Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine

464-469

Authors: Ramadoss Karthikeyan, PannemVenkatesh, Nesepogu Chandrasekhar

Objective: To evaluate the pharmacognostic parameters of the leaves of Abutilon indicum (Linn.) Sweet which will assist in standardization, quality assurance, purity and sample identification of the species. Methods: The pharmacognostic studies were carried out in terms of organoleptic, microscopic, powder microscopic, leaf constants and fluorescence analysis. Results: Macroscopic study showed that the leaf shape -cordate, Size -2-4 cm long, Colour - Green, Odour -Characteristic, Taste -Characteristic, Surface - Smooth, Apex -Acute to acuminate, Lamina-Simple, Cordate, Reticulate, Dentate, Margin-Crenate-Dentate. The microscopic features of leaves were observed as covering trichomes, glandular trichome, vascular bundles, crystals, stomata ,mucilage secretory cells adaxial epidermis, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll and lateral vein. Further the study was evaluated leaf constants, powder microscopy and fluorescence study of leaf powder. Conclusion: Various pharmacognostic characters observed in this study help in the identification and standardization of Abutilon indicum (Linn.) Sweet.

477-483

Authors: Md. Sarfaraj Hussain, Sheeba Fareed, Mohammad Ali

Objective: A simple, accurate, and rapid high-performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method for simultaneous quantification of the two biologically active flavonoidal compounds, gallic acid and quercetin, in Hygrophila auriculata (K. Schum) Heine (HA) has been established and validated. Methods: Chromatography was performed on aluminium foil-backed silica gel 60 F254 HPTLC plates with the binary mobile phase toluene: ethyl acetate: formic acid (5:4:1, v/v/v). Ultraviolet detection was performed densitometrically at the maximum absorbance wavelength, 270nm. The method was validated for precision, recovery, robustness, specificity, and detection and quantification limits, in accordance with ICH guidelines. Results: The system was found to give compact spots for gallic acid (GA) and quercetin (QE) (Rf value of 0.31 and 0.50, respectively). The limit of detection (23 and 41 ng band-1) limit of quantification (69 and 123 ng band-1), recovery (99.4-99.9 and 98.7-99.4%), and precision (i.e ≤1.98 and 1.97) were satisfactory for gallic acid and quercetin respectively. Linearity range for GA and QE were 100-1000 (r2= 0.9991) and 150-900 ng band-1 (r2= 0.9956) and the contents estimated as 0.28±0.01% and 0.41±0.01% w/w respectively. Conclusions: This simple, precise and accurate method gave good resolution from other constituents present in the extract. The method has been successfully applied in the analysis and routine quality control of herbal material and formulations containing Hygrophila auriculata (K. Schum) Heine.

488-493

Authors: Pramod V. Pattar, M. Jayaraj

Objective: An efficient reproducible protocol has been developed for in vitro regeneration of plantlets from leaf and nodal explants of Aristolochia indica L. Methods: Wild grown plants Aristolochia indica L. were collected and grown in the departmental garden. Leaf and nodal segments (0.5-1.0 cm) from young healthy plants were first washed thoroughly under running tap water for 15 - 20 minutes and then treated with liquid detergent [5% (v/v) Tween-20] for 5-10 minutes. Later these explants were washed with double-distilled water for 5 minutes. Subsequently, explants were immersed in 70% (v/v) ethanol for 2 - 3 minutes and washed with sterile glass double distilled water for 2-3 times. Eventually, the explants were treated with an aqueous solution of 0.1% (w/v) HgCl2 for 1 - 2 minutes and rinsed for two-to-three times in sterile ddH 2O to remove all traces of HgCl2. The sterilized explants were inoculated aseptically onto solid basal Murashige and Skoog’s medium with different concentrations and combinations of BAP and NAA for in vitro regeneration of plants. Results: Both leaf and nodal explants cultured on MS medium supplemented with 0.8 mg/L BAP developed into mass of callus. These calli were subcultured for the induction of shoots and roots. Shoots were induced from both calli on MS medium supplemented with 0.8 mg/L BAP+0.5 mg/L NAA. Roots were induced from in vitro shoots on MS medium supplemented with 0.8 mg/L NAA for 4 weeks. Nodal explants were more regenerative with 95 % response compared to leaf explants with 85%. Finally, these in vitro regenerated plantlets were hardened, acclimatised and successfully transferred to the field. Conclusions: The present protocol for in vitro regeneration of Aristolochia indica L. can be used to make this plant available throughout the year for traditional healers, pharmaceutical usages, germplasm conservation, commercial cultivation, and also for the production of secondary metabolites.

501-505

Authors: Deenanath Jhade, Sachin Jain, Ankit Jain, Praveen Sharma

Objective: Pharmacognostic Screening and evaluate the in-vitro free radical scavenging activity of roots Acacia leucophloea. Methods: Pharmacognostic Standardization, Physico-chemical evaluation of the roots of Acacia leucophloea was carried out to determine its macro-and microscopical characters and also some of its quantitative standards. Microscopical studies were done by using trinocular microscope. Microscopically, root showed cork, cortex, stellar region and calcium oxalate crystals. Petroleum ether, ethanol, aqueous extracts of Acacia leucophloea were prepared, with successive extraction in soxhlet apparatus. Each extract was selected to study the free radical scavenging activity by superoxide scavenging assay method. Results: It was found that aqueous extract contained carbohydrates, glycosides amino acids flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, steroids; ethanolic extract contained glycosides amino acids flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, steroids. Ethanolic extract of Acacia leucophloea shows maximam inhibition in superoxide scavenging model. Aqueous extract also showed almost similar activity compared to ethanolic extract), while Petroleum ether extract showed poor inhibition of superoxide scavenging activity. Conclusion: The present study on pharmacognostic standardization, physico and phytochemical evaluation of Acacia leucophloea root might be useful to supplement information about its identification parameters assumed significantly in the way of acceptability of herbal drugs in present scenario lacking regulatory laws to control quality of herbal drugs.

511-513

Authors: P.K. Chauhan, V. Singh

Objective: To evaluate acute and subacute toxicity of the acetone extract of Centella asiatica (Brahmi). Methods: Toxicity of Centella asiatica was evaluated in Swiss mice after ingestion of the extract during one day (acute model) and during 15 days (subacute model). The Biochemical parameters evaluated included creatinine, calcium, inorganic phosphorous, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were assessed using commercial kits. Results: The results of the present investigation revealed that the LD50 of the extract is higher than 4000mg/kg and subacute treatment did not shows any change in corporal weight and hematological parameters. However, a change in liver weight but not in hepatic enzymes was observed. This suggested that the liver function is not altered by Centella asiatica. Some changes in the creatinine content were observed but could not be relative with the extract dose. Conclusions: The results suggest that the plant seems to be destitute of toxic effects in mice.

519-525

Authors: P Vijayabaskar, ST Somasundaram

Objective: To investigate the potent and specific anticoagulant activity of molluscan glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) isolated from whole clam tissue Donax cuneatus (D. cuneatus). Methods: Purification of few milligram quantities of GAGs from this tissue sample permitted a thorough examination of its anticoagulant activity characterization, which was partially purified by fractionation by anion exchange chromatography using DEAE cellulose column. The isolated crude and partially purified fractionated sample was showing metachromatic shift while using azure-A. The sample also exhibited prominent of biological and anti-fXa anticoagulant activity assays. Mobility was analyzed by two different buffer systems using agarose gel electrophoresis. Results: The fractionated molluscan GAG was also found to have similar peaks as that of standard heparin when assessed by the FT-IR spectrum. Finally molecular weight was determined by the gradient PAGE for crude and fractionated-II GAG, which were found to be 65 000 Da and 50 000 Da, respectively. Conclusions: The bivalve GAG was subjected to fractionation for further purification and its chemical components were analyzed. The fractionated clam heparin also showed substantial in vitro anticoagulant activity than that of commercial heparins.

532-535

Authors: Joghee Suresh, Jitin Ahuja, Nallupillai Paramakrishnan

Objective: To investigate the pharmacognostic characters of important medicinal plant, Artemisia parviflora (A. parviflora) Roxb. Methods: The pharmacognostic studies were carried out in terms of macroscopical, microscopical characters, physicochemical parameters of A. parviflora. Samples of different plant parts were fixed with formalin, acetic acid and ethyl alcohol (FAA), sectioned with rotary microtome and studied under microscope. Results: Some of the diagnostic features of the leaves and stems are the presence of amphistomatic epidermis, cyclocytic stomata, and collateral vascular bundles. Macroscopic study showed basal and lower stem leaves cuneate, oblong-obovate to flabellate, coarsely dentate to incised-dentate at the apex; middle and upper stem leaves mostly basally auriculate, palmatifid to deeply palmatisect or irregularly incised laciniate into linear to narrow lanceolate, acute segments. Further, ash and extractive values were calculated as per WHO guidelines. The preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, sterols/terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, phenols and coumarins. Conclusion: Various pharmacognostical characters were observed in study which can help in identification and standardization of A. parviflora.

539-542

Authors: Narender Prasad D, B Ganga Rao, E Sambasiva Rao, T Mallikarjuna Rao, VS Praneeth D

Objective: To investigate the quantification of total phenolic, alkaloid content and in-vitro antioxidant activity of ethanol (70%), methanol, ethyl acetate and hexane extracts of Mesua ferrea (M. ferrea) leaves. Methods: The quantification of the total phenolic and alkaloid contents were estimated by taking gallic acid and atropine are as a standard; In-vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated for extracts by using different free radicals (superoxide, hydroxyl and DPPH). Results: M. ferrea leaves ethanol (70%) extract have more phenolic and alkaloidal content than other extracts. The selected plant extracts were produced concentration dependent percentage inhibition of different free radicals and produced maximum activity at a concentration of 1 280 µg and there after the percentage inhibition were raised gradually to its maximum level with higher concentrations. Conclusion: In the present study we found that the extracts of M. ferrea showed good antioxidant activity. Among the four extracts, the ethanol (70%) extract showed better activity than other extracts.

547-549

Authors: Keivan Saeb, Sara Gholamrezaee

Objective: To determine the best time of harvest for Melissa officinalis (M. officinalis) L. to gain highest amounts essential oil.Methods: M. officinalis leaves were harvested in three different stages (before flowering stage, flowering stage and after of flowering stage) and were dried. The essential oils were isolated by hydro- distillation and analyzed by GC/MS.Results: It showed that most essential oils of plants were in before flowering stage. In before flowering stage 37 compounds were identified in leaves oil of M.officinalis. The major components before flowering stage were decadienal (29.38%), geraniol (25.3%), caryophyllene oxide (8.75%), geranyl acetate (5.41%). In the flowering stage 36 compounds were identified as the major components of plant essential oils: decadienal (28.04%), geraniol (24.97%), caryophyllene oxide (7.55%), caryophyllene E (4.65%) and 16 components in the after flowering stage of plant were identified as the major components carvacrol (37.62%), methyl citronellate (32.34%), geranyl acetate (5.82%), caryophyllene (5.50%).Conclusions: The essential oils yields vary considerably from month-to-month and is also influenced by the micro-environment (sun or shade) in which the plant is growing. We found that the essential oil content of M. officinalis L. of leaves is significantly affected by harvesting stages.

555-558

Authors: R. Subramanian, P. Subbramaniyan, V. Raj

Objective: To determine the minerals, Iron (Fe), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Manganese (Mn) and trace elements, Lead (Pb), Copper (Cu), Cadmium (Cd) and Zinc (Zn) in two tropical medicinal plants (Syzygium caryophyllatum and Syzygium densiflorum). Methods: All the elements were determined by using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). Results: The average concentrations of Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Pb and Cd detected in leaves of Syzygium caryophyllatum and Syzygium densiflorum were 99.275±0.022, 17.302±0.010, 45.498±0.072, 47.344±0.021, 7.634±0.050, 0.253±0.003 and 93.829±0.015, 17.412±0.064, 64.866±0.058, 31.777±0.051, 6.768±0.010 and 0.343± 0.004, respectively. Conclusions: The mineral contents in the medicinal plants are at different levels. Therefore, these medicinal plants are rich in some essential elements and very least amount in trace elements, especially Fe and Mn which are essential for human health.

568-574

Authors: Krishnaveni Eahamban, Johnson Marimuthu, Antonisamy

Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the preliminary phytochemical analysis and UV-VIS, HPTC profiling and the antibacterial activity of Gracilaria corticata J. Ag extracts against the Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Methods: Preliminary phytochemical screening was carried out by Harborne method. The G. corticata extracts were tested against bacteria by the agar disc diffusion method. Results: The results of the presence study showed the presence of alkaloids, steroids, phenolic groups, saponins, tannin, flavonoids, terpenoids, glycosides and sugars. Proteins, xantoproteins, coumarins and catechin did not show any positive result for their presence in any of the six extracts of Gracilaria corticata tested. The result of the present study revealed the various behavior character of Gracilaria corticata crude drug. The UV-VIS spectrum profile of Gracilaria corticata methanolic, petroleum ether, benzene and aqueous extracts profiles were recorded. The HPLC profile of Gracilaria corticata petroleum ether benzene and aqueous extracts were tabulated. The maximum (9/12 bacterial pathogens) degree of antibacterial activity was observed in isopropanol soxhlet extracts followed by isopropanol cold extracts (7/12 bacterial pathogens). Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that G. corticata may be rich sources of phytoconstituents which can be isolated and further screened for different kinds of biological activities, depending on their reported therapeutic uses.

580-583

Authors: Akpera T. MANASSEH (FIMLS), Jombo T.A. Godwin (FMCPath), EMANGHE E Ubleni (FMCPath), Oguntayo O. Borisde (MSc)

Objective: This study was set up to review the phytochemistry of Ganoderma applanatum, its potentiality in nanotechological engineering for clinical use as well as impact of aqueous extracts of Ganoderma applanatum on laboratoery rats infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Methods: Aqueous extracts of Ganoderma applanatum were obtained using hot sterile distilled water and whatmann filter paper. The presence of saponins, alkaloids, tannins, anthraquinones, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides and steroids were tested using standard procedures. Acqueous extracts were also inoculated into laboratory rats infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei along with both positive and negative controls. Blood samples were collected daily, stained with Giemsa’s stain and examined for the presence of parasites.Results: Ganoderma applanatum aqueous extracts contained detectable levels of saponins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides and steroids but undetectable levels of alkaloids, tannins and anthraquinone. All the infected rats died by day 12 from overwhelming trypanosomal infections.Conclusion: The biochemical constituents of Ganoderma species should be subjected to nanotechnological engineering in order to probably discover more of its wider therapeutic benefits, and to further disprove its suitability or otherwise in the treatment of African sleeping sickness.

589-592

Authors: SS Saboo, GG Tapadiya, SS Khadabadi

Objective: To study the morpho-anatomy of the leaf, stem and root of these plants to increase the knowledge and standardization parameters of Trichodesma sedgwickianum (TRS) and Trichodesma indium (TRI) of Borginaceae family.Methods: Transverse section of different organs of plants carried out by free hand and various types of histochemical tests were performed for the identification of microchemical by using different reagents.Results: Transverse section of TRS leaf shows presense of phloem tissue and anomocytic stomata with both glandular and covering trichomes. Stem contain epidermal brown tissue and collenchyma. Root shows presence of xylem and starch grains. TRI leaf contains radiating arc of xylem, phloem and pericyclic fiber. Stem shows presence of cortex with chlorenchymatous cells. Anatomically roots revealed the presense of xylem, phloem and oil globules. Unicerate covering trichomes and anisocytic stomata are present. Conclusions: The pharmacognostic constants and diagnostic microscopic features reported in this work could be useful for the compilation of a suitable monograph and its proper identification and standardisation of these two species.

601-604

Authors: Arokiyaraj S, Sripriya N, Bhagya R, Radhika B, Prameela L, Udayaprakash NK

Objective: To evaluate methanolic extracts of leaves of Artemisia nilagirica, Mimosa pudica and Clerodendrum siphonanthus for phytochemical analysis, antibacterial activity and free radical scavenging activity. Methods: Antibacterial activity was performed by disc diffusion method against two gram positive and four gram negative strains. Free radical scavenging potential was evaluated using total antioxidant activity (thiocyanate method) and diphenyl-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Results: Results of the present study showed that Clerodendrum siphonanthus exhibited significant antibacterial effect against Klebsiella pneumoniae (30 mm), Proteus mirabilis (16 mm), Salmonella typhi (16 mm), Staphylococcus aureus (12 mm), Escherichia coli (11.5 mm) and Bacillus subtilis (10 mm). Mimosa pudica and Artemisia nilagirica showed good antibacterial effects. Clerodendrum siphonanthus was found to be extremely effective in scavenging lipid peroxide (IC50 8 mg/mL) and DPPH radicals (IC50 7 mg/mL), whereas Artemisia nilagirica and Mimosa pudica showed moderate activity. Phytochemical analysis of these plants revealed presence of tannins, alkaloids, flavanoids, terpenoids and glycosides. Conclusions: This study showed that Artemisia nilagirica, Mimosa pudica and Clerodendrum siphonanthus may serve as a potential agent for new therapeutics.

612-617

Authors: Md Sarfaraj Hussain, Sheeba Fareed, Mohammad Ali

Objective: To analyse the two marker compounds lupeol (LP) and stigmasterol (ST) from methanolic extract of Hygrophila auriculata (H. auriculata). Methods: Separation was achieved on aluminium plates precoated with silica gel 60F254 with toluene-methanol-formic acid (7.0: 2.7: 0.3 v/v/v) as mobile phase. Results: Densitometric analysis was performed at 530 nm in the reflectance mode. Compact bands for LP and ST were obtained at RF 0.52 ± 0.02 and 0.28 ± 0.05. Linearity (r2=0.998 5 and 0.993 7), limit of detection (45 and 18 ng/band) limit of quantification (135 and 54 ng/band), recovery (98.2%-99.7% and 97.2%-99.6%), and precision (<2.18 and 1.91) were satisfactory for LP and ST respectively. Linearity range for LP and ST were 100-1 000 and 50-500 ng/band and the contents estimated as (0.19±0.1)% and (0.47±0.1)% w/w respectively. Conclusion: The method demonstrated efficient analysis testing of LP and ST in samples; therefore it can be used for routine analysis.

623-626

Authors: Deepak M Kasote, Anand A Zanwar, Santosh T Devkar, Mahabaleshwar V Hegde, Keshav K Deshmukh

Objective: To investigate the immunomodulatory activity of ether insoluble phenolic components of n-butanol fraction (EPC-BF) of flaxseed in rat. Methods: Immunomodulatory activity of EPC-BF was assessed in rat at oral doses of 150 and 300 mg/kg using neutrophil adhesion test, heamagglutination test and measuring delayed type hypersensitivity response. Results: EPCBF modulates immune response by significantly reducing cell-mediated immune response at oral dose 150 mg/kg but not at dose 300 mg/kg. However, EPC-BF did not affect on the neutrophil adhesion and humoral immunity at both the studied doses. Conclusion: EPC-PC modulates immune response by reducing cell-mediated immune response at lower dose but not at higher dose, which could be due to the presence of both immunostimulant and immunosuppressant phenols together in EPC-BF. These studies suggest that EPC-BF could be a promising source for new immune modifier.

632-636

Authors: Sanchita Das, Asis Bala, Manas Bhowmik, Lakshmi Kanta Ghosh

Objective: To investigate Schima wallichii (S. wallichii) Choisy (Ternstroemiaceae) which is a well known plant of Sikkim in the Himalayan region, India. Methods: Therefore three major flavonoid enriched fractions (FPet.Ether, FChloroform and FEthylacetate) were isolated by petroleum ether chloroform and ethyl acetate successively. The reactive nitrogen species scavenging activity of the flavonoid fractions was established using biochemical assay to measure scavenging of 2, 2 diphenyl picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), nitric oxide (NO) and peroxinitrite. Results: FEthylacetate showed maximum scavenging activity: their IC50 being (7.33 ± 3.32), (7.11 ± 2.21), and (6.67 ± 2.23) µg/mL in DPPH, NO, peroxinitrite radical respectively. Presence of (57.32 ± 2.31) and (163.4 ± 2.22) µg of flavonoids and phenolic compound in 1 mg of extract is assumed to be responsible for free radical scavenging activity. Conclusion: Taken together S. wallichii has potent free radical scavenging property indicating its importance in food supplement as a rich source of active flavonoid and phenolic compounds in ethyl acetate fraction which is responsible for its free radical scavenging as well as antioxidant activity.

641-645

Authors: Vinod Kumar Nathan, Johnson Marimuthu Antonisamy, Wesely Edward Gnanaraj, Kavitha Marappampalayam Subramanian

Objective: The present study was aimed to investigate the preliminary phytochemical analysis and HPTLC profiling and the antibacterial activity of P. pterocarpum methanolic flower extracts against the bacteria isolated from human infections. Methods: The preliminary phytochemical screening was performed according to the Harborne method. HPTLC studies were carried out using Harborne and Wagner et al method. The methanolic flower extracts of P. pterocarpum were tested against Salmonella typhi (MTCC 733), Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 96), Proteus mirabilis (MTCC 742), Bacillus subtilis (MTCC 441) and Escherichia coli (MTCC 443). The antimicrobial activity was tested through well diffusion method. Results: The phytochemical studies on methanolic flower extract of Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) Baker ex Heyne. revealed the presence of glycosides, flavonoids, phenolics, saponins, catechin and alkaloids. The HPTLC separation was achieved using ethyl acetate-methanol-ethanol-water (8.1: 1.1: 0.4: 0.8) as the mobile phase. The methanolic extract of P. pterocarpum showed four different Rf values 0.16, 0.31, 0.77 and 0.82 which indicated various glycosides present in the flower extract. The methanolic extract of P. pterocarpum showed the maximum zone of inhibition against Proteus mirabilis followed by Salmonella typhi. Conclusion: Bio-assay revealed the presence of specific and selective antimicrobial compounds in the fractions. Broad range activity of plant extracts as per observations in this study was due to presence of multiple antimicrobial compounds or synergic effects of these compounds. Therefore, standardization of active fractions and study for in vivo efficacy may result in development of better antimicrobial drugs.

656-661

Authors: Monjoy Kumar Choudhury, S Venkatraman, Lokesh Upadhyay

Objective: To investigate the anti-hyperglycemic and peripheral glucose utilization activity of petroleum ether extract of leafs of Streblus asper (SAPE) as well as to find out the hypoglycemic property of Apiol and its presence in the SAPE. Methods: The GCMS analysis was conducted to identify the Apiol present in the SAPE. Six groups of animals, containing six animals in each, were selected for this study. The first group served as control and provided only vehicle solution. Group second served as vehicle control and treated with 0.5% CMC (carboxy methyl cellulose) orally. Group third to sixth, were treated with glibemclamide (600 ug/kg bw) and SAPE 100 mg/kg bw, 250 mg/kg bw and 500 mg/kg bw respectively. In the second experiment, three groups of animals containing six animals in each were selected and were made diabetic as described earlier and simultaneously treated with pure Apiol at the dosages of 50 mg/kg bw, 75 mg/bw and 100 mg/ kg bw respectively. Results: The GCMS analysis reviled the presence of Apiol molecules in the leaves of SAPE. Administration of SAPE and Apiol to the diabetic rats exhibited significant anti diabetic property (P<0.01). After 30 days of SAPE treatment, the fasting blood sugar levels of the diabetic rats were significantly reduced (P<0.001) along with restoration in their glycolytic and gluconeogenic enzyme activities, glycogen content and insulin level. Conclusions: The SAPE exhibited remarkable anti diabetic activity and excellent control over peripheral glucose utilization. Thus, it can be concluded that Apiol may be responsible for its anti-diabetic property.

667-669

Authors: Hema Lohani, Harish C. Andola. Nirpendra Chauhan, Ujjwal Bhandari

Objective: To evaluate the variation of Cinnamomum tamala leaf essential oil in respect with months and tree size class. Methods: By fallowing standard laboratory methods using capillary GC-FID and GC-MS. Results: The oil samples were analyzed for two months and two different tree size classes. cinnamaldehyde, was the principal component, was higher in the both months i.e. October and January, highest in 30 cm girth class tree in January month (59.23%) and lowest in 60 cm girth class tree in a month of October (41.90%). Smaller size class tree contained greater amount of cinnamaldehyde as compared to higher size class. Conclusions: Consequences of the present study need to selection of proper, tree size and month for harsh economic potentials of such valuable resources.

680-684

Authors: Kalpna Rakholiya, Sumitra Chanda

Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the morphological and microscopical characters of Mangifera indica L. leaf collected from Gujarat region and its phytochemical and physicochemical analysis. Methods: Microscopic characters and powder analysis was done under microscope. The physiochemical properties such as loss on drying, total ash value, acid insoluble ash value, water soluble ash value, pH, solubility and extractive values of M. indica were carried out. Results: The upper epidermis was irregular, wavy with thick epidermal layer; and prismatic, rosette and cluster types of calcium oxalate crystals were found. In phytochemical analysis, cardiac glycosides and tannins showed maximum amounts. Conclusions: The present study provides pharmacognostical, physicochemical and phytochemical details of the M. indica leaf which are useful in laying down standardization and pharmacopoeia parameters.

689-694

Authors: Saboo Shweta, Tapadiya Ganesh, Khadabadi Somshekhar

Objectives: To study the morpho-anatomy of the aerial parts of Rivea hypocrateriformi (Convolvulaceae) to increase the knowledge and standardization parameters of these plants and its family. Methods: Morpho-anatomical studies of aerial parts of have been carried out by free hand. The different types of histochemical tests were performed for the identification of micro-chemical by using staining reagents. Preliminary phytochemical and quantitative estimation has been determined along with HPTLC fingerprinting. CAMAG HPTLC system equipped with Linomat V applicator, TLC scanner 3, Reprostar 3 and WIN CATS-4 software was used for fingerprinting. Results: The morpho-anatomical structure of plant revealed the presence of thick wall collenchyma cell and parenchyma cells along with spharaphides and columnar palisade cells. Presense of numerous covering trichomes, parasitic stomata, oval shaped vascular bundles and calcium oxalate crystals were observed. In powder microscopy lignified xylem vessels, and covering trichomes were clearly seen. Physicochemical parameters, ash value, inorganic elements, moisture content and extractive value were determined to develop the stringent pharmacognostic standards. Qualitative standardization and HPTLC fingerprinting of phytochemical revealed the presense of various plant secondary metabolites. Conclusions: These findings will be useful in establishing pharmacognostic and phytochemical standards for identification, as well as assessment of purity and quality of this plant, which definitely gaining the relevance in plant drug research and establishment of plant monograph.

700-705

Authors: Smilin Bell Aseervatham G, Shamna R, Sangeetha, Sasikumar JM

Objective: To evaluate the in vivo activity of bark extract of Bixa orellana L. (B. orellana) against acetaminophen induced oxidative stress. Methods: In the present study, antioxidant activity of B. orellana was evaluated by using normal and acetaminophen induced oxidative stressed rats at the dose of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg p.o. oraly daily for 20 days. The animal's body weight was checked before and after treatment. Different biochemical parameters such as serum glutamate pyruvate transaminases, serum glutamate oxalo transaminases, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, cholesterol, protein, lactate dehydrogenase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbic acid, lipid peroxide was performed. Histopathological analysis of the control and the hepatotoxicity induced rats were performed. Results: It was observed that the B. orellana bark extract showed significant protective activity against acetaminophen induced damage at 200 mg/kg dose level, while the 100 mg/kg dose showed moderate activity. Conclusions: From the result obtained in the present study suggest that B. orellana bark extract elicit protective activity through antioxidant activity on acetaminophen induced hepatic damage in rats.

712-715

Authors: Nidhi Gupta, Aditya Ganeshpurkar, Nishikant Jatav, Divya Bansal, Nazneen Dubey

Objective: To investigate chick pancreatic lipase inhibitory activities of the Abroma augusta (A. augusta). Methods: A. augusta was first extracted with methanol and subjected to phytochemical screenings. Quantitative estimation of flavonoids, phenolics and alkaloids was done. Pancreatic lipase from chick pancreas was isolated and used as substrate for anti-lipase studies. Results: A. augusta extract effectively inhibited concentration dependent lipase activity, whereby extract at concentration 100 µg/mL inhibited 88.6% enzyme activity. Conclusions: From these results, it could be concluded that A. augusta can be used as a potential source anti-lipase agents.

723-726

Authors: Jimuty Roy, Mohammad Kuddus, Bilkis Begum, Choudhury Hasan

Objective: To investigate the crude methanolic extract of whole plant part of Sansevieria roxburghiana Schult. and Schult. f. (Agavaceae) and the possibility of analgesic, cytotoxic and antioxidant activities. Methods: The analgesic activity was assessed by acetic acid induced writhing test in mice. The cytotoxic activity was evaluated by brine shrimp lethality bioassay while antioxidant effect was measured by 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay. Results: The ethyl acetate soluble fraction of the crude extract was fo und to have significant (P<0.001) analgesic activity at the oral dose of 100 mg/kg body weight. In brine shrimp lethality bioassay, the aqueous soluble fraction exhibited maximum toxicity towards the shrimp with LC50 value of 0.735 µg/mL compared to 0.544 µg/mL exhibited by standard vincristine. The crude methanolic extract along with its all partitionates revealed mild to moderate free radical scavenging activity. Conclusions: These primary findings suggest that the extract might possess some chemical constituents that are responsible for analgesic, cytotoxic and antioxidant activities.

732-736

Authors: Thambiraj J, Paulsamy S

Objective: The in vitro antioxidant capability of methanolic leaf extract of the medicinal plant, Acacia caesia (L.) Willd (Mimosaceae) was evaluated by different assaying. Methods: The in vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated for total antioxidant, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, hydroxyl radical scavenging and metal chelating activities. Ascorbic acid and butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) were kept as standards. Results: IC50 values observed fo r DPPH, hydroxyl radical scavenging and metal chelating assays were 109, 177 and 295µg/ ml respectively. Conclusions: The results clearly indicate that the methanolic leaf extract of the study species is effective in scavenging free radicals and has the potential to be powerful antioxidant.

741-749

Authors: Malairaj Sathuvan, Anadhan Vignesh, Ramar Thangam, Perumal Palani, Ramasamy Rengasamy, Kandasamy Murugesan

Objective: To evaluate the antioxidant and anticancer potential of different fractions of bark of Costus pictus using various in vitro antioxidant assay systems. Methods: In this study, assay like DPPH radical, superoxide anion radical scavenging activity, nitric oxide scavenging activity, hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity, metal chelating activity and reducing power were used. The concentrations of total phenolic and flavonoids were also calculated for the extracts. Result: The present study elucidated for the first time the antioxidant property of bark of C. pictus. This study suggested that, among the three fractions, the chloroform fraction possesses high antioxidant activity which might be helpful in preventing or slowing the progress of various oxidative stress related disorders. Moreover, all fractions possess potent anticancer properties against colon cancer cells of HT29 and lung carcinoma cells of A549. Conclusions: It can be concluded that the extract of the bark of C. pictus has potential natural antioxidant and this can be used in food industries. There are few reports on the antioxidant capacity of bark of C. pictus and the mechanism of different fractions of bark of C. pictus as antioxidative agents is still not fu lly understood. Hence further research is underway to analyse and isolate the active compounds responsible for the antioxidant and anticancer activity of different fractions of the bark of C. pictus.

753-756

Authors: Subash vijayakumar, Ramaiyan Dhanapal, I. Sarathchandran, A. Saravana Kumar, J.Vijaya Ratna

Objective: To study the effect of antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract of whole plant of Ammania baccifera, Linn (EEAB). Methods: To investigate in rats against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced erythrocyte damage. Simultaneous intraperitoneal administration of the crude extracts (600 or 800 mg/kg body weight/day) with carbon tetrachloride (1ml/kg of body weight) to rats for alternate days of two weeks protected the loss of functional integrity and membrane lipid alteration in red blood cells induced by oxidative stress. Results: EEAB inhibited the accumulation of lipid peroxidation products in the plasma as well as maintained the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase. The extracts further had the ability to decrease the membrane fluidity induced by carbon tetrachloride. Conclusion: It can therefore be suggested that the whole plant of Ammania baccifera, Linn possess an erythrocyte protective activity against drug induced oxidative stress. These findings also provide a rationale for further studies on isolation of active principles and its pharmacological evaluation.

765-771

Authors: Ayyakkannu Purushothaman, Elumalai Nandhakumar, Panchanatham Sachdanandam

Objective: To investigate the therapeutic efficacy of a Shemamruthaa (SM), (combination of Hibiscus rosasinensis (H. rosasinensis) flowers, fruits of Phyllanthus emblica (P. emblica) and pure honey in definite ratio), against lipid peroxidation (LPO) and antioxidant status in experimentally induced mammary carcinoma rats. Methods: Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were used for the study and were divided into four groups. Group I control animals received standard pellet diet and water ad libitum. Group II rats were induced with 7,12-dimethyl benz[a]anthracene (DMBA) (25 mg in 1 mL olive oil) by gastric intubation, whereas another set of DMBA-induced rats were treated with SM (400 mg/kg body weight/d) in olive oil orally by gastric intubation for 14 d after 3 months of induction period (group III). Group IV rats served as SM-treated control animals. At the end of the experimental period, the rats were anaesthetised and sacrificed and used for biochemical measures and histology studies. Results: The LPO was increased and antioxidant levels were decreased in the serum, liver and mammary tissues of cancer-induced rats. The administration of SM drug significantly (P<0.05) decreased LPO and reversed the status of antioxidants to near normal level in cancer-bearing animals. Conclusions: The results obtained indicate the additive and synergistic action of constituents’ plants in the SM drug against oxidative damage and its protective role in DMBA induced mammary cancer.

781-787

Authors: Manish Kumar, Madhu Chandel, Neha Sharma, Subodh Kumar, Satwinderjeet Kaur

Objective: To investigate the antioxidant and genoprotective potential of the methanol extract (METH-KP) along with its hexane fraction (HEX-KP) from the leaves of Koelreuteria paniculata (K. paniculata) Laxm. Methods: The antioxidant potential was checked using metal chelation assay, ABTS, DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl), reducing power and superoxide anion radical scavenging assay, Folin-Ciocalteu reducing capacity (FCR assay), Total flavonoid content (TFC assay) and genoprotective activity against the DNA damage induced by Fenton's reagent using pUC18/calf thymus. Results: Results showed that radical scavenging activities of the both test extract/fraction revealed a concentration-dependent antiradical activity in all the assays. In Metal chelation assay, METH-KP and HEX-KP showed 39.04% and 32.51% of scavenging at highest tested concentrations. The METH-KP exhibited IC50 of 54.54 µg/mL in ABTS, 115 µg/mL in DPPH, 110 µg/mL in reducing power and 135 µg/mL in superoxide anion radical scavenging assay while that HEX-KP was found to be very poor in radical scavenging in all the above assays. The phytochemical analysis showed good amount of phenolic and flavonoid compounds in METHKP while the HEX-KP fraction lacks phenols. The METH-KP extract and HEX-KP fraction both showed DNA protective effect in Calf thymus/pUC18 DNA protection studies. Conclusions: The activity of METH-KP may be attributed to its polyphenolic constituents which needs further isolation of its active constituents which may lead to the development of novel drugs to combat cancer.

796-799

Authors: Supaluk Prachayasittikul, Apilak Worachartcheewan, Sakda Yainoy, Natthakaln Lomchoey, Paveena Kittiphatcharin, Somsak Ruchirawat, Virapong Prachayasittikul

Objective: To investigate antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Saraca thaipingensis Cantley ex Prain; and isolation of its flower extracts. Methods: The plant species (flowers, leaves, and twigs) were extracted by hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol; and tested for antioxidant activity (DPPH assay) and antimicrobial activity (agar dilution method) against twenty-seven strains of microorganisms; gram positive and gram negative bacteria, and diploid fungus. Bioactive constituents were isolated by column chromatography. Results: The plant extracts has been firstly reported to display strong antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity selective against gram positive bacteria (Corynebacterium diphtheriae NCTC 10356 and Streptococcus pyogenes) with MIC of 256 µg/mL. Stigmasterol and a mixture of triterpenoids and phenolic compounds were isolated from the flower extracts. Conclusions: The study revealed that the S. thaipingensis is a new source of natural antioxidants and antimicrobials with potential fo r medicinal uses.

808-811

Authors: Sharma KK, Kotoky J, Kalita JC, Barthakur R

Objective: To investigate the in vitro antifungal activity of Ranunculus sceleratus (R. sceleratus) and Pongamia pinnata (P. pinnata), collected from North East India. Chloroform, Methanol and Water extracts of the plants were evaluated for anti-ringworm activity against five strains of dermatophytes viz., Trichophyton rubrum (T. rubrum), Trichophyton mentagrophytes (T. mentagrophytes), Trichophyton tonsurans (T. tonsurans), Microsporum gypseum (M. gypseum) and Microsporum fulvum (M. fulvum). Methods: Agar well diffusion method was used to determine the inhibition zone of the different extracts. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of the extracts were determined by broth macro dilution method. Results: When compared, the chloroform extracts of both the plants were found to be highly active against all the tested fungi fo llowed by the methanol extract. The water extract showed the least activity. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extracts was ranging from 1.25-10.00 mg/mL for chloroform and methanol extracts and greater that 10 mg/mL for the water extracts. Conclusion: The results obtained from the experiments suggest the anti-dermatophytic nature of the plants.

818-829

Authors: Shakti Rath, Debasmita Dubey, Mahesh C Sahu, Nagen K Debata, Rabindra N Padhy

Objective: To evaluate antimicrobial potencies of 25 plants with reports on ethnomedicinal uses fo r infectious ailments by the aborigine Kandha tribe of Kalahandi district, Odisha state, India fo r urinary tract infections. Methods: Over a period of 6 months, multidrug resistant (MDR) strains of 6 uropathogenic bacteria Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii), Citrobacter freundii (C. freundii), Klebsiella oxytoca (K. oxytoca), Proteus mirabilis (P. mirabilis), Proteus vulgaris (P. vulgaris) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) were isolated from clinical samples in a teaching hospital; their antibiograms were ascertained. Concentrated aqueous and ethanolic extracts of leaves and barks of plants were used for monitoring their antimicrobial potencies, by the agar-well diffusion method. Phytochemical analyses of plant parts were done. Results: All isolated bacterial strains were resistant to 15 antibiotics of 6 groups including β-lactams. From a surveillance of bacterial isolates, it was evident that the distribution of MDR strains of each was more in hospital acquired isolates than the community acquired ones. Both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of plants, Aegle marmelos (A. marmelos), Azadirachta indica (A. indica) and Withania somnifera (W. somnifera) were highly effective against MDR isolates of all these pathogens. Several plants were moderately effective during in vitro control of the pathogens. Plants, Anthocephalus cadamba (A. cadamba), Cleistanthus collinus (C. collinus) and Oroxylum indicum (O. indicum) were totally ineffective in the control of isolated MDR uropathogen. A. indica, T. arjuna and T. alata contained the full range of phytochemicals (alkaloids, glycosides, terpenoids, reducing sugars, saponins, tannins, flavonoids and steroids), which could be attributed to the significant anti-uropathogenic activities. Conclusion: Plants, A. indica, A. marmelos, Cassia fistula (C. fistula), T. arjuna, Salvadora persica (S. persica), W. somnifera and Vitex negundo (V. negundo), particularly could be useful for an use as complementary/ supplementary medicines for MDR uropathogens.

838-845

Authors: P Srinivas, S Ram Reddy

Objective: To investigate the antibacterial principle and activity of Aerva javanica, a medicinal plant. Methods: Crude extracts of different parts of Aerva javanica were made with hexane, chloroform and methanol. Phytochemical analysis of the crude extracts was done by following the standard methodology, and antibacterial activity was evaluated by inhibition zone and MIC values. Crude extracts were resolved through HPTLC and the antibacterial activity of the separated compounds was evaluated by bioautography. Results: The yields of crude extracts made from different plant parts varied both with plant part and solvent. Methanolic extracts of leaf and flower have shown a wide range of phytochemicals and more antibacterial activity. HPTLC separation of extracts coupled with bioautography studies revealed that apigenin followed by rutin and kaempferol has shown antibacterial activity against more number of bacteria. Conclusions: The present study supports the use of Aerva javanica in the traditional medicine, and it can be used against bacterial infections.

855-858

Authors: Saravana Kumar Arthanari, Jayachandran Vanitha, Mani Ganesh, Krishnasamy Venkateshwaran, De Clercq

Objective: To investigate the cytotoxicity and antiviral activity of methanolic extract of S. grandiflora flowers using different cell lines and viruses. Methods: The methanolic flower extracts were prepared and evaluated for their antiviral and cytotoxic activities using viruses like herpes simplex-1 and 2, vaccinia, vesicular stomatitis, cox sackie, respiratory syncytical, fe line corona, feline herpes, para influenza, reo-1, sindbis and punta toro viruses in different cell lines, like Hel, HeLa, Crandell Reus feline kidney and Vero cell cultures. Results: Among the viruses used the extract possessed strongest antiviral activity against herpes simplex 1 and 2, repiratory syncytical, para influenza, reo, sindbis, cox sackie and punta toro viruses that was (EC50 =20 µg/mL and 45 µg/mL) and moderate activity for remaining viruses (EC50= 100 µg/mL). The antiviral activities assessed by calculating the selectivity index may be due to the presence of fl avonoids in the extracts there by inhibit the virus cell fusion in the early and replication stages. The cytotoxicity effect was evaluated using MTT assay and the results revealed that the extracts exhibited cytotoxicity from the range of 20 to 100 µg/mL. Conclusions: Present results confirmed that the S. grandiflora used as a good antimicrobial agent in future.

863-869

Authors: Venkatachalam Uthayakumar, Venkatachalam Ramasubramanian, Dhanabalan Senthilkumar, Venkatesan Brindha Priyadarisini, Ramasamy Harikrishnan

Objective: To characterize the biochemical, antimicrobial and hemolytic activities of Mastacembalus armatus skin mucus. Methods: Antimicrobial and antifungal activities of mucus extractions against human and fish pathogens were tested along with ampicillin as control. Hemolytic activity of the extraction was evaluated against sheep and cow blood cells. Amino acid and fatty acid profiles were analyzed by HPLC and gas chromatography in the mucus of fish. SDSPAGE analysis of mucus and muscle tissue was done. Oneway-ANOVA was performed against all extraction and pathogens, amino acids and fatty acids. Result: All the mucus extracts exhibited higher inhibitory activity than antibiotic ampicillin against bacterial and fungal pathogens. The hemolytic activity was increased with higher mucus concentrations in both sheep and cow blood cells. The protein content soluble and insoluble fractions of mucus were 63.22 µg/g and 55.79 µg/g, respectively. Out of 17 amino acids leucine was higher (8.54 mole %) in soluble gel, and glutamic acid was higher (6.92 mole %) in the insoluble gel, Histidine was very low (i.e. 0.20 mole %) both in soluble and (0.30 mole %) insoluble gel. In SDS-PAGE analysis, 6 bands of mucus and 9 bands of muscle were observed. Conclusions: The soluble and insoluble proteins are responsible fo r antimicrobial and hemolytic activity, these results indicate that mucus gel was prospective applications in fish and human therapeutics.

876-880

Authors: Kalpna Rakholiya, Sumitra Chanda

Objective: To evaluate the in vitro interaction between methanolic extracts of Terminalia catappa (T. catappa) (Combretaceae) and Carica papaya (C. papaya) (caricaceae) leaves and certain known antimicrobial drugs like penicillin G (P), ampicillin (AMP), amoxyclav (AMC), cephalothin (CEP), polymyxin B (PB), rifampicin (RIF), amikacin (AK), nilidixic acid (NA), gentamicin (GEN), chloramphenicol (C), ofloxacin (OF) against five Gram positive and five Gram negative bacteria. Methods: Evaluation of synergy interaction between plant extracts and antimicrobial agents was carried out using disc diffusion method. Results: The results of this study showed that there is an increased activity in case of combination of methanolic plant extracts and test antimicrobial agents. The more potent result was that the synergism between methanolic extract of C. papaya and antibiotics showed highest and strong synergistic effect against tested bacterial strains; though methanolic extract of C. papaya alone was not showing any antibacterial activity. Conclusions: These results indicate that combination between plant extract and the antibiotics could be useful in fighting emerging drug-resistance microorganisms.

884-887

Authors: Shashi Kant Singh, Rupali M Tiwari, Saurabh K Sinha, Chhanda C Danta, Satyendra K Prasad

Objective: To isolate the mangiferin from Mangifera indica (M. indica) and assess the antimicrobial activity of different analogues synthesized from mangiferin. Methods: Mangiferin was isolated by column chromatography from the ethanolic extract of stem bark of M. indica. Mangiferin was further converted to 5-(N-phenylamino methyleno) mangiferin, 5-(N-pchlorophenylamino methyleno) mangiferin, 5-(N-2-methyl phenylamino methyleno) mangiferin, 5-(N-p-methoxy phenylamino methyleno) mangiferin, 5-(N, N-diphenylamino methyleno) mangiferin, 5-(N-α-napthylamino methyleno) mangiferin and 5-(N-4-methyl phenylamino methyleno) mangiferin. Mangiferin and its analogues were characterized by melting point and Rf value determination and through spectral technique like UV, IR, and NMR spectral analysis. The antimicrobial effect of mangiferin and its derivatives was studied according to the disc diffusion method. Results: The solutions of mangiferin and its derivatives in polyethylene glycol-400 showed an activity with regard to four bacterial species-Bacillus pumilus (B. pumilus), Bacillus cereus (B. cereus) and Salmonella virchow (S. virchow) and two fungal species-Thermoascus aurantiacus (T. aurantiacus) and Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus). Conclusion: The present study confirms the antimicrobial activity of different analogues of mangiferin which could be further processed for the development of a potential antimicrobial agent.

892-894

Authors: Alwar Vidyalakshmi, Kandaswamy Kruthika

Objective: To test efficacy of Parmelia perlata (P. perlata), which is used in traditional medicine fo r rapid wound healing against test bacteria that cause wound infections. Methods: Different solvents such as methanol, ethyl acetate and acetone were used for extraction of P. perlata. The sensitivity of the test bacteria to solvent extracts of P. perlata was tested by measuring the zone of inhibition on growth media and by determining the minimal inhibitory concentration and minimal bactericidal concentration. Results: Methanol, ethyl acetate and acetone extracts of P. perlata have shown inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus). Conclusions: The results of the present study indicate that P. perlata has potential antibacterial compounds against S.aureus that causes multitude of skin infections among human beings. Development of drugs fr om natural compounds can help us to combat antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

901-904

Authors: M. Karunai Raj, V. Duraipandiyan, P. Agastian, S. Ignacimuthu

Objective: To investigate the antibacterial and antifungal properties of crude methanol extract of Peltophorum pterocarpum (P. pterocarpum) flower. Methods: Disc diffusion method was used fo r preliminary screening of extracts against microbes. The micro-dilution method was used fo r the determination of the minimal inhibition concentration (MIC). The isolated compound was identified by crystallography (XRD) technique. Results: Bergenin (C-glycosyl benzoic acid) was isolated from methanol fraction of P. pterocarpum flowers and confirmed using X-ray crystallography. It was tested against bacteria and fungi. Bergenin showed antifungal activity against Trichophyton mentagrophytes (T. mentagrophytes) (MIC 250 µg/mL), Epidermophyton floccosum (E. floccosum) (MIC 500 µg/mL), Trichophyton rubrum (T. rubrum) (MIC 500 µg/mL), Aspergillus niger (A. niger) (MIC 500 µg/mL) and Botrytis cinerea (B. cinerea) (MIC 250 µg/mL). No antibacterial activity was seen. Conclusion: The present study was helpful to discovery of new drug and complimentary of alternative medicine.

910-913

Authors: T.Thirumalai, Beverly C David, K.Sathiyaraj, B.Senthilkumar, E David

Objective: To conduct an ethnobotanical survey and to collect information from local people of Javadhu hills about the use of traditional medicinal plants diabetes treatment. Methods: Javadhu hills were surveyed through interviewing randomly selected 312 local participants using semi-structured questionnaire and regular field visits. Results: The investigations revealed that about 40 traditional plant species and their local names with parts used for the treatment were recorded by the local people of Javadhu hills. Conclusions: The study led to the abundant knowledge of wealth of traditional medicinal plants that are being used for the diabetes treatment by the local people of Javadhu hills.

919-923

Authors: Sunil Jawla, Y Kumar, MSY Khan

Objective: Bougainvillea spectabilis (B. spectabilis) is one of the main constituent of various herbal formulations available for diabetes. The aim of present study was to screen hypoglycemic potential of B. spectabilis stem bark extracts in albno rats (Wistar strain). Methods: The EtOH extracts (100, 250 and 500 mg/kg/day) of the B. spectabilis were administered to both normal and alloxan induced diabetic rats at defined time intervals. Blood glucose levels were measured at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6 h, and on 0, 1, 3, 5, 7th day after oral administration of extracts. Of the doses test, highest anti-hyperglycemic effect was observed by the extract of stem bark at 250 mg/kg after a week treatment. Results: B. spectabilis stem bark extract exhibited significant hypoglycemic activity at different doses and intervals. Stem bark extract was found to be 22.2% more potent than standard oral hypoglycemic drug, glibenclamide 0.2 mg/kg. Conclusion: Treatment of alloxan induced diabetic rats up to a week with stem bark extract reversed the permanent hyperglycemia. Hence, B. spectabilis stem bark alcoholic extract exhibited potent hypoglycemic activity.

930-933

Authors: R Karthic, S Nagaraj, P Arulmurugan, S Seshadri, R Rengasamy, K Kathiravan

Objective: To study the antidiabetic effects of suspension cell extract of Gymnema sylvestre (G. sylvestre) along with field grown and wild plants. Methods: The effect of ethanolic extracts of the in vitro grown suspension cells of G. sylvestre along with field grown and wild plant leaves of G. sylvestre was tested on alloxan induced diabetic rats. Results: While oral administration of the extracts reduced the glucose content in blood and urine, sugar and lipids in serum significantly (P≤0.05), it also increased the body weight, total haemoglobin and plasma protein content. Conclusions: It can be concluded that G. sylvestre suspension cell extract show excellent antidiabetic potential against alloxan induced diabetic albino male rats therefore be considered as potent antidiabetic drug.

941-946

Authors: David Hansi Prisilla, Rangachari Balamurugan, Harshit R Shah

Objective: To investigate the antihperglycemic activity of methanol extract of Acorus calamus (AC) rhizome in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. Methods: Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed in normal rats. Male albino rats were rendered diabetic by STZ (40 mg/kg, intraperitoneally). 200 mg/kg of AC extract was administered orally to diabetic rats for 21 days to determine the antihyperglycemic activity by estimating various biochemical parameters. Results: Oral administration of AC methanol extract showed significant restoration of the levels of blood glucose level. After 21 days of treatment, blood glucose, lipid profile (total cholesterol, LDL and HDL-cholesterol), glucose 6-phosphatase, fructose 1,6 bis phosphatase levels and hepatic markers enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase) were decreased when compared with diabetic control. Plasma insulin, tissue glycogen, glucose- 6-phosphate dehydrogenase levels were increased significantly compared to diabetic control. Concurrent histopathological studies of the pancreas showed comparable regeneration by extract which were earlier necrosed by STZ. Conclusions: The results exhibited that AC methanol extract possess potent antihyperglycemic activity in normal and STZ induced diabetic rats and so might be of useful in the management of diabetes. The phyto-treatment showed more efficient antihyperglycemic effect than the standard drug glibenclamide.

953-961

Authors: Raja Chakraborty, Biplab De, Nayakanti Devanna, Saikat Sen

Objective: To evaluate analgesic, anti-inflammatory and in vitro antioxidant potential and determine total phenolic, total flavonoid content of leaves extracts of Phyllanthus acidus, a folk medicinal plant of India. Methods: Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using carrageenan induced paw oedema, cotton pellet induced granuloma, membrane stabilizing activity method. Analgesic activity of the extracts was estimated against acetic acid induced writhing, tail immersion method, formalin test. Free radical scavenging and antioxidant potential of the extracts of Phyllanthus acidus leaves was performed using several in vitro and ex vivo assay models. Total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of the extracts were determined using standard chemical methods. Results: The extracts exhibited significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities at dose dependent manner. Methanol extract at a dose of 500 mg/kg showed superior activity which was comparable with the standard drugs. Ethyl acetate extract showed moderate activity while petroleum ether extract showed least activity. Total phenolic and total flavonoid content in methanol extract were 73.08±0.682 mg GAE/g and 61.28±0.062 mg QE/g respectively. The extracts possess significant antioxidant activity, methanol extract showed highest IC50 value. The contents of flavonoids and phenolic compounds could be correlated with the antioxidant, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities observed for Phyllanthus acidus leaves. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that Phyllanthus acidus contains potential antioxidant, analgesic and antiinflammatory compounds which could be tested as drug candidates against oxidative stress, pain and inflammation related pathological diseases.

970-975

Authors: Sheetal S Chaudhari, Sanjay R Chaudhari, Machindra J Chavan

Objective: To evaluate the analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity of leaves of Cassia uniflora (C. uniflora) Mill. Methods: Petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and methanolic extract of C. uniflora (100 and 200 mg/kg, body weight) was screened for analgesic (Eddy's hot plate and acetic acid induced writhing), anti-inflammatory (Carrageenan induced paw edema) and anti-arthritic (Complete Freund's Adjuvant induced arthritis). In Complete Freund's Adjuvant arthritis model degree of inflammation was evaluated by hind paw swelling, body weight, and biochemical parameters and supported by radiological analysis. Results: Treatment with extracts of C. uniflora showed significant (P<0.05) and dose dependant increase in paw licking time in Eddy's hot plate method. In writhing test, extracts were significantly reduced the number of writhes. A dose dependant and significant inhibition of edema was observed in carrageenan induced paw edema. Petroleum ether extract at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight showed most potent and significant activity which is supported by the results of body weight, biochemical parameters and radiological analysis in complete Freund's Adjuvant arthritis model. Conclusion: The extract possesses analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activity which may be mediated through the phytochemical constituents of the plant.

981-984

Authors: Oluwatoyin Adenike FABIYI, Olubunmi ATOLANI, Oluyomi S. ADEYEMI, Gabriel Ademola OLATUNJI

Objective: The objective of this work was to determine the beta-amyrin acetate fraction in leave extract of Bridelia ferruginea and evaluate for its antioxidant and cytotoxicity potentials. Methods: The dried and pulverized leaves of Bridelia ferruginea was extracted with hexane and then with ethyl acetate. The concentrated ethylacetate extract subjected to silica gel column chromatography and eluted with a mixture of equal volume of hexane and dichloromethane afforded two major fractions. The more polar fraction was concentrated and subjected to GCMS analysis which afforded the steroid, 12-Oleanen-3yl acetate commonly known as beta-amyrin acetate (66.14%). Its ability to act as a scavenger of DPPH radical and its cytotoxicity potential based on brine shrimp assay were investigated. Results: The DPPH antioxidant assay revealed that the fraction had a higher antioxidant potential with an IC50 value of 158.2µg/mL relative to gallic acid which had IC50 of 201.1 µg/mL. The cytotoxicity assay using the brine shrimp a gave LC 50 values of 319 and 5.86 µg/mL for acute and lethal doses respectively indicating extreme toxicity when compared to reference drug, cyclophosphamide which had LC50 value of 2506 µ g/ mL. Conclusions: Thus, the beta-amyrin acetate has been identified for the first time in the leave of Bridelia ferruginea. The data here suggest that the beta-amyrin acetate fraction of the leave of Bridelia ferruginea could be further explored in biological profiling requiring antioxidant and cytotoxic dependent therapeutics as the plant could be a viable source of antioxidant and cytotoxic agents in cancer chemotherapy in the near future.

988-994

Authors: Bikram K. Mallik, Tribhuban Panda, Rabindra N. Padhy

Objective: To record ethnobotanical information from a hill-dwelling aboriginal tribe of Odisha. Methods: Gathering information on medicinal uses of plants by moving door to door for conducting personal interviews with socio-economically backward tribals (aborigine people) of Niyamagiri hill area of Kalahandi district, Odisha state, India and recording the accumulated knowledge with the snowball technique. Plants were identified by the users on forest floor and were botanically classified. Results: This communication consists of uses of parts of 111 plant species belonging to 105 genera of 59 plant families, against 68 human ailments, diarrhoea, dysentery, scabies, intestinal worms, gastrointestinal disorders, venereal disease, gynecological disorders, gingivitis, rheumatism, joint pains, wounds, cut injuries, mouth troubles, ear diseases, acute eye infections, foot inflammation, foot crack and eczema, particularly. These plants are used as herbal healing sources, as a part of cultural practice of aborigines down the ages. Among these plants, many are specific to the climate identified zone of the hilly forest patches of the district. Conclusions: The present record of ethnomedicinal data indicated that the backward local ethnic people use plants from their surroundings, as healing sources for all possible ailments.

1002-1009

Authors: Rajaretinam Rajesh Kannan, Samuel Gnana Prakash Vincent

Objective: To screen the herbal extracts influencing the hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) in zebrafish embryos and their chemical genetic effects. Methods: The herbals used in this study had been widely applicable in Siddha medicines in South India. Herbal extracts were treated in zebrafish embryos at 4 d post fertilization and the extracts inducing the HSC were enumerated in hemocytometer. The biocompatibility and the organogenesis of the screened extracts were assessed in the zebrafish embryos for their chemical genetic effects. The LC50 values were calculated with their parallel control. The blood cells were enumerated. Results: The level of RBC was found increased in the Bergera koenigii (B. koenigii) at 15 µg/mL (P<0.05), Mimosa pudica (M. pudica) at 20 µg/mL (P<0.05) and Solanum trilobatum (S. trilobatum) at 25 µg/mL (P<0.05) and decreased RBC level was found in Phyllanthus niruri (P. niruri) at 30 µg/mL (P<0.05). The WBC count was found increased in S. trilobatum at 20 µg/mL (P<0.05) and Annona muricata (Annona muricata) at 15 µg/mL (P<0.05) and the Vitis quadrangularis (V. quadrangularis) at 20 µg/mL (P<0.05) decreased the WBC level. There were no notable effects in heart beats and the chemical genetic effects were observed at higher concentration of the extract resulting in Pericardial bulging, trunk tail flexure with heart edema, fin fold deformities etc. Conclusions: This in vivo based screening of Hematopoiesis is an inexpensive assay to screen herbal compounds and found that S. trilobatum extract influenced embryonic HSC in zebrafish, which could be a therapeutic fo r blood related disorders.

1013-1016

Authors: Rasingam L, Jeeva S, Kannan D

Objective: To identify and understand the utilization and prioritization of medicinal plants used as tooth sticks by the select communities of Andaman and Nicobar islands. Methods: The information was collected through questionnaires and discussions among the informants in their local language regarding the plant parts used. Results: A total of 11 plant species belonging to 10 genera and 8 families were enumerated as tooth sticks, used by the Chota Nagpuri and Tamil inhabitants of Andaman and Nicobar islands to treat dental caries. Conclusion: The most important plant species harvested for tooth sticks belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae (3 species) and important as the tribal have used these plants since time immemorial and found effective in their teeth and gums health and this study has scopes on the conservation of certain medicinal plants, through sustainable utilization.

1024-1030

Authors: Ramaiyan Dhanapal, J.Vijaya Ratna, I. Sarathchandran, Malaya Gupta

Objective: To explore the antispermatogenic and testicular antisteroidogenic activities of Feronia limonia fruit pulp used traditionally to induce sterility in men in southern India. Methods: Fourty Wistar male albino rats (Rattus norvegicus) were equally divided into four groups. Experimental groups were administered with the ethanolic extract of Feronia limonia fruit pulp at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight once daily for 55 days. All the treated rats had corresponding recovery groups. At the end of each treatment periods, various spermatological indices, tissue biochemicals and testicular enzymes levels were analysed. Blood profiles were also estimated. Results: Compared with the control, the F. limonia fruit pulp at both dose levels did not decrease body weight, while the testes, epididymides and seminal vesicles were significantly (P<0.01) reduced this effects were associated with decline in epididymal sperm count, motility, viability and increased percent of abnormal sperm. Further, the Feronia limonia fruit pulp at 500 mg/kg body weight markedly reduced the epididymal and testicular protein content by 24.58 and 29.86%, respectively, as well as the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) and ∆5-3β-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase (∆5-3β-HSD) levels by 42.82% and 38.08%, respectively, while a significant elevation was observed in testicular cholesterol and ascorbic acid content. A gradual recovery of all the parameters was observed after 55 days of treatment withdrawal. No significant alterations in haematological indices were observed. Conclusion: The present findings indicate that F. limonia fruit pulp may have reversible antispermatogenic and antisteroidogenic properties, and could partially support the traditional use as male contraceptive.

1036-1039

Authors: Shaikh M Mohsin Ali, Mele Jesmin, M Abul Kalam Azad, M Khairul Islam, Ronok Zahan

Objective: To study anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities in swiss albino mice, two schiff bases namely acetophenone semicarbazone (ASC) and benzophenone semicarbazone (BSC) were synthesized and characterized. Methods: Two doses of the test compounds 25 and 50 mg/kg (p.o) fo r each were selected throughout the research work. The anti-inflammatory activity of the test compounds was determined by ‘carragenan induced mice paw edema inhibition’ method. The analgesic activity was determined by both, ‘acetic acid induced writhing’ and ‘tail immersion' methods. All such data were compared with standard drugs at the dose of 10 mg/kg (p.o.). Results: Both ASC and BSC have showed positive effects as anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of the test compounds at 50 mg/kg (p.o.) were quite comparable to those of standard drugs at 10 mg/kg (p.o.). Conclusion: Both ASC and BSC can be considered as potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents.

1047-1051

Authors: Ramachandran M, Elumalai EK

Objective: To investigate the definite crystal structure of UDP-glucose 4-epimerase enzymes (EC 5.1.3.2) from Catharanthus roseus (C. roseus) for further research activities. Methods: The structure was modeled using homologous templates. The model validated under PROCHECK and WHAT-IF. Results: The model constructed using Modeller9v7 was validated. Moreover, 89% of residues lie in the most favored region. The model was checked for its grand average of hydropathicity and three binding sites were predicted using Molsoft ICM Pro v3.5. Conclusions: The model was suggested to be the good model. The constructed model can be used for further pharmacological studies and it can act as potential target against novel inhibitors.

1060-1063

Authors: Atul G. Babar, Anant Pande, Balasaheb G. Kulkarni

Objective: To identify the bioactive potential of crude methanolic extracts of five gastropods and one bivalve collected from the west coast of India (Mumbai coast). Methods: Discdiffusion assay and micro-dilution technique were used to test the bioactive potential of these molluscs against six pathogenic bacteria. Results: The crude methanolic extracts of all the molluscs showed significant activity against one or more bacteria tested. Minimum inhibitory concentration of crude methanolic extracts was found in the range of 0.10–0.35 mg/mL against human pathogenic bacterial strains. Hemifusus pugilinus and Nerita sp. extracts were most effective showing activity against all bacterial strains. Hemifusus pugilinus extract exhibited good activity against Vibrio cholerae contrary to earlier reports. Methanolic extract of Gafrarium divaricatum demonstrated considerable activity against both Escherichia coli and Streptococcus pyogenes. Trochus radiatus extract was inactive against all the bacteria tested except Escherichia coli. Euchelus asper extract was active against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Conclusions: All the molluscs screened exhibited potential activity against one or more bacterial strain. Further work is in progress to isolate the active constituents of the extracts.

1070-1076

Authors: Palavesam Suganthi, Sundaram Ravikumar

Objective: To investigate the crude extract of marine actinomycetes with adverse effect locally on the adult Wister albino rats or systematically in the blood circulation. Methods: Acute toxicity, sub acute toxicity, biochemical and histopathological were tested. Results: In the results acute toxicity (LD50=2 500 µg/kg bw), sub acute toxicity study (2 500 µg/kg bw) were significant at 5% level of each experimental groups compared to the control group. Biochemical and histopathological study also showed better as compared with control group Conclusion: This crude microbial extract from Streptomyces sp. RSAUT 20 and Streptomyces scabiei (S. scabiei) RSAUK 49 is potential source for novel antimicrobial compounds. The crude extract of Streptomyces sp. RSAUT 20 and S. scabiei RSAUK 49 were tested for in vivo toxicity study.

1081-1085

Authors: Alaganadham Elavarasi, Gnanaprakash Sathiya Rathna, Murugaiyan Kalaiselvam

Objective: To find out the anticancer properties of Taxol (paclitaxel) isolated from mangrove endophytic fungi. Methods: An endophytic fungus Fusarium oxysporum was isolated from Rhizophora annamalayana, a mangrove plant and analysis for Taxol production. The fungus was identified based on morphology and spore characteristics. The secondary metabolites Taxol were extracted with ethyl acetate. Taxol extracted was characterized by chromatographic and spectrometric analysis. Results: Thin layer chromatography plate shows violet red and IR spectrum values were conformed as group of terpenoid functional groups. The HPLC analysis showed the higher yield of Taxol 172.3 µg/L from potato dextrose liquid medium. Conclusion: The bioprospecting of entophytic fungus F. oxysporum isolated from mangrove is discussed and may serve as a potential material for the production of Taxol for anticancer treatment.

1090-1095

Authors: Samuel Jacob Inbaneson, Sundaram Ravikumar

Objective: To identify the possible antiplasmodial drugs from bacteria associated with marine sponge Clathria indica. Methods: Clathria indica samples were collected from Thondi coast and subjected for enumeration and isolation of associated bacteria. Filter sterilized extracts (100, 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25 and 3.125 µg.mL-1) from isolated bacterial isolates were screened for antiplasmodial activity against Palsmodium falciparum and potential extracts were also screened for biochemical constituents. Results: The count of bacterial strains were maximum in November 2007 (19× 104 CFU.g-1) and the average count was maximum during the monsoon season (107×103 CFU.g-1). Thirty one morphologically different bacterial isolates were isolated from Clathria indica and the ethyl acetate bacterial extracts were screened for antiplasmodial activity against Palsmodium falciparum. The antiplasmodial activity of a isolate THB23 (IC50 28.80 µg.mL-1) extract is highly comparable with the positive control chloroquine (IC50 19.59 µg.mL-1) and 17 bacterial extracts which showed IC 50 value of more than 100 µg.mL-1. Statistical analysis reveals that, significant in vitro antiplasmodial activity (P<0.05) was observed between the concentrations and time of exposure. The chemical injury to erythrocytes showed no morphological changes in erythrocytes by the ethyl acetate extract of bacterial strains after 48 h of incubation. The in vitro antiplasmodial activity might be due to the presence of carbohydrates and alkaloids in the ethyl acetate extracts of bacterial isolates. Conclusions: The ethyl acetate extracts of THB23 possesses novel compounds for the development of antiplasmodial drugs.

1102-1115

Authors: G.Marichamy, M.A.Badhul Haq, R.Vignesh, R.Shalini, A.R.Nazar

Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate the essential and non essential fatty acids and the distribution of Omega-3 and Omega-6 fatty acids in twenty commonly consumed edible fi shes of parangipettai coastal waters. Methods: For fatty acid analysis, each fish specimens were beheaded, eviscerated and filleted manually. The tissue samples were oven dried at 67°C for 24hrs.After that the samples ware grounded finely with pestle and mortar. The saponified samples were cooled at room temperature for 25 min, they were acidified and methylated by adding 2 ml 54% 6 N Hcl in 46% aqueous methanol and incubated at 80°C for 10 min in water bath. Following the base wash step, the FAMEs were cleaned in anhydrous sodium sulphate and then transferred in to GC sample vial for analysis. FAMEs were separated by gas chromatograph. Results: The results of the present study revealed that the most abundant individual FAs were Palmitic acid, Oleic acid, Arachidonic acid (AA), Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in most the tissues. The total Arachidonic acid (C20:4ω-6) was found to be higher proportion (0.17-4.86%), when compared with other Omega-6 fatty acids. The values found for Linoleic acid (C18:2 ω-6) ranging from 0-7.23%. Siganus javus has 7.23% of Linoleic acid. Conclusion: Fatty acids are the principle components in lipids. The nutritional importance of fish consumption is in great extent associated with the content of omega-3 fatty acids. Sea food is an important dietary food for human beings. It constitute higher amount of protein, lipids, vitamins and essential and nonessential metals and low concentration of carbohydrates.

1120-1129

Authors: MA Badhul Haq, K Kalai Priya, R Rajaram, R Vignesh, M Srinivasan

Objective: To investigate the level of WSSV transmission from the infected tiger prawn Penaeus monodon (P. monodon) to specific pathogen free Litopenaeus vannamei (L. vannamei) in laboratory captivity condition in relation to PCR detection, histopathological observation and viral genome sequence. Methods: Viral DNA was isolated from purified virions by treatment with proteinase K (0.2 mg/mL) and Sarkosyl (1%). The purity and concentration of the DNA were determined by agarose gel electrophoresis. Moribund and dead shrimp were removed and processed for indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) analysis. Histological observation of infected L. vannamei shrimps were revealed by the degenerated cells which were characterized by intranuclear inclusions in the tissues of WSSV infected mid-gut gland, lymphoid organ, gill lamellae and gut epithelium. Total DNA was extracted, from shrimp hemolymph and tissues, with a High Puree PCR template preparation kit. WSSV-DNA was detected using a commercial 2-step PCR detection kit. Results: The present study compares the real-time PCR results with SYBR Green I concentration ranging fr om 0.2 to 0.7×. The positive standard was used in the range of 102, 104 106, 108 and 1010 copies/ng of DNA in general. The PCR analysis showed the appearance of a prominent band from the PCR amplified product of WSSV-DNA at internal control band of 848 bp. Moderate and severe levels were observed as 650 bp and 910 bp (200 & 2 000 copies) in various transmission routes. The WSSV content in moribund shrimp of all the experimental species (L. vannamei) approximately ranged in nucleotide application by quantification method from 0.000 001 WSSV copies/µg of total DNA. In whole moribund infection animal, approximately 0.02 WSSV copies/µg of DNA was detected in nucleotide applied animal. Conclusion: These results indicate that wild brood stock and native culture shrimp P. monodon may be infected with WSSV and can get transferred into the SPF L. vannamei farming environment. Based on the studies, we made in captivity condition in different WSSV transmission route in dissimilar infection range with the use of nucleotide for antiviral drugs. There is an urgent need to address and develop antiviral drugs and molecular based viral genome technique for control measures to salt away the aquaculture environments.

1135-1137

Authors: Faranak Firoozfar, Nahid norjah, Mojgan Baniardalani, Seyed Hassan Moosa-Kazemi

Objective: The study was carried out to determine the knowledge, believe and practice of students about insects for forthcoming research due to tropical medicine. Its application to tropical medicine is acceptable. Methods: The study was conducted among 300 students by pretrained interviewers using a pre-test questionnaire in secondary, high school, and university in the Tehran city from June 2008 to May 2009. All statistics analysis was carried out the spss ver 11.5 EPI6, stata 80, chi-square and fisher exact test. Results: Significantly, 82.3% of the interviewers had problem when expose to insects (P<0.05). Domestic animals and unhygienic human habitant most importantly incriminate to present of insects. Out of 73.8% of the respondents believed the association between entomophobia and human habitat. Entomophobia was significantly associated with density and size of insects (P<0.05). Out of 37% of the respondents agree with killing of insects pest (P<0.05). Significantly steers was the common sign of entomophobia among the respondents (P<0.05). Out of %49.7 of audiences belived to association between entomophobia and age.Conclusion: In conclusion important the education and communication messages against entomophobia take in to consideration the local practice.

1147-1150

Authors: Smriti Singh, Pramod Kumar, N Gopalan, Bhuvnesh Shrivastava, RC Kuhad, Hotam Singh Chaudhary

Objective: To isolate strains of Actinomycetes from different locations of Gwalior to evaluate its antimicrobial activity against multidrug resistant pathogenic strains. Method: Soil samples collected from different niche habitats of Gwalior were serially diluted and plated on selective media. Potential colonies were further purified and stored in agar slants and glycerol stocks. Isolates were biochemically characterized and purified isolates were test against pathogenic microorganisms for screening. Isolates with antagonistic properties were inoculated in production media and secondary metabolites or antimicrobial products were extracted. Result: The seven actinomycetes strains showing maximum antibacterial activity were isolated further characterized based on their colony characteristics and biochemical analyses. The isolates were screened for their secondary metabolites activity on three human pathogenic bacteria are Escherichia coli (E. coli), Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE). Discussion: The strain MITS 1005 was found to be more active against the test bacteria.

1156-1158

Authors: Saraei M1, Zakilo M, Tavazoei Y, Jahanihashemi H, Shahnazi M

Objective: To define contamination of parks to Toxocara eggs in Qazvin city which is the nearest province center to Tehran, capital of Iran. Methods: A total of 180 soil and grass samples were collected from three city parks and examined for Toxocara spp. eggs by sedimentationfl otation method. Results: Overall, 5.8% of samples were positive for Toxocara spp. eggs with contamination rate of 3.15% and 8.42% for soil and grass samples (P>0.05), respectively. The fr equency of egg numbers in positive samples was between 1 to 5 and all unembryonated. Conclusions: It seems that the low frequency of pet dogs is the main cause of low contamination by Toxocara spp. eggs in this city.

1162-1168

Authors: Atanu Bhattacharjee, Shastry Chakrakodi Shashidhara, Aswathanarayana

Crataeva nurvala Buch-Hum (Varuna) is well known traditional Indian medicinal plant used to treat various ailments in particular urolithiasis. During last two decades, numerous ethnopharmacological and scientific reports have been cited in the literature to support its multidirectional therapeutic potential. The plant is rich in alkaloids, saponins, triterpenes, tannins, fl avanoid glycosides, glucosinolates and phytosterols. The review emphasizes primarily on fo lkloric uses, biological activities of isolated compounds, pharmacological activities of the extracts, clinical studies and safety profile of Crataeva nurvala to provide a comprehensive data fo r researchers to hit upon new chemical entity responsible for its claimed traditional uses.

1176-1188

Authors: Mayank Gangwar, Ragini Singh, RK Goel, Gopal Nath

Liposomes have been widely investigated since 1970 as drug carriers for improving the delivery of therapeutic agents to specific sites in the body. As a result, numerous improvements have been made to make this technology potential the treatment of certain diseases in the clinics. This review mainly focused on various aspects related to the vesicular system, including method of preparation, stabilization, drawbacks, and applications. Various types of vesicular systems such as liposomes, niosomes, transfersomes, pharmacosomes, and nanoparticle have been discussed briefly along with some other emerging vescicular systems (photosomes, archaesomes, genosomes, cryptosomes, discomes) focusing on cell specific gene transfer, photodynamic therapy and ligand mediated drug targeting. Present applications of the liposomes are in the immunology, dermatology, vaccine adjuvant, eye disorders, brain targeting, infective disease and in tumour therapy. The new developments in this field are of specific binding properties of a drug-carrying liposome to a target cell such as a tumor cell and specific molecules in the body (antibodies, proteins, peptides etc), stealth liposomes which are especially used as carriers for hydrophilic (water soluble) anticancer drugs like doxorubicin, mitoxantrone and bisphosphonate-liposome mediated depletion of macrophages. This review would help researchers working in the area of liposomal drug delivery.

1194-1199

Authors: CP Kashyap, Vikrant Arya, Narender Thakur

Traditional herbal medicines are practiced in the entire world and their ethnopharmacological records reveal that most of the people of the world have been using plants, animals, microorganisms and minerals for treating various diseases. Crataegus oxyacantha (C. oxyacantha) Linn. (Rosaceae) commonly known as Hawthorn is an official plant in Homeopathic System of Medicine to treat various conditions of cardiovascular system. In recent times, this drug has been subjected to phytochemical, pharmacological, pre-clinical and clinical investigations and many new investigations have been indicated. Current review finds ethnomedicinal and phytopharmacological potential of leaves, flowers, berries, bark etc. for exploring the immense medicinal potential of Hawthorn. At the same time, studies to evaluate the dosage, toxicity and interactions with drugs and herbs on simultaneous use, which is imperative for optimal and safe utilization of this plant, are explained. There are few comprehensive reports available on clinical use of Hawthorn in chronic heart failure patients have shown promising results.

1206-1208

Authors: Ali Raghibi, Wan Hazabbah Wan Hitam, Raja Azmi Mohd Noor, Zunaina Embong

A 58-year-old Malay lady, presented with gradual loss of vision in the right eye for 1 month duration. It was associated with right sided headache, nausea and vomiting. Patient had a history of contact with tuberculosis patient. On examination, visual acuity in right eye was no perception of light with presence of relative afferent pupillary defect. The left eye visual acuity was 6.0/7.5. There was a total restriction of extraocular movement in all direction (frozen eye) in the right eye. Both anterior segments were unremarkable. Fundoscopy in both eyes showed normal appearance of optic disc and retinal vessels. Other cranial nerves were normal. Lungs were clear and had no lymphadenopathy. Chest radiograph was normal. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate was elevated by 35 mm/h and Mantoux test was positive (20 mm). MRI of brain and orbit demonstrated thickening and irregularity of the right optic nerve on axial view with doughnut sign on coronal view. Patient was diagnosed to have optic perineuritis secondary to tuberculosis. She was treated with anti-TB drugs. Systemic corticosteroid was commenced after 2 weeks. The visual acuity was improved to hand motion after 1 month with almost complete resolution of extraocular movement.