Journal of Exercise, Sports & Orthopedics

6

Authors: Margaret T. Jones* and Brook L. Skidmore

Resistance-exercise training improves self-concept in adolescents and adults, while middle childhood (8-10 year) remains understudied. The purpose was to analyze if physical self-perceptions would change following 12-week of resistance exercise. Boys (n = 11, 9.0 ± 0.9 year) and girls (n = 13, 9.3 ± 0.7 year) were randomly assigned by sex into control (CON, n = 12) or experimental (EXP, n = 12) groups. Week 1 pre-testing consisted of the Physical Self-Perception Profile for Children (C-PSPP), which contains 6 subscales: Global General Self-Worth (GSW), Global Physical Self-Worth (PSW), Perceived Sport Competence (SPORT), Perceived Bodily Attractiveness (BODY), Perceived Physical Strength (STRENGTH), Perceived Level Of Physical Conditioning (CONDITION). After familiarization, the EXP received 12-week of resistance exercise 2 days/week. Each exercise session consisted of: 5-min warm up, 5-min static stretching, 25-min resistance exercise, 5-min cool down, and 5-min static stretching. C-PSPP post-testing occurred after completion of the training program. A 2 x 2 repeated measures multivariate analyses of variance was used. Bonferroni pairwise post hoc analyses examined differences in the C-PSPP subscales. Alpha level was p < 0.05. CON and EXP C-PSPP pretests were not different (p > 0.05). A C-PSPP post-test interaction (p = 0.037) existed between CON and EXP. Post hoc analyses showed gains (p < 0.05) for EXP in all subscales. Only SPORT improved for the CON group (p = 0.02). Regular resistance exercise improved all subscale scores, not just STRENGTH, in the EXP. Children who participate in resistance-exercise training display enhanced physical self-perceptions, and may have an increased awareness of their own levels of physical conditioning and strength. Keywords: Health; Fitness; Middle childhood; Psychosocial; Strength

8

Authors: Sébastien Duc*, Ahlem Arfaoui, Guillaume Polidori, William Bertucci

During cycling exercise, at least 75% of energy expended is wasted as heat or used to maintain homeostasis regard to the consistent value of Gross Efficiency (GE), Net Efficiency (NE) and Delta Efficiency (DE) reported in the literature (18 - 26%). Therefore, it would be assumed that potential link exists between cycling efficiency and thermoregulation process. Skin temperature of two lower limb muscle’s group (quadriceps and calves) detected by infrared camera and cycling efficiency parameters determined by gas exchanges analysis were measured during a graded exercise test until exhaustion in seven trained young cyclists. Unlike to GE (median (interquartile range) 19.8 (2.0)%) and NE (22.4 (3.3)%), DE (26.1 (2.7)%) was significantly inverse correlated (r = -0.821; p = 0.034) with relative (-8.6 (1.9)%) changes in skin temperature over VL when power output increases from 100 to 300 W. These results suggested that even if GE and NE were unrelated to the thermoregulation effectiveness, DE seems to be higher in cyclists who showed the highest variation of skin temperature over the quadriceps muscle. Keywords: Thermography; Delta efficiency; Cycling; Incremental test

7

Authors: Bell W*, Colley JP, Evans WD, Darlington SE, Cooper SM and Cobner DM

Aim: The function of the present study was to identify differences between individual playing positions in bone mineral content, fat mass, and lean tissue mass, in the arms, trunk and legs of young adult Rugby Union football players who carried the ACTN3 gene. Subjects and methods: A cross-sectional case control study was carried out using a candidate gene approach (n=55). Individuals belonged to a homogeneous group of players relative to age, gender, ability, and ethnicity. Players were allocated to their preferred playing position. These were the front row (n=14), second and back rows (n=16), scrum and outside-half (n=11), and centres, wings and fullbacks (n=14). A 5 ml sample of saliva was obtained from each player and specimens stored at 4o C until buccal cell DNA extraction was carried out. Height was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm and body mass to the closest 0.1 kg. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was measured using a Hologic QDR Discovery fan beam model. Statistical analyses were undertaken using ANOVA, ANCOVA and MANOVA. Results: The study sample comprised 22% RR, 60% RX, and 18% XX genotypes of the ACTN3 gene respectively. Players in the second and back rows were significantly taller than other positions. Body mass differences, were significantly greater in forwards than backs. There were non-significant differences between positions in adjusted bone mineral content or adjusted lean tissue mass. Adjusted fat mass reflected differences between left and right arms, but not left and right legs. Conclusion: At a developmental level of performance, an understanding and practical application of the structural, physiological and body composition characteristics of individual players, will facilitate personal and team accomplishment, efficiency of training and conditioning, and nurture the potential of young adult players. Keywords: Playing position; ACTN3 gene; Body composition

8

Authors: Somayeh Sadat Tavafzadeh, Foong Kiew Ooi*, Chee Keong Chen and Siti Amrah Sulaiman

Purpose: To investigate the effects of combined jumping exercise and honey supplementation on bone metabolism and antioxidant status in female rats. Methods: Forty eight 12-week old Sprague Dawley female rats were divided into four groups: control group (C), honey group (H), jumping group (J), and combined jumping and honey group (JH). Jumping exercise consisted of 40 jumps/day for 5 days/week at a height of 40 cm. Honey was given to the rats at a dosage of 1 g/kg body weight/rat/day via force feeding for 7 days/week. At the end of the study, tibial proximal volumetric total Bone Mineral Density (BMD) and volumetric trabecular BMD, serum total calcium, serum Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) (bone formation marker), serum C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 procollagen (1CTP) (bone resorption marker), serum F2 -isoprostanes (oxidative stress marker) and serum Total Antioxidant Status (TAS) were measured. Results: There were no significant differences in tibial proximal volumetric total BMD and volumetric trabecular BMD among all the groups. Eight weeks of jumping exercise and honey supplementation resulted in statistically significant higher serum total calcium concentration in JH group as compared to C, H and J groups (p < 0.05). Serum ALP was significantly higher in J group as compared to C group (p < 0.05). On the other hand, serum 1CTP was significantly lower in JH as compared to the other three experimental groups. The concentration of F2 -isoprostanes was not statistically different among all the groups. Serum TAS was significantly higher in JH and H groups as compared to C group (p < 0.05) respectively. Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that 8 weeks of jumping exercise and honey supplementation significantly reduced bone resorption and enhanced antioxidant status, but did not seem to elevate oxidative stress marker. Keywords: Bone metabolism markers; Antioxidant status; Jumping exercise; Honey supplementation; Rats

4

Authors: Vani Sabesan*, Daniel J Lombardo, Vinay Sharma and Tom Valikodath

Objectives: Participation in extreme sports has been rapidly increasing in the United States. These sports are associated with a significant risk of injury and even mortality. Hip and knee dislocations represent high impact injuries with potentially serious complications if not treated promptly. There is currently little literature describing the epidemiology of these injuries in extreme sports. The purpose of this investigation is to evaluate the incidence rates of hip and knee dislocations in 7 popular extreme sports using a publicly available database. Methods: The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System was used to determine estimated numbers of hip and knee dislocations in 7 extreme sports, from 2007-2012. The Outdoor Foundation data was used to determine participation in these sports. Incidence rates for the various injuries were calculated. Results: There were 9,369.30 estimated knee dislocations and 742.02 estimated hip over this study period. The incidence rates of knee and hip dislocations for all seven sports were 29.12 and 2.09 per 1 million person-year. These injuries were more common among males, and most occurred in participants between 10-19 years old. Snow skiing and snowboarding had the highest rates of knee and hip dislocations respectively. Conclusions: This study provides baseline data for hip and knee dislocations in participants of extreme sports. These injuries occurred most commonly in males and 10-19 year olds. Awareness of these injuries among extreme sports participants is important as they represent serious injuries, with potentially devastating complications if not managed promptly and properly. Keywords: Extreme sports; hip dislocations; knee dislocation; epidemiology

5

Authors: Carlos I De la Fuente*, Hugo Henríquez, Rodrigo Ramírez-Campillo, Mauricio Delgado, Claudio Chamorro, Sebastian Ruidiaz, Christian Campos and Giovanni Carcuro

Shin splint injury usually takes several weeks to recover. We determine the effect of cushioned shoes with anatomical insole on impact, over pronation and mechanical strategy to impact during running in 10 k runners, over pronators, rear foot initial contact and unilateral recurrent shin splint respect bare foot running before sport return. Fourteen runners with recurrent shin splint who underwent standardized physical therapy were included. We compared by one tailed paired t-test the variables impact, rear foot over pronation angle in midstance and mechanical strategy to impact during barefoot running condition with anatomical insole and cushioned shoes running condition (α=0.05 and 1-β=80%). The impact was reduced from 6.893 g to 6.600 g (95% CI: 6.513 g-6.686 g, p<0.001) using cushioned shoes with anatomical insole condition respect barefoot running condition. The over pronation angle in midstance was reduced from 18.50° to 16.21° (95% CI: 14.29°-18.13°, p = 0.011) using cushioned shoes with anatomical insole condition respect barefoot running condition. The mechanical strategy to impact analyzed by cross correlation coefficient between cushioned shoes with anatomical insole condition with barefoot running condition was 0.77 (95% CI: 0.74-0.81, p<0.001). Running with cushioned shoes with anatomical insole in subjects with unilateral recurrent shin splint before return sport attenuates the impact and reduces over pronation. But, doesn´t change the mechanical strategy to impact. Keywords: Shin splint; Running, Impact, Iso-inertial accelerometer

6

Authors: Lee Herrington* and Allan Munro

Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the criterion validity of a novel qualitative assessment scheme to assess limb alignment during single leg loading activities. Design and setting: Observational laboratory study Main outcome measures: Performance of 5 participant’s single leg squat and hop landing was assessed using 3-D motion capture and the findings of this compared to the qualitative scoring scheme. Results: The range of percentage of agreement between the qualitative and 3-D score was for all subjects across both tasks 95.6- 100%. The kappa measure of agreement was k = 0.9 for hop landing and k = 0.97 for single leg squat. Conclusion: The scores generated by the qualitative scoring scheme used showed excellent association with the corresponding data from 3-D motion capture, implying the measurement tool shows criterion validity. Keywords: Assessment; Lower limb; Movement

7

Authors: Danica D. Vance*, Liyong Wang, Evadnie Rampersaud, Bryson P. Lesniak, Jeffery M. Vance, Margaret A. Pericak-Vance and Lee D. Kaplan

Purpose: We hypothesize that molecular changes leading to Osteoarthritis (OA) occur soon after a meniscal tear and long before the manifestation of OA. We sought to characterize the gene expression profile in synovial fluid at different time points following a meniscal tear with a focused examination on inflammatory and arthritis related genetic markers. Methods: Synovial fluid was collected from 8 male patients (24~48yrs old) with evidence of meniscal injury on Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Illumina humanht-12 microarray and RNA-Seq were used to characterize gene expression profile in cell pellets and supernatant, respectively. Unsupervised clustering analysis was performed to identify patterns of gene expression profile among samples. Metacore was utilized to perform pathway analysis. T-tests with False Discovery Rate (FDR) corrections were used to compare subset of genes among individuals. Results: Individuals with short injury duration (< 2 months) had distinct expression signatures than the rest, in both cell pellet and supernatant analyses. In the cell pellets, among genes previously linked to inflammatory or arthritic conditions, IL 1B, IL1RN, ILF2, NFKB1, IL10RB, IL18BP, ILF3, IL13RA, BMP2K and IL10RB were significantly upregulated (adjusted p < 0.05) in individuals with long duration compared to individuals with shorter injury duration in the microarray analysis. In the cell-free supernatant, 764 RNA species were identified and 65 RNA species were down-regulated and 78 RNA species were up-regulated (FDR < 0.05) in individuals with short compared to individuals with long injury duration. The most differentially expressed gene in the supernatant is SLC2A9 (P = 1.2x10-13; FDR = 9.6x10-11). In the cell pellet, the top 5% expressed genes are enriched for inflammatory and cytoskeleton remodeling pathways. Among them LAIR 1, TMSB4X, CCR6, IL18 and IL10; all have been implicated in arthritic conditions. Conclusions: Molecular changes contributing to OA development occur earlier than previously described and potentially evolve or change over time. Clinical Relevance: Our data suggest the potential for early interventions to halt detrimental molecular changes following meniscal injury, thereby reducing the susceptibility of patients to OA following a meniscal tear. Keywords: Meniscus; Meniscal tear; Gene expression; Synovial fluid; Microarray; Osteoarthritis

7

Authors: Nilza Aparecida de Almeida Carvalho*, Simoni Bittar, Bruna Eriko Matsuda Marangoni and Cláudio Santili

The reduction in Bone Mineral Density is important during the ageing process because it can be a potential manifestation of osteoporosis. Aim: The objective was to assess the impact of exercise on bone mineral density in women. Materials and Methods: This research was conducted under the supervision of a physical therapist focused on the bone mineral density of ageing women. One hundred women, 60 years of age or older, were included in the study and underwent bone mineral density evaluation before and after administering two types of exercise. Results: Only 58.8% of the participants had undergone bone mineral density evaluation at some time before the study, and 74.4% were sedentary. No significant difference was found between vertebral and femoral bone mineral density before and after the intervention in both groups. No correlation was found between the evolution of bone mineral density and the age of menarche. Conclusion: Exercise, with or without supervision, also helped to maintain bone mineral density in postmenopausal women, who would have a natural tendency to experience bone mineral density loss. Keywords: Osteoporosis; Motor activity; Bone mineral density; Exercise; Muscle stretching exercises; Resistance training

2

Authors: Gennady Kolodenker*, Michael Heaslet and David Yang

This article is a case presentation of a rare finding in tendon injuries. Atraumatic extensor hallucis longus tendon rupture with surgical repair and recovery. Patients do well with primary repair of the tendon. Keywords: Atraumatic Extensor Hallucis Longus Rupture; Spontaneous Tear

5

Authors: Claudia Puzzoni Volpato, Marco Aurélio Nemitalla Added, Graziella Candido de Paula X. Richter, Valter Tanaka, Nilza Aparecida Almeida de Carvalho and Diego Galace de Freitas

Low back pain (LBP) is one of the principal causes of incapacity. One treatment approach for this pathology involves segmental stabilization. The iliopsoas muscle is also considered a potential stabilizer of the lumbar spine. Objective: To compare the effects of stretching and strengthening of the iliopsoas muscle associated with segmental stabilization versus stabilization alone, in the treatment for LBP. Methods: Fourteen patients were randomized into three groups. The first group was given only segmental stabilization training (ST); the second was submitted to ST and stretching of the iliopsoas muscle (ST-Stretch), and the third was given ST and strengthening of the iliopsoas (ST-Strength). Results: The group ST (p = 0.006) and ST-Strength (p=0.092) showed significant improvement in the VAS scale. The extension flexibility showed statistically significant improvement in the group ST- strength group (p=0.038). Conclusion: ST alone, or associated with strengthening of the iliopsoas, proved more effective for improving lumbar pain and flexibility compared to ST Stretch. Keywords: Low Back Pain; Lumbar Spine; Stability; Psoas Muscle

10

Authors: Pinheiro Pedro Carlos

Treatment of tuberculosis remains controversial to date as it comprises a serious public health problem issue. Over the last 50 years, many empirical therapeutic compositions have been made. Throughout the world, immunodeficiency virus infection entails one of the diseases responsible for the increase in the number of cases in children. Its eradication has not been effected. Some works on spine tuberculosis (involving from 25% to 60% of cases) in children, support the conservative method, while others prefer surgical procedures. The purpose of this study is to investigate treatment results in children displaying skeletal osteoarticular tuberculosis manifestations, using the modern multidrug chemotherapy treatment protocol and cast immobilization. Methods: The research was performed based on a study of the records of a conservative series of 94 patients diagnosed with osteoarticular tuberculosis. The sample enclosed in the study was that of children with pure bone tuberculosis or associated with other tuberculosis foci. All the patients were treated by our department´s standard protocol, based on antituberculous drugs (rifampicim, isoniazid, pyrazinamide and ethambutol) plus cast immobilization. Statistical analysis was performed by means of a “one-way” study of variance and Kruskal-Wallis (nonparametric test). Tukey`s test was also used as well as the chi-square X2 or the Fisher accuracy test at a 5% level. Results: A satisfactory result was obtained with conservative treatment (antituberculous drugs and cast immobilization) using our department´s standard protocol. Significant relationship exists between the affected site and the age (p=0.012). The hip group showed a significant higher average age than the affected thoracic and lumbar spine group. A Significant relationship was observed between the affected hip and time in cast (p=0.0001). This means that the hip group presented a median time in cast significantly lower than the affected thoracic and lumbar spine group. There is no significant difference in follow-up time (p=0.54) between the hip, the thoracic and the lumbar spine. Conclusions: After analyzing the therapy method based on antituberculous drugs and plaster cast immobilization, we conclude that employment of the standard protocol treatment, together with modern multidrug chemotherapy and cast were operational, justifiable and productive; it can also be used as an alternative therapeutic procedure for this specific disease. Keywords: Tuberculosis; Bone tuberculosis; Cast immobilization Level of evidence: Level – I Therapeutic Studies-Investigating the results of treatment Prognostic Studies.