Journal of community health research

4-11

Authors: Vivek Baliram Waghachavare , Girish Bhimrao Dhumale, Jitesh Hanmantrao Kadam

Introduction: Gender stereotyping is the generalized and ambiguous impression of an individual's roles in society based on one's gender, remarkably difficult to abandon. These biases play an important role in vocational choices. The aim of the current research was to study attitudes towards women, gender stereotyping, and gender biases among adolescent boys and girls from a rural area. Methods: It was a cross-sectional study conducted from Sept. 2016 to Aug. 2017 among rural school-going adolescents. A total of 826 samples were included in the study with convenience multi-stage sampling. Statistical analysis was done using descriptive statistics, chi-square test, and Mann-Whitney U test. The data entry and analysis were performed using MS Excel and SPSS-22 with 5 % significant level. Results: The mean age of 826 participants was 13.99 years with 297 (36%) being males. A higher percentage of the participants had a positive attitude towards females (83.9%) as well as a positive attitude towards crime against women (79.1%). However, gender stereotyping (54.6%) and male bias (58.6%)were present in the majority among them. There was a significant correlation between all the scales and gender (p<0.05); with better attitudes among females. Conclusion: Although the overall attitude towards females was better in adolescents, gender bias remains an important problem.

22-32

Authors: Diba Norouzi , Shaghayegh Vahdat , Somayeh Hesam

Introduction: Designing and constructing hospitals using green approach, renewable resources reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions, and improve environmental air quality. The purpose of the present study was to determine Green hospital's criteria in Fars province, Southwest of Iran, 2019. Methods: In the Qualitative study, first, the criteria were identified systematically. Then, the criteria for establishing a green hospital were determined by content analysis and software methods. Then, for localization, using the Delphi method, the effective criteria for establishing a green hospital in Fars province were selected. Thirty experts in the field were selected using purposive sampling. Excel 2016 software was used for analysis. This study was a mixed-method study that was conducted from 2018 to the first half of the year 2019. At first, the criteria were identified by the systematic review method, and then the data extraction was analyzed using the content method. Finally, the criteria identified by the questionnaire were provided to 30 health experts. Experts were selected by purposeful sampling. In the present study, Excel 2016 software was used for analysis. Results: Green Hospital's criteria were 72 criteria out of 21 common angles in the systematic review stage. In Fars province, 34 criteria in 13 dimensions of site stability, construction stage (architecture), environmental quality, management, resources, bio purchase, Experts selected energy efficiency, water, wastewater, waste and waste recycling, transportation, healthcare, and innovation. The most important aspects for Fars province are the management costs. Conclusion: The approved criteria for Fars province, as well as other valid models in the field of the green hospital, management, water efficiency, and energy, were approved. In general, the reasons for choosing approved dimensions can be due to the various models emphasizing these dimensions and the relevance of dimensions to hospitals' challenges.

41-51

Authors: Mohammad Azimi

Introduction: Health education is an inseparable part of a curriculum for all students. Health education should represent the essential knowledge, attitudes, and skills. So, the present research aimed at investigating health system assumptions in fourth-grade elementary textbooks. Method: This research is applied and descriptive-analytical has been done manually by Shannon's entropy content analysis, which suggests a quantitative approach to data processing. The research has investigated the respondents' viewpoints about the content of fourth-grade elementary textbooks and 12 major components (Physical health, Nutritional health, Environmental health, Natural environment health, Family health, Safety incidents, Physical activity, Mental health, Prevention of high-risk behaviors, Control, and prevention of diseases, Disability, Public health, and school health) and 58 minor components of health education and promotion. Results: In this research, all fourth-grade elementary textbooks have been reviewed. According to Shannon's entropy content analysis results, mental health has the highest frequency with 277 components, and disability has the least frequency with 12 components. Among the 1157 health components in fourth-grade elementary textbooks, there are 81 physical health components, 263 nutritional health components, 57 environmental health components, 33 natural environment health components, 227 family health components, 19 safety incident components, 73 physical activity components, 277 mental health components, 25 component of prevention of high-risk behaviors, 14 components of disease control and prevention, 12 disability components, and 58 components of public health and school health. Conclusion: According to the content analysis, there is no normal distribution between the components of health education and health promotion among the components studied in the content of the fourth-grade books, so that little attention has been paid to health education components in fourth-grade elementary textbooks.

60-67

Authors: Fatemeh Seyedi, Mohammad Ali Shahabi-Rabori, Seyed Hassan Eftekhar-Vaghefi

Introduction: With the alternation of the educational system from a three-stage into a two-stage system in Iranian schools since several years ago, five-year-old children entered from kindergartens to primary schools. This study was conducted to investigate the harmonization of classroom furniture with anthropometric dimensions in preschool students. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 366 male and female preschool students were selected by cluster sampling method in Kerman, Iran. Some of the anthropometric dimensions such as shoulder, elbow, and popliteal height, popliteal buttock length, and buttock breadth were measured. mean, maximum, minimum, standard division, and 5th, 50th, and 95th percentiles were calculated for both the sexes and were compared with five dimensions of the existing seats. Next, the dimensions of the standard seats were determined according to the anthropometric dimension’s students. Data were analyzed using SPSS 21 . Results: Results of this research indicated that there is no consistency between the seats and pre-school student's anthropometric dimensions in Kerman city. Seat height was matched with popliteal height in 28.7% and less than 1% of boy and girl student's anthropometric dimensions respectively. Backrest height and seat depth matched with shoulder height and popliteal- buttock length separately in fewer than 10% and armrest height was too smaller than elbow height and seat width was too larger than buttock breadth in both sexes. Conclusions: Due to adding a new grade to primary school, it seems that no work has been done for improving the furniture. Therefore, in this article, we presented the dimensions of an appropriate seat. This may help not only save production costs in the industry but also increase the matching between students' anthropometric and seat dimensions.

83-87

Authors: Moslem Heydari Pur, Mohamad Mehdi Bahri, Ebrahim SHeykhi

Introduction:Burn injuries are among the most important causes of disability and medical problems in the world. Weakness and inability of the burn is greater than the pain of the burn. Methods:This is a cross-sectional study-analysis in which the case of 126 patients admitted to the Shohada Mehrab Hospital, affiliated to the Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences in Yazd during the first six months of 2019, has been reviewed. Data were collected in a checklist designed by the researcher, and demographic variables and using the chi-square test, mean comparison, and using descriptive and analytical statistics and linear regression in the SPSS V.24 software was analyzed (p>0.05). Results: The findings of this study stated that 73.8% (93people) of patients were male and 26.2% (33 people) were female. 67.5% (85 people) were burned with thermal flames (p>0.019) and 13.5% (17 people) with boiling water (p>0.44). 77% (97people) of home accidents, 22% (28people) occurred at work, and 1% at other places (farm, car, etc.). 47% of these patients were 20% and 23% between 21-40 percent burns, 18% between 41-60 percent burns and burns 8% between 61-80 percent and 4 percent are between 81-100 percent burned.This study results showed that the main cause of burns is fire (67.5%). Conclusion:The results of this study showed that most burns are among men, and about 70% of deaths are among men. The average length of hospital stay was 12 days, 22 patients died, and the fatality rate was 17.5%. This study showed that 67.5 % of burns were of the thermal type and hot water and hot liquids were the next cause of burns (13.5 %). Effective factors are fatality, patient age, and total body surface area (TBSA). 77% of burns occurred at home, 22% at work, and 1% at other places (farm, car, etc.). High incidence of burns and the loss of active community force will result in cost and disability. Treatment of burns requires a long hospital stay, which in addition to the high cost, can cause mental and psychological injuries to the patient.