Revista Clio América

469-485

Authors: Remedios Catalina Pitre-Redondo, Hugo Gaspar Hernández-Palma, Angela Sierra-Parodi

Today,entrepreneurialactivitiesrepresentoneofthemainsourcesofeconomicgrowthandemploymentcreation.Therefore,itisofgreatimportancetoreviewthemainfactorsthatinfluencetheirsuccessorfailureandhowthetoolsofstrategicdirection can impact your profits. Accordingly, a study was developed, based on the documentary review of articles relatedto the research topic, supported by highly recognized scientific databases. The results provided an overview of thephenomenon of creation and closure of business in Colombia, including progress related to the orange economy sector,recently promoted by the national government. Hence, it is concluded that new entrepreneurs have very particularcharacteristicsthatgenerateadifferentiatingfactorcomparedtoothers,suchastheirage,theirinitiativetowardsinnovation,theuseofnewtechnologies,theinterdisciplinarityoftheirknowledge,amongothers.469ClíoAmérica/ISSN Web 2389-7848/Vol.14,No.28,junio–diciembrede2020

493-503

Authors: Flavio Rafael González-Ayala, Jorge Isaac Lechuga-Cardozo

This article aims to show evidence of the behavior of the trade balance, exports, and imports between the Pacific Alliance -PA and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations -ASEAN comparatively, in the period 2002 to 2018. A quantitative, correlational, descriptive, non-experimental and cross-sectional study was defined. The hypotheses that there are significant differences between the average growth of exports, imports and trade balance of the Pacific Alliance and the average growth of exports, imports and trade balance of ASEAN are accepted. On the contrary, the hypothesis that there are no significant (equal) differences between the average growth of exports and imports of the Pacific Alliance and the average growth of exports and imports of ASEAN is rejected. This does not explain the behavior of the balance of payments since there are significant differences between the growth of exports and imports of PA and ASEAN.

517-530

Authors: Stefany Loren Orcasita-Cordoba, Julieth Lizcano-Prada, Jahir Lombana-Coy

The United Nations Rio Declaration on Environment and Development stands for global recognition of the need for sustainable production and consumption. Since then, Sustainability Standards have grown in number and importance in the marketing of different products, particularly in the agri-food sector. The objective of this is to identify the principal lines of study in the academic literature on Sustainability Standards in agribusiness. For the review, a bibliometrictechnique was used to recognize the connections between articles indexed in the Web of Science database. This analysis resulted in three lines of study in the literature: governance, value chain, and impact measurement of standards on agri-food products such as coffee, bananas, palm oil, and cocoa. This article recognizes the authors who have addressed Sustainability Standards in agribusiness and identifies future lines of research-oriented towards the measurement of impact and contribution to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals; private governance and value chain; and the development of standards by particular actors such as retailers.

541-558

Authors: Cindy Paola Pinzón-Ríos, Ignacio Osuna-Soto, Ernesto Barrera-Duque

Thispaper seeks tounderstand the impact of social media user interactions onluxury makeup brands’strategies.Weused a mixof methodologies.The qualitative method was useful forcontent analysis onTwitter for two monthsof 2016. The quantitative methodapplied a zero-inflated Poissonregression model to determine tweet characteristics related to repliesand an extensive interaction volume. Thisstudy revealsthat the user report was predominant in the consumerjourneyconcerningpre-purchase andpost-purchase, but interactionprevailsat the extremes of the journey.Also, tweetinteraction increaseswith hedonistic values, specifically beauty, butsurprisingly,links and videos within the tweet content undermine interaction.Pragmatically, luxury makeup brand marketers can use these findings to improve marketing strategies andexplore new opportunities forthe consumer journey.

380-389

Authors: Edwin Eduardo Millán-Rojas, Verenice Sánchez-Castillo, Carlos Alberto Gómez-Cano

El presente trabajo desarrolla los fundamentos teóricos del ecoturismo como alternativa de desarrollo social y económico en el mundo globalizado. Se utilizó el método exploratorio descriptivo con el propósito de indagar experiencias significativas en diferentes países, buscando los impactos positivos y negativos del ecoturismo en diferentes contextos. Se logró demostrar la necesidad de acompañar las iniciativas empresariales del ecoturismo con una educación ambiental para mitigar el gasto del recurso ambiental ocasionado por su sobreexplotación. Al final se deja evidencia de los diferentes casos de éxito y problemáticas generadas a partir del desarrollo social y económico ocasionado por el ecoturismo en diferentes comunidades en el mundo, donde se evidencia que a pesar de estar en sitios geográficos distantes, los problemas generalmente son los mismos. Por último, es necesario ampliar a nuevos trabajos en los que se sistematicen las prácticas tangibles de la educación ambiental y cómo esta impacta de manera real en el desarrollo de las comunidades.

401-408

Authors: Eduardo Felipe Vásquez-Barajas, Liliana Marcela Bastos-Osorio, Johanna Milena Mogrovejo-Andrade

The objective of this paper is to design a methodology for the internal assessment of a value chain. The methodology includes a type of quantitative research, a deductive research method and a type of explanatory study. Regarding the results, the methodology designed for the internal assessment focuses on Michael Porter's value chain scheme with its main and support activities in a matrix that allows describing and weighing the relationship of each main activity with each support activity.The proposed matrix locates the 5 main activities on the vertical axis and the 4 support activities on the horizontal axis. It distributes 100 % among the 9 activities as follows: a percentage higher than 50 % for the 5 main activities because they arethe central part of a value chain. The remaining percentage for the support activities since, without them, the main activities would not have support. In conclusion, the design of the proposed methodology for the internal assessment of the value chain makes it possible to identify strong main and support activities as competitiveness advantages or to be improved as weaknesses, as the relations between them.

422-429

Authors: Ender José Barrientos-Monsalve, José Ascensión Cáceres-Caballero, Omaira Mendoza-Ferreira, Lloyd Herberth Morris-Molina, Luz Teresa Berbesi-De Granados

The context of consumers,who followthe market trends or situations ofdifferent countries, haschangedin recent decades. However, border regions,asspecial zones,behave differently from the rest of anycountry.Colombia is no exception; therefore,the purpose of this research is to reveal the experiences of crucialinformants through a case study ofcompanies in Cúcutausinggrounded theory as an interpretive research method.Through the applied instrument, managersrevealed theircurrent situation regardingthe flowingpresence of Venezuelans ascustomers.This flow producedpositive effects on thepharmacy, grocery,and transportationsectors. On the contrary, the healthcare,currencyexchange,and esthetics sectors wereadverselyaffected, whilethere was no variation in the telecommunications and legal advice.

441-453

Authors: María Margarita Tirado-Vides, Lorena Cudris-Torres, Miladys Paola Redondo-Marín, Luz Karine Jiménez-Ruiz

The objective of the article is to establish the relationship between emotional intelligence, organizational climate and occupational stress in workers who provide services in early childhood. A cross-sectional correlational quantitative study was carried out, using non-probabilistic sampling. To recover the data, the occupational stress questionnaires contained in the technical annex of Resolution 2646 were applied, with the emotional intelligence questionnaire "Trait Meta Mood Scale" (TMSS24) and the Organizational Climate Scale (EDCO) to 150 employees. The information was analyzed with the SPSS statistical package, with statistics that made it possible to establish correlations taking into account the type of variableand the measurement scale. The findings indicate that there is a significant correlation between organizational climate and work stress and, surprisingly, there was a trend that the people who identify the best organizational climate are also those who perceive higher levels of work stress. It is concluded that it is necessary to carry out a primary and secondary prevention program where activities are developed aimed at strengthening the emotional intelligence of workers and reducing stress levels. In future investigations, variables such as performance evaluation, leadership and teamwork should be included

232-242

Authors: Rogelio Ladrón de Guevara-Cortés, Gladys Iveth López-Juárez, Rosa Marina Madrid-Paredones

The purpose of this research is to provide preliminary empirical evidence about a set of macroeconomic variables that could explain the behavior of the stock market in Mexico. The variable to explain is represented by the Prices and Quotations Index (IPC by its acronym in Spanish), and the explanatory variables are characterized by the exchange rate Mexican peso –United States dollar, the interest rate and the oil price. The methodology for the empirical analysis includes, first, a correlational study on the variables object of this research; and secondly, univariate (simple linear regression) and multivariate (multiple linear regression) cross-section econometric contrasts which are applied on the aforementioned indicators. The results of this research provide empirical evidence about the influence of two of these macroeconomic variables on the behavior of the Mexican Stock Exchange (BMV by its acronym in Spanish): the exchange rate and the oil price.

255-263

Authors: Kethy Luz Pérez-Correa, Oscar Eduardo Rodríguez-Vega, Belia Elena Linero-Gómez

The purpose of this research is to explore the relationship between post-traumatic stress and entrepreneurial skills and resilience in women victims of armed conflict in 5 municipalities of the department of Magdalena, Colombia. The design of the research is non-experimental, cross-sectional and field-based. The population under study was 241 women victims of the armed conflict and with undertakings in business and social development. In the results was observed that the resilience in the enterprising women of the Magdalena is assumed like the capacity to overcome and to face the adverse situations. On the other hand, it was found that entrepreneurship promotes personal, family and social competitiveness, taking into account collective strategies and teamwork in the community. However, many problems persist to achieve the desired effectiveness. In terms of conclusions, emphasis is placed on the need to coordinate the efforts of various sectors that contribute to improve the conditions of women victims of the armed conflict.

276-286

Authors: Mawency Vergel-Ortega, Luisa Stella Paz-Montes , Jhan Piero Rojas-Suárez

The research follows a mixed approach;and aims to design a structural model that identifies explanatory variables in the process of purchasing crafts and medicinal plant extracts from the Inga community. Using the ethnographic method in qualitative research and using elements of the factorialand correlational design, based on the structural equation model (SEM) of the quantitative approach, instruments are implemented for interviewing, observing and surveying a sample made up of 500 passers-by who consume natural products and 280 members of the Inga community in the municipality of Cúcuta-Colombia. The results allow us to identify emerging categories such as participatory territorial planning, context, equality of rights, sustainable production, organization, research and innovation, marketing, training as a natural investment, as well as, within an environmental investment, factors of human talent capacity, use of ancestral practices, social factors, product, affection, technology;all of which affect consumer behavior as an irruption of the social order. It is concluded that,from the logit model,the cultural representation influenced by the consumer's behavior of products in the offer of the tribes is identified.

298-307

Authors: Johana Milena Mogrovejo-Andrade, Sheyla Vanessa Herrera-Martínez, Lissette Gabriela Maldonado-Niño, Nelson Emilio García-Torres

This research starts from the macro project "Competitiveness bets of the coffee sector agro-tourism route of the Gramalote Norte de Santander municipality". This project is being carried out by the Francisco de Paula Santander University with the National Federation of Coffee Growers. It is intended to identify the increasing participation of tourism in the Colombian economy and to be the driving force behind the regional and national economy. Markets have started to venture into new business models due to new trends, where the main option is focused on different tourism types, as a booster for countries' economy.Therefore, it is proposed to identify the contribution of the tourism sector in the national economy. It is developed an investigation with a descriptive approach, applied with documentary design and a theoretical revision. The results obtained show that,according to the report of the economic indicators, the tourism sector in Colombia has increased by 150%, proving its considerable participation. In conclusion, tourism is an economic engine and a significant income reference for the country from diversification in tourist destinations for competitiveness.

144-156

Authors: Lissette Gabriela Maldonado- Niño, Gladys Katherine Collantes- Miranda, Liliana Marcela Bastos- Osorio

The article presents results of the research Dynamic capacities of learning in the competitiveness of companies of the ceramic sector in Cucuta; "Zuligres company", identifying the different levels of learning that develops an organization in changing environments and how it affects the organization. The study is descriptive, documentary and field, where competitive positioning is analyzed and dynamic learning capacities are identified, focused on market needs To strengthen the relationship with the client. As for the identification of the level of learning of Zuligres and of the Sector, according to the article the four floors of the learning of the author José Maria Mendoza in the No 1 level assimilative and tacit. The analysis of the learning resource in the company Arcillas Zuligres showed that the factor "dialogue", the factor "share knowledge", "participatory decision making" and "risk taking" showed the lowest score in the evaluation and therefore must be taken as inputs to generate the proposal. Finally, we proceeded to identify the dynamic learning capabilities to promote strategic actions that support the results expected by the company.

172-183

Authors: Alex José Lama-Acosta, Martha Cecilia Ucros-Berrio, Harold Silva-Guerra

Talking about food trucks in Barranquilla, is almost like talking about the past, due to the peculiarity that characterizes the Barranquilleros to take up food as something fashionable, as well as to all the things that revolved around the phenomenon of food trucks in the city. This business model, as it is really conceived in the big capitals of the world, that is, in an itinerant and mobile way, the city is practically extinct. Unable to move freely through the streets, due to legal restrictions, the food trucks business moved to food trucks, parking lots enabled to sell food, in which the prices of the rent per square meter exceeded considerably the price of a lease in a shopping center and which demanded a high income premium to enter; without guaranteeing a number of customers per day and without giving the owners of the food trucks the freedom to sell what they wanted, because if there was already a pizza business in the square there could not be another pizza. In addition, it was not easy for people with no experience and little capital of a quality kitchen in a space of 2x2, it was a model that was destined to fail.

198-211

Authors: Jeniffer Tatiana Orozco-Sánchez, Adriana Castro-Rivera, Gerardo Martínez-Díaz

Risk management is a systematic and proactive process that provides organizations with a set of strategies designed to identify potential events that can negatively impact the fulfillment of institutional objectives. This article evaluates the level of criticality of the initial risk in the contribution management process of the Caja de Compensación Familiar Cf from the NTC ISO 31000: 2011 perspective. Through documentary analysis, direct observation and brainstorming as an interview modality, 35 specific causes of 9 potential risks were identified, as well as the possible effects that the corporation could face. The results indicate that it is convenient to apply the NTC ISO 31000 methodology to estimate the magnitude of the risks to which the Caja de Compensación Familiar Cf is exposed, which can demonstrate that (i) it increases the probability of achieving the proposed objectives by properly administering the risks and (ii) it allows to prevent economic, information or reputational losses associated with the materialization of negative events on the organization, improving the efficiency and operational efficiency. This study could be used as a reference to manage risks in any organization, regardless of its nature or size.

224-236

Authors: William José Moscarella-Brito, Elis Beatriz Vásquez-Sánchez, Danny Daniel López-Juvinao

The purpose of the research was to analyze the solidary economy in the local development of the municipality of Maicao, La Guajira Colombia. Methodologically, it corresponds to the descriptive type, with a non-experimental, transectional design. The population consisted of 90 cooperatives of the business sector studied, the reporting units for this research by ninety general managers of the evaluated cooperatives, that is, a general manager surveyed by each cooperative. A survey was designed to measure the variable, determining the validity of it, through the criterion of five experts in the matter and the reliability using the Cronbach coefficient, yielding a value of 0.90 and placing it in the range of values ​​of a reliability very high. It is concluded that the companies establish cooperation modalities that provide competitive advantages, adopting a growing environment, also, that the strategies in the productive chains of the sector, emphasize a positive tendency when noting that the drastic changes of the nature of the business are taken into account, in the construction of their organizational tools.

255-267

Authors: Gloria Elena Estrada-Cely, Verenice Sánchez-Castillo, Carlos Alberto Gómez-Cano

The current crisis of sustainable development in terms of credibility and effect, with notorious environmental and cultural impacts, is a necessary reflection from contextual disciplines such as bioethics, which allow to rescue the anthropic component (rational and emotional) of the principle, without ignoring its other structural components: environmental and economic, the latter with a historical predominance that has conferred an economistic bias on the decisions taken from this context, and that have blurred the purpose of the principle as guarantor of quality of a good future life. With the research, which started from the deep bibliographical analysis by using general referents of the grounded theory, it was intended to identify the philosophical position that should guide the approach of the Bioethical analysis of Sustainable Development, placing it in the weak anthropocentrism or humanisms, from where rescues the importance of the human species without ignorance of the moral duty of consideration of the other forms of life that populate the planet, and the need for its future preservation in welfare conditions.

8-24

Authors: Zoe Elisabeth Estévez-Torres, Juan Eduardo Rocafuerte-González

In recent years, tax collection in the province Santa Elena has had a gradual increase, due to proper administration of the collection management by the entity of control —Internal Revenue Service (SRI) — and reforms implemented in recent time. However, the amount raised by the sanctions maintained a rising trend. In addition, is the level of preparedness of citizens in tax matters, which promotes an analysis of training activities that have been offered by the Internal Revenue Service and assert that tax training does not reach the ordinary citizen because the in Situ trainings are held in the main districts of the provinces of Ecuador. The research analyzes the incidence of tax awareness in the collection of taxes in the province of Santa Elena, from a qualitative methodology and a exploratory-descriptive approach, and proposes a methodological guide to train educators on tax issues in partnership with unions of the town, as a strategy to achieve an improvement in decision making about issues encountered in the community and to contribute to the formation and development of public awareness, important training for all those who decide to start a business.

39-51

Authors: Jonnathan López-Hurtado, Francisca Rojas-Santoyo, Lucy Carolina Elizalde-Bobadilla

The purpose of this work is to develop a theoretical and practical proposal for the analysis of innovation that, in organizations, can be generated by alternative or different routes to Research and Development (R&D). Based on an exploratory study with a qualitative approach, the theoretical bases on non-R&D innovation are proposed, in which activities, capacities, and mechanisms are considered to establish an interaction with the internal and external environment. Subsequently, in a fieldwork phase in the leather goods and footwear sector in Bogotá, Colombia, the application of theoretical assumptions in the organizational reality was validated, finding recognition of knowledge, technology, and design activities, as sources of innovation. In contrast, a low perception about associativity was found as an input for the generation or incorporation of innovation.

62-72

Authors: Carolina Panche-Vidales, Sandra Patricia Rojas-Berrio, Óscar Javier Robayo-Pinzón

Service is one of the fundamental axes of any organization which is continuously being evaluated by costumers, generating in them relational links of short, medium or long term. For insurance sector this scenario is relevant also, as the customers’ experiences are unique and one-off moments of service where empathy has an important role in making a difference; therefore, this work has as purpose to evaluate the fundamental premises of the Service-dominant logic with experts in automobile insurance in Colombia, seeking to identify the premises with the highest impact and to construe the co-creation and perceived value concepts from their perspectives. The methodological approach is made from Delphi method, a technique based on questions about the vision of the future, where insurance experts provide their opinions until they reach consensus and congruence on what can be prospected for the insurance sector. The main findings show that the sector can provide a better service by investing in technological developments, whereby the processes be agile and clear regarding the coverage acquired, and permanently accompany their insured.

87-97

Authors: Vladimir Balza-Franco

This article compares salary levels and additional factors to the salary that is paid in some Latin American countries and their relationship with national competitiveness policies. Based on the available data and the author’s judgment, cases of development of deregulation policies of labor laws in force in Colombia are analyzed, as a strategy drawn up by the national government to improve the country’s competitive position. By contrasting variables such as minimum wage, multidimensional poverty index, Gini inequality index and competitiveness index in Latin American countries, with similar indicators from advanced countries in Europe such as Sweden and Germany, and the analysis of their system with regard to the legal wage, it is concluded that there is no apparent correlation between the decrease in the wages of the working class and the increase in the country’s competitiveness.