EMINAK

23-29

Authors: Voronov Sergii

The publication reveals various aspects of the development of shipping and trade in the territory of South Ukraine. The author traces the emergence of Italian trading factors, the political and economic conditions of their existence, navigation of the Italian colonialists. It analyzes the types of ships, their characteristics, their role in maritime trade. The author notes that the main goods that were transported by the Italian courts were wine, vegetable oil, dining ceramics. Rarely, ships transported expensive goods – spices, silk, precious stones, fur, expensive Venetian glass, etc. The general conclusion – the Italian colonization of the North Black Sea region played an important role not only in the development of the land, but also influenced its economic development, the development of shipping, contributed to the emergence of new shipping routes in the Black Sea basin.

36-40

Authors: Serdiuk Igor

The article deals with the microgroup of schoolchildren, which the society of Hetmanschyna was perceived as «other». Being at school, begging as a way of earning a living was the basis for the marginalization of schoolchildren, perceiving them as a wandering, prone to crime layers. Some of the children were forced to seek refuge in schools as a result of orphans. In that time, folklore of schoolchildren’s life is described primarily as a difficult and unfulfilled joy. They are always depicted hungry and suffering from cold. Actually, this supposedly, and forced them to steal, as well as the lack of normal clothes. This perception and way of earning a living microgroup of schoolchildren was similar to the community of beggars, but between these two categories of the population were cardinal differences. Yes, the schoolboys were only boys. Their stay at the school was a peculiar stage in the life of a young man who had every chance of becoming a respected member of society, depending on his motives and strategies. The life strategies of others focused on getting a place in the church, thus the school gave birth to church literacy – knowledge of prayers, organization of the liturgy, etc.

47-52

Authors: Dianova Natalya

The intellectual ties of the metropolitan of the UGCC Andrei Sheptytsky with the Metropolitan of the RPC Antony (Khrapovitsky), aimed at uniting the Christian churches are research in the article. The letters of the Masters, which are relevant to the topic under consideration, are analyzed. The role of Andrei Sheptytsky in the process of searching for ways to ecclesiastical unity is considered. A comparative analysis of the epistolary heritage of these metropolitans is carried out and the principal differences in their views on the future of the church are shown. Andrei Sheptytsky proposed joint actions to unite the Greek Catholic and Orthodox churches, the creation of a common patriarchy headed by the Orthodox patriarch. Antony (Khrapovitsky) remained in the position of devotion to the Russian Orthodox Church and ultimately gave up the monistic activity. He saw the solution of this issue in the transition of Greek Catholics to Orthodoxy. The five-year correspondence showed only a deep chasm between the position of the Masters in the issue of church development on the Ukrainian lands. After the revolution of 1917, Andrey Sheptytsky supported the Ukrainian national movement and the building of statehood. Unlike him, Antony (Khrapovitsky) was very far from these processes and remained an adherent of the Russian autocracy and Russian Orthodoxy. The idea of A. Sheptytsky about the unity of the Christian church turned out to be premature and not realized.

58-62

Authors: Vivsyana Inna

The problem of the unity of the people is decided not by one generation of the Ukrainian intelligentsia. Today, as before, contacts for the «West-East» format are relevant for national consolidation. The communicative function of the activity of the national intelligentsia, that is, the various forms and means of information exchange, is intensified in modern conditions. Therefore, today, as never before, it is important to study and use the experience of past generations. Certain analogies with the events of a century ago have led to the use of the experience of the intelligentsia, which has fruitfully contacted through nationalcultural organizations, providing communication of the regions. The purpose of the article is to determine the main forms of manifestation of the communicative function in the activities of the Shevchenko Scientific Society, the Society of Prosvita and some other national-cultural organizations. The communicative function of communication through language is a prerequisite for the continuity of generations, social and scientific progress, the unification of people around a common goal. Linguistic unity, therefore, becomes the basis for unity in its various manifestations. In the first quarter of the XX century the Ukrainian literary language had already developed socio-political terminology. The orthographic discussion that emerged in the early twentieth century helped form the scientific foundations of common linguistic norms by overcoming the differences that existed in the literal practice of the Dnieper and Galicia. Participants of the discussion, which were linguists, writers, proved that a person is capable of influencing the language and shaping its norms. The Shevchenko Scientific Society in Lviv (NTSh) was the most important among the national-cultural organizations that carried out a communicative function in the 1910s-1920s. In 1909, the tradition of publishing popular brochures on the life of Ukrainians, which was actively continued by Prosvita, was initiated, during the First World War, the Union of Liberation of Ukraine, during the liberation events, Ukrainian publishing houses. Among other national-cultural organizations that carried out a communicative function, one should mention joint theatre and choir collectives (Les Kurbas, «The Young Theatre», I. Franko theatre, the Republican chapel under the direction of O. Koshitsa). There are different approaches to assessing communicative processes. Representatives of Galicia both at that time and the present, there are two trends: recognition of Galicia auxiliary or a leading role in the nation-building processes. The communicative function is extremely important in the activities of national cultural organizations, it helps to achieve understanding between representatives of different regions, promotes effective cooperation on the creation of a new quality of Ukrainian statehood. For 1910-1920 it turned out to be in the form of the development of common all-Ukrainian norms of spelling and scientific terminology, activating the work of Prosvita and other cultural organizations. For the current circumstances, this may be other forms and methods of cooperation. The main thing is that communication is not interrupted and not stopped.

69-74

Authors: Sribnyak Ihor

The article analyzes the activities of the Ukrainian Union military disabled UNR (hereinafter – Society), which played a significant role in protecting the rights of this category of interned soldiers-Ukrainian, representing their interests in front of the Polish government. Central Board of the Union were Tarn and its local branches operating in the camps and several Polish cities. The Union also has its representatives in various European countries, which are selected from among Ukrainian emigrant. The activities of the Union held in camps Swedish and tailoring workshops where disabled people work at the same time – they provided financial assistance through charitable collections and theatre performances, as well as cash benefits from social services of the Polish state. Finding additional sources of its activities to guide the Union of intense correspondence with similar organizations in a number of European countries, informing them about the situation of disabled Ukrainian camps. However, an important part of its activity was attracting the attention of the European community to fight that lasted against the Bolshevik regime in Ukraine. To this end, the Union distributed its own appeal, trying to attract the attention of the European community to the events in Ukraine. In particular, the Union appealed to similar organizations in Italy, Austria, Poland et al., who expressed her his moral support. Ukrainian Union military disabled strongly advocated its political direction – the idea of the restoration of state independence of Ukraine. This activity Association has found approval and full support from the State Centre of the UNR in exile.

81-83

Authors: Marchenko Nataliуa

In the article are explored the reasons for the appearance of the collection «The Wind from Ukraine» (1924) through the personal letters of P. Tychyna. Analyzed the moral values and the professional direction of P. Tychyna during the literary discussion. P. Tychyna moved to Kharkiv for personal reasons in 1924. In Kharkiv, he issued his collection «The Wind from Ukraine». The poet believed that the collection was not the same as it was planned. He wanted to write it better and more lyrically. Among the writers, there was a wide discussion about the skill of writing poems from the collection: some considered P. Tychyna a talented poet, others criticized him. The article are describes the circle of the poet’s closest friends with whom he could share his thoughts and experiences (L. Paparuk, M. Mogilyansky, N. Romanovich-Tkachenko, M. Zerov, A. Lyubchenko). P. Tychyna externally tried to be indifferent to the discussion, but admitted in letters because of criticism. In a difficult period P. Tychyna was supported by a close friend of M. Khvylovy who volunteered to publicly defend the poet from active criticism.

90-94

Authors: Khriashchevska Liudmyla

The found out reasons of fourth wave of Ukrainian emigration; dynamics of social factors that stipulated an emigrant process in all periods in development of migrations. Considered the dynamics of emigration of Ukrainian population in the last decade of ХХ century. Analyzed volumes and orientation of basic streams of emigrants from Ukraine, basic directions of migration and streams of emigration are lighted up from a country in a geopolitical plan. Economic difficulties of transitional period caused considerable temporal migration of citizens of Ukraine abroad with the aim of employment. The basic countries of the following of Ukrainian labour migrates is Russia, and also Czech Republic, Poland, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Greece. Thus, situation that was folded in a country upon receipt independence was difficult enough, and those social and economic pre-conditions that were folded were determined by character and maintenance of migratory processes. An exit was found in emigration to other countries with the best socio-political terms.

100-105

Authors: Sribna Mariya

The documentary collection has been analyzed and systematized in the stock collection of the National Museum of History of Ukraine on the topic «International relations of independent Ukraine». The article shows the evolution of the formation of international relations between the USA and Ukraine during 1991-1992. In addition, the use of exhibits on the subject in the exhibit and exhibition projects of the museum is considered. In general, 1991 was the year for Ukrainian-American relations in the course of gradual rapprochement, but the next year turned out to be very difficult, primarily because of the growing diplomatic pressure on Ukraine. The United States put an immediate solution to the issue of nuclear weapons abandonment on the agenda. The problem of the nuclear potential of Ukraine has been central to the development of Ukrainian-American relations. Only after the decision by Ukraine to abandon the nuclear «heritage» Ukraine began a balanced and gradual construction of the legal and contractual framework for bilateral relations. This was facilitated by the first official visit of the President of Ukraine L. Kravchuk to the United States in May 1992.

111-116

Authors: Prysiazhniuk Oleksii

The process of transformation of objects of cultural heritage into a monument, which is regulated by normative acts of modern memorial protection legislation, is rather complicated. There are unit’s examples of completion of formal procedures and obtaining the object of cultural heritage the status of the monument. That is why the author, on the example of the object of cultural heritage – monuments of history, architecture of the underground monastery in the tract «Gethsemane Garden» were considered the procedure of institutionalization of such objects. The institutionalization of the object of cultural heritage means the process of defining and consolidating legal norms, rules, statuses, bringing them into a system. This system will be capable for acting in the direction of satisfying, which needs the modern society in preserving objects of cultural heritage. The article describes the legal acts, which are regulated the sphere of protection of cultural heritage and directly affects the process of institutionalization of objects of cultural heritage. The process of institutionalization chosen for of the example monument is considered on the background of the history of this object itself in the context of important historical events and the historiography of its study. This research considers and identifies the main stages and aspects of the institutionalization of the underground monastery in the tract «Gethsemane Garden», from the appearance of the object and before obtaining it the status of a cultural heritage monument. The author makes conclusions about the legal norms enshrined in normative acts, which form the system of requirements for procedural actions that transform the object of cultural heritage into a memorial.

122-129

Authors: Zosimov Igor

The impetus for many of the current problems, which were based on the administrative governance of the agricultural sector, which was formed in the 1920s, one of them – increasing the yield on the Ukrainian fields. Yield was closely associated with the location, planning and a range of agrotechnical and organizational measures. However, the actions of the Ukrainian scientific research Institute of Economics and organization of agriculture, which he researched, reflected on the historical time of existence of the Institute 1928-1937. Power and research Institute has experienced many economic problems in the agricultural management, even the principles of an agrarian - economic science mixed up with class ideas. Presents a study of the relative productivity not only of agro-technical progress, but also about management failures in the Soviet Ukraine.