EMINAK

10-19

Authors: Kryvosheia Igor, Kwasniewska Оleksandra

The offered comparative study made in the ethnopsychological studios, is tentative to display and to compare the mental «collective portraits» of Ukrainians and Russians based on the travel records «Study of internal relations of people’s life and especially of rural institutions in Russia» written by German baron August von Haxthausen (1792-1866). The result of the investigation was the creation and correlation of relevant ethnomental models with constant set of determinants of intelligence in comparative frame of mind in a comparable plane. Thus, the mental parameters of Russian collective identity are reduced to trivial outlook, Asian patriarchal and Norman dominants in the private and public space, obscurantism, collectivism, abstract worldview, «faith in the good king», simplicity and variability, humility and violence; Ukrainian mental characteristics are individualism, tidiness, thrift, religiosity, fatalism, endowment and imaginative perception.

24-28

Authors: Pylypyshyn Oleh, Bondarenko Sergey

Speechifications of Yu. Romanchuk in legislative organ of the Austro-Hungarian Empire such as: politician’s requirements and specific proposals about changes in Eastern Halychyna colonial policy of the government are studied. Efforts of Ukrainian parliamentary representation, led by Yu. Romanchuk, were focused on the growth of Ukrainian political influence in the country, attracting public policy instruments to resolve the Ukrainian-Polish conflict, Ukrainian numerous achievements in cultural, educational and economic spheres. During the years immediately preceding the First World War, Ukrainian parliamentary representation focused on electoral reform to the Diet of Halychyna and the founding of a Ukrainian university in Lviv.

34-39

Authors: Shandra Iryna

One of the preparation acts for a new commercial treaty with Germany were regional export congresses that were convened during the years 1913-1914 at the most important export centers of the Russian Empire – Khrakiv (March 1913), Kyiv (February 1914) and Vilnius (March 1914). The Russian Export Chamber was a direct organizer of the congresses and the most active members were the delegates from exchange committees, agriculture societies, branch congresses and other entrepreneur’s representative organizations. The article describes the Southern Regional Congress in Kharkiv and Southwest in Kyiv, which demonstrated the industrial specificity of these regions, identifies the priority export goods and necessary terms of their successful export. As accent the author in the article, it was especially appreciable at the congresses that the both cities were powerful commercial and industrial centers and therefore the programs of measures did not lack of the manes of the famous scientists and experienced experts in economy. The organizational result of these congresses was the formation of Regional revision-committees of the Russian- German commercial treaty. In the analysis of historical sources, the author proves that Congresses were the wide public discussion. At their meetings had the opportunity to voice an opinion as the delegates of big business and small cooperative societies and peasant farms. It is concluded that this measures assisted o discovering the standpoint of various business groups, to clarify to causes of economic problems and to develop perspectives and further development. Author noted too that the intention of the government to involve in preparing of the new commercial treaty the widest possible circles of entrepreneurs and their representative structure would to be minimizing the shortcomings of the current commercial treaty with Germany in 1904. They must to approach the signing of the Russian-German treaty in 1917 responsible as much as possible. The preparing of treaty and development of state was interrupted by events of Great War.

46-50

Authors: Tretyakova Olga

On the basis of archival sources covered policy of the Soviet authorities to the Polish population of southern Ukraine in the 1920s. Various aspects of the Polish population of Ukraine has repeatedly become the subject of study scientists. Unfortunately, there is no study that would have revealed the process of creating regional party and government bodies have to coordinate the work of serving the needs of the Polish population of the southern region, with a view to Sovietization, hence the relevance of research topic. In the early 1920s the problem of ethnic relations and national-cultural development, based on ideological dogmas ruling party remained one of the most acute in Ukraine and other Soviet republics. In order to attract people to the Soviet construction proclaimed policy of indigenization, which provided training and education of personnel indigenous nationality for use in the state apparatus and economic management, the introduction of mother tongue and national characteristics in the educational process of educational institutions, development of national culture and more. After the Communist Party saw this as an effective means of forming a new «socialist culture». For practical implementation of the national policy of Soviet power in the region, a system of special bodies that took care of the life of the Polish population. The main purpose of their work was actively involved Polish population to the Soviet construction through advocacy activities. The main result of their work was to be a complete transformation of consciousness Polish population and turning it into a «Soviet people». For this purpose various forms of media advocacy work. However, this study found a gradual decrease in confidence in the Polish population to the Soviet regime.

55-62

Authors: Tishyn Alexander

In the article the industrial policy of the German occupation administration on the territory of the South-Eastern regions of Ukraine in the context of Hitler’s «new order» in Europe is analysed. It is paid attention to the fact that in the South and East of Ukraine and other Nazi-occupied territories in Europe the «new order» in industry was like this: the militarization of industrial production, the conversion of active industrial enterprises on service of orders of the Wehrmacht, the centralization of the control of industry and delay from the market regulation of economy, to seize the leading industries of the German monopolistic associations. It is emphasized that the Nazi leadership developed a rather detailed and differentiated plan for economic exploitation of the occupied territories on the European continent, political and military situation at the front made of industry of the occupied territories only of purpose – the supply of raw materials and military equipment.

69-72

Authors: Revenko Vira

In article on the basis of archival materials considers the problems of training in schools of working youth in the period from 1944 to 1955. Analyzes the development of various forms of education of young people without a job. Addresses the issues of availability of schools, teaching staff with required qualifications, school facilities and quality of knowledge of graduates The study showed that in the post-war period in the Ukrainian village has done a lot to attract people to the study. However, to create a stable network of schools for rural youth, through a large-scale negative phenomena and weaknesses in the organization of educational work in the analyzed period failed, resulting in a significant part of young workers were not covered by the training. However, it should be noted that in the post-war period in the Ukrainian village carried out considerable work on creation of preconditions for the growth of the educational level of the peasantry.

78-83

Authors: Bilovus Lesya

The article is devoted to the activity of Ukrainian museums in the United States in the context of preserving Diaspora’s national identity. The main aspects of functioning of the Ukrainian Museum in New York as well as the Ukrainian National Museum of Chicago have been revealed due to the analysis of Ukrainian periodicals («Svoboda», «Chas I Podii», «Ukrainske Slovo», «NOVAhazeta», «Mist»). It has been estimated that these museums serve as scientific, cultural and educational centers, which not only assist to the accumulation of the national spiritual culture, but also help to resist to assimilative and globalization factors through the elaborated system of activities. These institutions are very important in terms of preserving not only our modern history, but also the history of Ukrainian immigration to the USA. It has been established that Ukrainian cultural life in the USA is not some closed zone due to open communication policy of the surveyed memory institutions and the Ukrainian Diaspora community is not isolated in their ethnic circle, instead it is opened for the perception by other nations.

92-97

Authors: Barsuk Elena

The article studies confessional relationships established in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth when relationships bore national status in Belarusian and Ukranian Historiography. Belarusian National Historiography is closely connected with such names as Vatslav Lastovsky, Vsevolod Ignatovsky, Vladimir Picheta, i.e. all those who paid much attention to Orthodoxy, Uniate Confession, Catholicism in Belarus in the XVI-XVIII centuries. The first consolidation works on Belarusian History belonged to these authors. Vatslav Lastovsky claimed (in his «Short History of Belarus») that confessional relationships were of great importance for National Identity Formation and Social-Political Life of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. V. Lastovsky as well as M. Grushevsky marked that there was great influence of Reformation on Social-Political idea in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In its turn this idea staged a coup in minds and views. As a result it led to church union amplification. Among the reasons for Uniate Confession establishment there were political, social-cultural and theological discords found between the Catholics and Orthodox Christians in the same manner as inteference of brotherhoods into the church matters. V. Lastovsky singled out two directions developed in Union Ideology: a hierarchic one (i.e. intention of Orthodox bishops to become independent) and a national one (i.e. intention to create a powerful national church). He also noticed there were fundamental differences between Moscow and Russian (Belarussian-Ukranian) Orthodoxy. V. Lastovsky said that discrimination of Orthodox Christians was revealed by means of power but not law up to the XVIII centuries. From Vs. Ignatovsky perspective, 1st President of the Academy of Sciences of Belarus, polonization of the Belarusian lands must have been treated as a result of Lublin Union; Brest Church Union was determined as its continuation, because an Orthodox person accepted political, cultural, social influence of Poland. He showed the evolution of the union developed from Church consolidation idea and religious controversy termination to transition from one faith to another faith as well as reasons for religious wars. Vs. Ignatovsky also characterised Moscow Patriarchy Creation in 1589 and a will of Orthodox bishops of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth to avoid juridical submission as Brest Church Union background. This thesis contradicted the views of Russian historians about «Catholic agression» on the Belarusian and Ukranian lands. He supported a thesis of M. Grushevsky about Reformation influence, which arouse of the abcense of wide social basis and an ideological leader, that’s why it couldn’t take roots. V. Picheta, 1st Rector of Belarusian State University, said that Orthodox Church had some privileges and property untouchability before Brest Union Acceptance. The Catholics treated the Union as a means for widening of their influence. Among the reasons for Union acceptance there were discontent of Orthodox hierarchy for its property and politics conditions, inteferance of the brotherhoods in the Church matters, illiteracy of the lowest ranks of the clergy and their dependance from their patrons (=landowners where there was curacy), successful Jesuit activity. As all things considered, national historiographies of Belarus and Ukraine developed in a similar way. Much attention was paid to studies of confessional relationships in the United Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. It was treated not just as factors of domestic and foreign politics, but factors for national self-awareness development.

103-108

Authors: Deforzh Anna

Deforzh Anna Contribution of Georges Cuvier (1769-1832) to the development of evolutionary biology The article highlights the contribution of G. Cuvier to the development of evolutionary biology. His life and work are meant to reflect the main trends of gradual development of evolutionary thought. It follows that the methodology of evolutionism still need to withstand substantial transformation. The leading role is systematic and historical approach allows to capture and properly connect the knowledge of all levels of organization of living things. This approach can be successfully implemented only if the evolutionary synthesis strategy with the strategy of systematic and evolutionary analysis which allows to reveal specific patterns of evolution of each level of the organization alive. The development of human society, modern civilization strongly requires precise knowledge of the laws of the organization and evolution biogeocenosis and the biosphere as a whole. The progress of the productive forces of human society can now be considered rational, scientifically justified only to the extent to which a society is able to predict the evolution of the biosphere and manage it. The faster and more successful mankind can look to the future, the more natural the transition will be made from the biosphere to the noosphere.

114-119

Authors: Fesovets Oleh

The article provides an overview of the scientific and practical activities of one of the founders of the science of the operation of the railway transport professor, doctor of technical sciences Volodymir Sokovich (1874-1953) in the development of the theory of military railway transport in the first half of the twentieth century. The introduction emphasizes the fact that rail transportation during the war arose directly on the Ukrainian lands, during the Eastern (Crimean) War (1853-1956), the Balaklava Railway. Consistently highlights the life, production and scientific achievements of the scientist in the period of the Great War (1914- 1918), Russian civil (1918-1921) and the World War II (1939-1945), also between wars. Statistical data are provided on the performance of certain indicators of the operational work of the Catherine Railroad during the period 1913-1916, during the leadership of Sokovich by the traffic service of this railway. Also presented is the description of the scientist’s activity as the head of the South-Eastern Railway (1918-1919), the Vladikavkaz Railway (1920-1921,) organizational achievements and scientific and pedagogical work. An overview of the activities of Professor Sokovich as one of the leaders of the operational department of the military transport academy (1938-1941). The list of works of the scientist on the subject of military transport is given, his outstanding role in the training of military personnel is noted. The great contribution of Volodymir Sokovich in ensuring the successful functioning of the railway transport during the World War II on the territory of the USSR (1941-1945). A conclusion is made about the relevance of Sokovich’s scientific heritage in the development of the theory of rail transportation during the war period due to the armed conflict in eastern Ukraine.

126-131

Authors: Sichkarenko Halyna

The development of science and scientific investigations in Ukraine could become basis of competitive ability, innovative and socio-economic development of the country and strengthening of its national safety. Meanwhile, scientific potential is going to be ruined and it’s dangerous for national security. The general status of scientific researches at higher education institutions of university level is connected with the status of science in the country and it is established by socio-economic and political situation. Status, processes and problems of university science and possible perspectives of its development are analyzed in the article on the ground of state statistics. The essential factors of downfall are allocated, there are paltry state financing, uneffective using and expense distribution, old-fashioned material and technological basis and lack of powerful information resources, absence of tax remissions and incitement for business and its collaboration with universities, deflux of talented youth etc. It is accentuated that new qualification criteria for academic staff aren’t planned enough and aren’t provided with resources, that’s why they begin to change into farce. It has been proved that budget projects don’t have definitively stated targets that are connected with development of human capital and monitoring of profit indicator. Business isn’t involved in scientific and educational programs. Scientific and teaching staff is obliged to take upcharge that is connected with scientific activities at the extent that isn’t feasible according to their real gains upon themselves. Simultaneously all the risks aren’t taken into account and systematic measures that are going to resolve pressing problems haven’t been assumed.