European Journal of Economic Studies

198-205

Authors: Zeeshan Ahmad, Meng Jun, Muhammad Abdullah, Mazhar Nadeem Ishaq, Nguyen Nhu Bang, P.O. Bunnika, Majid Lateef

This paper identifies the basis for agricultural development constraints. For this we have taken 2013 year as the foundation period then a linear programming model has been established for Punjab Province’s agricultural production structure for year 2020. Later as response to the impact of the current situation of agricultural production structure in Punjab Province and the macroeconomic environment, three kinds of different emphases of production structural adjustment programs will be suggested. At the end, to provide a reference for the development of a specific quantity of agricultural production structural adjustment policies, will be conducting the optimization analysis.

212-220

Authors: Yasir Tariq Mohmand, Aneel Salman, Khurrum S. Mughal, Muhammad Imran, Nedim Makarevic

In this study, the gravity model of trade is used to analyze the export environment of Pakistan. As clear from trade data, Pakistan’s share in world exports is marginal and imports dominate the trade balance. The inability of diversification both in terms of products and markets is regarded as the main cause behind this trade deficit. This research highlights the main influencing factors affecting the export environment of Pakistan. The results of the gravity equation are used to calculate the export potentials of Pakistan with its partner countries. The results suggest Pakistan still has plenty of export potential with most of the partner countries and as such Pakistan can possibly reduce or control the trade deficit by targeting these countries.

231-238

Authors: Zurita Jose Estalin Vergara, Maria F. Mizintseva, Anna R. Sardaryan

The article is dedicated to the determining of the role of education as the most important element influencing on economic growth in developing countries. Nowadays, Ecuador is among those countries. This article examines the problems and tendencies of education developing, provides the literacy rates. The article also reviews the main directions of Government’s activities in terms of the human resources educational level in Ecuador.

122-130

Authors: Gulzar Ali

Public Investment in manufacturing sector has emerged as one of the most active part all over the world. In Pakistan public investment had made a significant contribution in different sectors and has played a fundamental role in the financial system of the country. This study has been an attempt to identify the factors, which affect public investment in manufacturing sector significantly in Pakistan. The data used in this study are from 1981 to 2014. Descriptive as well as quantitative techniques are applied to derive the results and advance statistical software E-views are used. In time-series analysis there always remains a suspicion about spurious relationship. This research study is also based on time-series data, that’s why before going to estimate the model, the data are tested by applying Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF), but the data used in the study did not show any sign of spurious relationship. In order to capture the effect of various factors affecting public investment in manufacturing sector, the investment accelerator model is used and regressed through NLS and ARIMA model. The regression results shows that the variables Value-added in large-scale manufacturing sector (Vm), and Lagged Public Investment in Large-Scale Manufacturing Sector (Igm(-1)), Index of Price of Capital (Ipk), Change in Domestic Credit available to Public Sector (ΔDcp) and dummy (Dps) for political stability and favorable economic conditions of the country plays a significant role in public investment in manufacturing sector. The study recommends that the government should create a sufficient demand by increasing domestic purchasing power, by export expansion, by import substitutions through assets redistribution. The study also found that stable political condition also necessary for the rapid economic and investment growth.

139-146

Authors: Sribas Goswami

Mining is indispensable for the individual, for the society, and for the development of the nations. Unfortunately, mining procedures and operations are often associated with health hazards and environmental deterioration. Present study has been attempted from a socio-economic point of view and the dynamics of the environment of the coal-mining region has been focused upon while keeping in mind what Gerasimov has said, "The purview of ecological approach has been enlarged to digest relevant information and results of studies in biology, sociology and anthropology etc. under such a changed set-up, Geography has equally emphasized aspects of spatial variation and relationship and biological science are no more the sole custodian of ecological approach it has rather displayed a well-marked tendency to become in other fields of science". This study has come up with issues related to harmful effects of mining and how trace elements influence the local environment and may affect human health in the vicinity of the mining area.

161-174

Authors: Rana Ejaz Ali Khan, Bushra Jabeen Hashmi

This study is an attempt to capture the impact of fiscal policy on income inequality in Pakistan. It employed Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model on annual time series data from 1980 to 2012. The stationarity of data is checked by Augmented Dickey Fuller unit root test. Short-run dynamics are tested by error correction model. Model reliability is tested with the help of the diagnostic tests. Chow test is applied to detect structural breaks and Gregory-Hansen technique is employed as a remedial measure of the structural breaks. Results indicate that development expenditures and financial development has diminishing effect on income inequality. On the other hand fiscal deficit and urbanization are affecting the income inequality positively. The current expenditures and indirect tax has no influence on Gini-coefficient. The study recommends that fiscal deficit should be diminished by reducing current expenditures. The development expenditures require an increase to decrease income inequality. For the financing revenue from indirect taxes may be increased, it will not hurt the income inequality. The financial development as a tool for decreasing inequality is also proposed.

64-68

Authors: Tatyana G. Borisova, Rimma A. Bekhteneva

The article devotes to the necessity of rapid adaptation to the changes connected with the enormous growth of industry, the world globalization process and development of information technology. In this context there is a general opinion in the profession about the need to improve the quality of accounting, professional competence, and accounting education. Maintaining high ethical standards, compliance with relevant laws, as well as accounting and auditing standards are also on the agenda.

76-83

Authors: Adel Shakeeb Mohsen

This study attempts to test the effect of trade openness, exchange rate and oil price on the exports in Syria over the period 1970-2010. The cointegration test indicates that exports are positively related to trade openness and oil price, but negatively related to exchange rate. Exchange rate has the biggest effect on the exports. The Granger causality test indicates bidirectional causality relationships between trade openness, exchange rate, oil price and exports in the short and long run. The study result indicates that, in order to boost the Syrian exports, it is vital for the Syrian government to open up the Syrian economy to foreign trade, decline the Syrian pound exchange rate, improve the quality of the Syrian exports, and decline the crude oil exports.

101-111

Authors: Jelena Pandža, Lukrecija Đeri, Adam Galamboš, Tamaš Galamboš

Motivation is a highly individual matter. It depends not only on the actual needs of the employee, but also on his personality, experience and scale of values. The employee work motivation directly influences the company productivity. In order to achieve the maximum level of motivation, managers need to know their needs and motivating factors of employees they supervise. Money is the key motivation factor for people, who need money to maintain their own existence. Non-financial factors of motivation also have a growing importance on the individual employee motivation. The main objective of this paper is to determinate the main intrinsic and extrinsic factors of employee motivation, and its effect on the provided service quality in the "Postal Traffic - Department in Novi Sad". The research is based on Herzberg's Two-factor theory. The results of the research showed, that majority of the factors is rated fairly high. The "Salary" is the lowest rated factor, while the factor "Colleagues" have the highest effect on employee motivation.

4-15

Authors: Muhammad Abdullah, Jia li, Sidra Ghazanfar, Jaleel Ahmed, Imran Khan

Rice is an important crop for Pakistan because it is a source of earning foreign exchange for its economy. This study was conducted with two objectives; (a) to analyze the pattern of growth and instability in production, area, yield, export quantity, and export value of Pakistani rice and (b) to determine the relationship between production, export quantity and area in Pakistan for rice crop. For the analysis, the time series data from the year of 1972 to 2011 regarding rice production, area under rice, rice export quantity and value were obtained to calculate the compound growth rate, coefficient of variation for the stated variables and to find relationship between the stated variables. The results revealed that the overall compound growth rates for rice production, area and yield were found to be positive and showed annual growth rate of 6.81%; 5.43% and 1.30% respectively. The instability analysis was applied by using the coefficient of variation calculation and the results showed that the rice production, area and yield were found to be considerably instable as the overall coefficient of variation values were found to be 30.06 %, 15.62% and 14.48% respectively. In terms of growth rate of rice exports quantity and rice export value, the compound growth rates for the overall period were found to be 15.80% and 30.06% respectively. The instability analysis was also applied by computing coefficient of variation for the rice export quantity and rice export value in dollars terms and the results revealed that in the overall period very high instability in rice export quantity and rice export value was observed as the values were found to be 58.76% and 89.32% per year respectively.

23-38

Authors: Jelisavka Bulatović, Goran Rajović

Business tourism northeastern Montenegro, in terms of tourist valorization is insufficiently explored. Hence the paper discusses the business competitiveness of tourism destinations. The research results show that the two determinants of destination management and Qualifying Determinants ("at the same level in competing destinations") weakest determinants of competitiveness northeastern Montenegro, while the highest grade awarded determinants of key resources and attractions. How a key competitiveness factors vary depending on the destination, northeastern Montenegro must avoid the universal solution, and must have specific policies and strategies to improve competitiveness, based on the nature of the competitive set. The research results can be of benefit management organizations, tourism policy makers to better understand and identify the strengths and weaknesses of the business tourism northeastern Montenegro, and to help formulate strategies to effectively manage tourist destinations.

45-53

Authors: Irina N. Markaryan

The correlation between price and quality plays a major role in the development of the hospitality industry and the more complete satisfaction of client needs. It is for this reason that over the last decade various types of lodging facilities have been actively engaged in developing sports/health services. For this purpose, there are built new and renovated existing spas and fitness centers, sports and sports/health improvement clubs. Depending on the financial capacity and motivation of both the guests and owners (managers) of lodging facilities, they can be located within the hotel itself, on adjacent grounds within a separate building, or on the premises of sports and beach facilities. This type of services plays a major role in generating additional profit, as a broad spectrum of sports/health services also includes a powerful rental framework, highly qualified instructors, new types and forms of working with guests. Russia has always been famous for its athletes and its citizens’ aspiration for a healthy lifestyle. There is a Russian proverb that says “A sound mind in a sound body”, and this state is what is nurtured by sports/health improvement and spa centers both within sanitarium/resort institutions and hotel-type lodging facilities.