaras population is the best population to be used as biodiesel raw material source because it has the highest value of oil content. Besides, the Batukaras population has the lowest specific gravity, viscosity and acid value. Malapari oil is dominated by oleic and linoleic fatty acids which are potentially unsaturated fatty acids for biodiesel. Value of fatty acids (oleic and linoleic) and physico chemical properties (specific gravity and calorific value) of pongamia crude oils suggested that the five populations have been eligible for biodiesel feedstock.

289-301

Authors: Jasni, Ratih Damayanti & Rohmah Pari

Natural durability of each bamboo species is different, thus information on natural durability of bamboo species is important for its utilization. This paper investigates the natural resistance of bamboo species against subterranean termites as a basis for species classification. Twenty species of bamboo from various regions in Indonesia (West Java, Banten, the Central of Java, Lampung and Bogor Botanical Garden) were tested against subterranean termites Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren according to SNI 7204-2014. Parameters observed were weight loss percentage of bamboo, survival rate of the termites and degree of attack (subjectively). Results showed that based on the weight loss, three bamboo species could be grouped into resistance class I, five species into class II, three species into class III, seven species as class IV and two species as class V. Based on the survival rate of the termites, one of the bamboo species was classified in class I, four species in class II, one species in class III, 11 species in class IV, and three species in class V. Furthermore, according to the degree of attack, four species were heavily damaged, while 16 species showed moderately damage. From the result, it can be concluded that one species of bamboo namely apus (Gigantochloa apus) has the highest resistance class (class I), and four other species of bamboo namely hitam (G. atroviolacea), kuring (G. kuring), india/tulda (Bambusa tulda) and lemang (Schizostachyum brachycladum), were classified in resistance class II. In the utlization, the five species of bamboo can be used without preservation, while the remaining 15 species of bamboo in resistance class III V should be - preserved before using.

145-153

Authors: Sona Suhartana & Yuniawati

Proper quantity of equipments in timber harvesting should be well planned and managed to obtain efficient time and cost of production. This paper study the proper quantity of timber harvesting equipment in accord with production target. The study was conducted in 2010 at PT Surya Hutani Jaya, East Kalimantan. Data collected from the field consisted of equipment productivities, owners and operating costs, number of equipments, and production plan. The collected data were then averaged, and the effects of equipments on productivity and production cost were analyzed using multiple linear regression. Results reveal that there are excessive and shortage uses of equipments in felling to hauling activities, according to the production plan. The most efficient wood harvesting equipments composition for the correlated production consist of 21 units chainsaws for felling, 9 units excavators for skidding, 10 units loaders, 2 units excavator for unloading and 31 units trucks for hauling. The number of timber harvesting equipments has significant influences on harvesting productivity and production cost.

197-209

Authors: I.M Sulastiningsih, Dian Anggraini Indrawan, Jamal Balfas, Adi Santoso & Mohammad Isa Iskandar

Bamboo is potential as an alternative material to substitute wood. This paper examines the effects of using different resin contents and strand dimensions on the properties of its oriented strand board (bamboo OSB). Tali bamboo (Gigantochloa apus (J.A. & J.H. Schultes) Kurz) was used as raw material in manufacturing the bamboo OSB. Laboratory scale oriented bamboo strand boards were fabricated using each bamboo strand length (7.5, 10, and 15 cm) and glued with liquid phenol formaldehyde adhesive at various resin contents (6, 7 and 8%) of the bamboo strands dry 3w eight. Results show that the average density of fabricated bamboo OSB was 0.75 g/cm. Physical and mechanical properties of bamboo OSB were significantly affected by resin content, except the modulus of elasticity (MOE). Higher resin content gave better physical and mechanical properties of the boards. MOE of bamboo OSB was also significantly affected by the strand length. The longer strand dimension produces boards with higher MOE values. All oriented bamboo strand boards studied meet the Indonesian and Japanese Standard requirements of type 24 particleboard and also meet the British Standard requirements of both Type OSB/2 and Type OSB/3.

221-230

Authors: Mody Lempang

In general, pine resin yield is affected by various factors i.e. pine tree species, growing environment and tapping method. This paper studies pine resin tapping yield by drilling method using HSOstimulant. Tapping point is designed in the depth 2 4 of 4, 6 and 8 cm and sloping 25°. Three stimulant concentrations (0, 15%, 30%) were brushed in the tapping point and the treatments were repeated 10 times. Experimental design based on 3 x 3 factorials in completely randomized design. The first factor is the depth of drilling holes, the second factor is the concentration of HSO stimulant used and reptition of 10 2 4 times. Pine resin yields were analyzed using analysis of variance and further test was conducted by honestly significant difference test. Results show that tapping pine by drilling and stimulant addition produced pine resin between 15.5 to 109.3 g/tree/collection (56.3 g/tree/collection on average) or between 2.6 to 18.2 g/tree/day (9.4 g/tree/day on average). Pine resin yield is significantly influenced by drilling hole depth and HSO stimulant concentrations. The deeper the drilling hole, 2 4 the more pine resin yield, and the higher the concentration of HSO stimulant the higher pine resin yield. Pine resin yield of 2 4 8 cm tapping depth is 65.96% higher than 4 cm tapping depth, and 30% HSO improved the yield by about 56.45%. 2 4 The largest pine resin yield is achieved from tapping point of 8 cm depth and 30% HSO that yiled about 90.7 2 4 g/tree/collection in average.

83-100

Authors: Santiyo Wibowo, Lisna Efiyanti, & Gustan Pari

Biomass resource mainly from forest industries waste such as oil palm empty fruit bunches (TKKS) is abundantly available, Currently, the utilization of TKKS as pyrolysis products is still limited to charcoal product, activated charcoal and charcoal briquettes. On the other hand, research on bio-oil manufacturing from biomass using fast pyrolysis method may increase hydrocarbons and calorific values, however the amount of catalyst used is higher than the biomass. is paper Th observes made data and information on the characteristics of bio-oil from oil palm empty fruit bunches through the addition of a catalyst. The yield 30.27%, pH 2.94, specific gravity 1.068, viscosity 44 cSt Ni/NZA as optimal results ( and calorific value29.38 MJ/kg flame medium category . with in ) were obtained with the addition of 6% catalyst The bio-oil produced dominated by acetic acid, phenol and benzene or toluene and there alkene hydrocarbons was , were also compound, for instance hexadecene and aromatic hydrocarbons naphthalene.

115-122

Authors: Karnita Yuniarti, Efrida Basri, & Abdurachman

It is presumed that the wood susceptibility to drying defects is related to several physical properties. This paper examines the drying defects: honeycombing and deformation of six wood species (trema, fast growing teak, bayur, jabon, angsana and lamtoro) during high temperature drying and analyses their relationship with initial moisture content, T/R shrinkage ratio and density. Terazawa method was used to examine the defect during high temperature drying. Result shows that after high temperature drying, lamtoro suffers the worst honeycombing (level 4-6), and fast growing teak deforms severely (level 4-6). Regression analysis shows multiple regression models using all physical properties as predictors provides better estimation on deformation and honeycombing than single-predictor regression models. The multiple regression model for each defect could explain 57.52% and 39.46% of variation in deformation and honeycombing, respectively.

135-143

Authors: Ina Winarni, Sri Komarayati, & Djarwanto

Currently, bioethanol is one of biofuels which is potentially developed for new and renewable alternative energy. Bioethanol could be fermented from agriculture and forest wastes, with pre-treatment and hydrolysis process before the fermentation. Those process could be carried out by an addition of microbe (yeast). In order to gain greater ethanol content, yeast mixing formulation is crucial to obtain optimum ethanol content. This paper studies the formula of yeast mixing for optimum ethanol production of sengon wood waste. Formulation was conducted by mixing Aspergillus oryzae, Saccharomyces cerevisae, Rhyzopus oryzae and other substances with various treatments. Commercial yeast of 3 – 9% Sacharomyces cerevisae was used as a comparable control. Results showed that 7% yeast mixing was effective to produce 1.569% ethanol content from lignocellulose fermentation. The ethanol content is relatively greater than those of commercial yeast which constitutes of about 0.652% ethanol content.

1-13

Authors: Efrida Basri & Rohmah Pari

Information regarding physical properties of bamboo is essential for interpreting its dimensional stability, while drying properties are needed as a basis in determining the optimum drying temperature. This research was aimed to investigate the effect of bamboo species and position at the culm on physical properties, as well as drying properties of five bamboo species i.e. temen bamboo (Gigantochloa verticillata Munro), ori (Bambusa blumeana Bl. ex Schult.f.), ater (Gigantochloa atter (Hassk.) Kurz ex Munro), ampel (Bambusa vulgaris Schrad.), and peting (Gigantochloa levis (Blanco) Merr.). Physical properties were tested by measuring diameter and thickness of bamboo culms. Determination of drying temperature was carried out in accordance with wood drying method and followed by observing visual defects, i.e. deformation (concave & wrinkle) and end/node split. Assessment results revealed that there were close relationships between green moisture content of bamboo and their density as well as their culm shrinkage. Based on bamboo drying properties (bottom-middle portions), the optimum drying temperatures (initial and final temperature) for o otemen and ori were occurred at 45 70C, ampel and ater were occurred at 40 60C, while the optimum drying – otemperatur e for peting were at 33 50C.

29-42

Authors: Dian Anggraini Indrawan, I.M. Sulastiningsih, Rossi Margareth Tampubolon, Gustan Pari, & Adi Santoso

All kinds of ligno-cellulose fiber stuffs are technically suitable for hardboard manufacture. In Indonesia, currently the available conventional ligno-cellulose fibers (esp. tropical natural-forest woods) become scarce and depleted. Meanwhile, domestic fiberboard-production is lower than its demands. Alternative fibers, abundantly potential and largely still unutilized, should be introduced, e.g. bamboo. Research on bamboo utilization for hardboard has been carried out using two bamboo species i.e. tali bamboo (Gigantochloa apus) and ampel bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris). Each bamboo species was pulped using open hot-soda semi-chemical process. Five proportions of bamboo pulp mixtures were prepared from tali-bamboo pulp and ampel-bamboo pulps i.e: 100%+0%, 75%+25%, 50%+50%, 25%+75%, and 0%+100%. Tannin-resorcinol-formaldehyde (TRF) adhesive was added to each bamboo pulp mixtures at three different resin contents, i.e. 0%, 6% and 8% based on dry weight of the bamboo pulp mixture. Bamboo hardboards were manufactured using wetforming process and the resulted boards were then tested for their physical and mechanical properties. Results showed that addition of TRF (up to 8%) improved hardboard properties. Hardboard made from the ampel-bamboo pulp (100%) produced the highest hardboard quality, as its properties mostly conform with the standards (JIS and ISO) requirements for density, modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR) and internal bond (IB); while hardboards made from tali-bamboo pulp (100%) possessed the lowest quality. Hardboard from tali-bamboo pulp and ampel-bamboo pulp mixture (at 50%+50% and 25% + 75% proportions) afforded the second and third performances. The least prospective tali-bamboo pulp (100%) could expectedly be improved by using more TRF.

53-71

Authors: Jamal Balfas

Currently, commercial wood finish products are predominantly chemical solvent-based, such as melamine formaldehyde and nitrocelulose. Although these products give desirable quality, durable and affordable cost, their volatile organic compounds are detrimental to the environmental and harmful to the health. This paper studies the use of teak extract mixed with shellac as alternative top coat or wood stain. Quality of the alternative formula was tested on tusam and rubber wood by assessing their physical, mechanical and chemical performances in comparison with the commercial products, i.e. melamine formaldehyde (MF) and nitrocellulose (NS). Samples of two wood species were treated by dipping them in various wood finishing solutions. Weight and dimensional changes due to the treatment were determined in wet and dry sample conditions. Results showed that weight and dimensional gains due to dipping treatment were varied according to wood species, grain orientation and finishing solution. Tusam samples possed greater weight and dimensional gains than those of rubber wood samples. All organic finishing formulas were able to protect wood from water intrution, however they were less effective than the commercial MF and NS. Top coat made from the mixture of teak extract and shellac has lower scratch resistance and less resistant against chemical liquids than the commercial MF and NS. Wood stain of teak extract and shellac mixture provided better color value than the commercial wood stain in term of color likeness to the true teak.