Journal of Exercise, Sports & Orthopedics

4

Authors: Joel Thomas* , Robert Grant Jagger and Andrew Curran

Objectives: The objective of this cross-sectional study is to assess the prevalence of facial, oral and dental injuries and frequency of mouth guard use amongst British Men’s National Division 1 water polo players. Material and methods: All National League Division 1 water polo club squads were included in the study. Participants were asked to complete a questionnaire that sought information regarding injuries and mouth guard use. Results: One hundred and sixteen completed questionnaires were returned (87% response rate). Ninety four percent of subjects reported having experienced at least one facial, oral or dental injury whilst playing water polo. Of the injuries sustained, those to the lips and tongue were the most prevalent (84.5%). Facial injuries were also common. Forty percent of those injured, reported having sustained at least one dental injury, of which tooth fracture was the most common. More than seventy percent believed that mouth guards were effective at preventing injury but mouth guards were worn regularly when playing by only 8 respondents. Conclusions: It was concluded that facial, oral and dental injuries were very common. Seventy percent believed that mouth guards were effective at preventing injury but mouth guards were worn regularly during matches by few respondents. Keywords: Dental trauma; Facial injury; Water polo

7

Authors: Wayne L. Westcott*, Kim Puhala, Amanda Colligan, Rita LaRosa Loud and Robert Cobbett4

Approximately 30% of elementary school children are overweight or obese, and approximately 50% do not meet the minimum recommendations for physical activity. In an attempt to address these issues, an innovative before-school exercise program called BOKS (Build Our Kid’s Success) was introduced in Massachusetts, and is presently implemented in more than 1,200 schools throughout the United States and other countries. The BOKS program provides 50 minutes of large muscle physical activity, 3 days a week, performed through a variety of locomotor movements, running games, relays, body weight exercises, and dynamic stretches. The purpose of this study was to assess 81 BOKS physical activity program participants (46 males, 35 females; mean age 7.6 years) and 31 control subjects (24 males, 7 females; mean age 8.7 years) for changes in height, bodyweight, percent body fat, fat weight, lean weight, muscle strength, joint flexibility, and aerobic performance before and after a 9-week training period. Even when controlling for gender, age, and baseline measurements, the exercise group attained significantly greater improvements (P < 0.05) than the control group in percent body fat, fat weight, and aerobic performance. It was concluded that the BOKS before-school exercise program was effective for improving specific health and fitness components in elementary-aged children. Recommendations for improving the exercise program outcomes were presented. Keywords: Youth fitness; Preadolescent exercise; Children’s physical activity program

9

Authors: Bertrand Guilloux and Bertrand Baron*

The aim of this study was to analyse pacing strategy and emotional regulation during intermittent 3-min runs. 127 school participants performed 2 exhaustive intermittent 3-min runs at different days. The effort, the pleasure, the desire to continue, the desire to stop and the level of resources were measured every 100m with Likert scales from 0 to 10. The CONTROL group was asked to realize 2 runs as fast as possible without any other consign. The RPE group was asked to realise the first run with the same consign but has to start the second run at a minimal RPE level corresponding to the average RPE of the first run. For this, subjects were asked to self-select the intensity which induced the expected RPE. Then, exercise is totally self-paced. The strategy, which consists in a slow start with an increase of speed at the end, could be observed, for each test of each group. Fluctuations of running intensities exist, except during the second run of the RPE group. An important emotional reserve was observed in each condition. But this reserve was lower during the second run for the RPE group, contributing to the increase in performance during the second run for the RPE group (+13.5%), whereas it was not significantly different for the CONTROL group. For each group and each test, effort, affective balance and desire to stop significantly increased between the first and the last repetition, whereas pleasure, desire to continue and available resources significantly decreased during running. The most important observation is that the emotional pattern corresponded to a linear evolution in each condition whereas exercise is self-paced. This highlights that emotional regulation is a part of pacing strategy. Finally, we define the motivation to pursue a tired exercise as the level of acceptance of effort. We propose that the ratio between the desire to continue and the level of effort could be considered as a good marker of the motivation in this context. Keywords: Pacing strategy; Emotions; Motivation; Perceived exertion