EMINAK

9-17

Authors: Kryvosheia Igor, Kwasniewska Olexandra

The presented article is an attempt of the validity approbation of the housing source of European ego-documents (F. Anselot «Six months in Russia», A. de Custine «Russia in 1839», A. von Haxthausen «Studies of the internal relations in the ethnos life…») in terms of foreign travelers’ reception of national character of Russian ethnos and its class representatives. In the research, the interpretation of travelogues has been conducted in the wake of Russian servants’ worldview dominants and their stratification modifications and it is noted that each of voyagers with his special manner and focusing has shown the seen and depicted mental picture of Russian society. It is confirmed that the stratification approach with division of threefold Russian mentality classes to the following groups of carriers as nobility, clergy and peasantry have found comparatively relevant display in the Franco-German memoir records informatively reflecting the spiritual atmosphere of the time. The information gleaned from European travelogues give grounds to assert that mentally different peasants’ and gentleman’ communities thought and felt in different planes. The first ones thought and felt according to the laws of mythological consciousness, second ones were extremely between consciousness and rational utilitarianism. But this did not prevent the abovephilosophical «descriptions» to meet the unique anthropomorphic personification as churning matrioshka doll. The result of the studies was the creation of Russian Matrioshka mental model as the specifics of the personification of Russians corporate class’ worldview.

22-27

Authors: Kazakov Gennadiy

In the article the author considers the role of the British naval blockade on the «German policy» of the United States during World War I. In the course of writing a research paper In the course of writing a research paper to study accents on the study of the nature of the British naval blockade; reasons for establishing naval blockade and the influence of the blockade on relations between the USA and Germany. The analyzed a essence of the British blockade. The author singled out main stages the government of USA against the naval blockade. The author concluded that the diplomatic struggle against the British naval blockade was one of the key topics of relations with Germany during the American neutrality. The main reason for the phenomenon was the obstacle submitted by the British government to carry out trade with European countries, including indirect trade with Germany. After the USA entry into the war against Germany the American government cancels all the differences between the US and the UK and was the cause orders to US naval blockade of Germany.

33-41

Authors: Mykhailiuk Maryna

The article focuses on the functioning of one of the Nazi concentration camps in occupied Poland, which for the Jews was the death camp. Attention is focused on the causes and stages of camp, staff functions, the living conditions of prisoners and their system of penalties, methods of mass destruction and concealment of traces of the crimes, the reasons for the elimination of the camp, liberation by Soviet troops, followed the fate of the camp staff. The findings indicated that Majdanek simultaneously perform different functions: forced labor, punitive, liquidations. Through it passed the hundreds of thousands of people, but only the Jews (both civilian and prisoners of war) were exterminated en masse and purposefully. Other categories of prisoners died under different circumstances, as a rule, as a waste and no longer need human material Reich, while not falling under the compulsory liquidation. Therefore, their survival depended on them: physical and morale, motivation to stay alive at all costs, personal connections with the camp personnel.

47-52

Authors: Nahirnyj Mykola

The participation of the Ukrainians of Croatia in the armed struggle for the preservation of the state in decisive moments of its history in the twentieth century is considered in the article. The reasons of participation of the Ukrainians in the wars for independence of Croatia and characteristics of this participation are shown. The scale and nature of the participation of the Ukrainian Diaspora in the hostilities on the side of the Croatian armed forces are analyzed. The estimation of the importance of Ukrainian contribution to the struggle for defending the independence of Croatia is made. The desire to see Ukraine as an independent state like NDH (Nezavisna Država Hrvatska – Independent State of Croatia) led to the fact that some Ukrainians began to collaborate with the Ustaše. The reason of the creation of the Ukrainian Legion was a desire to guarantee the Ukraine’s liberation from the USSR. Germany was not interested in an independent Ukraine. Soldiers of the Legion were sent to Bosnia to fight against a communist partisans and Serb civilian population. After the total disappointment of the Ukrainians they gradually begun to run away from the Legion. The Croatian counterintelligence exposed the negotiations between Legion’s soldiers and Tito’s partisans to move to the side of the communist movement. Therefore Croatian government, seeing the futility of existence of the Ukrainian Legion, decided to disband it. The Ukrainians also served in the Croatian Naval Legion, which was based in the Ukrainian port Genichesk. Sailors were recruited among the local inhabitants. The number of the Legion had reached 1,000 and the Ukrainians made up at least 60%. Legion led several battles against the Soviet fleet in the Azov Sea, during which Ukrainian volunteers have deserved high praise for the courage from Croatian commanders. In general the fate of the Ukrainians who supported the Ustaše, was complicated and tragic. During the postwar years, they were persecuted by the communist government of Yugoslavia. The attitude of the Ukrainian Diaspora to the Croatian-Serbian conflict in the 1990s was different from the situation in World War II. At the referendum in May 1991 the Ukrainians and Ruthenians voted mostly for the independence of Croatia. The Serbs have established an occupation regime for the Ukrainians and Ruthenians on the occupied territories. Except terror, our Diaspora also fell under the «ethnic cleansing». The reason of the antipathy toward the Ukrainians and Ruthenians was that they took an active part in the defence of Croatian independence and its territorial integrity. In general, 410 Ruthenian and Ukrainian fought as a part of the Croatian army. It was the highest percentage in comparison with other national minorities. A small number of the Ukrainians and Ruthenians played a disproportionately large role in the defence of Croatia. And for this choice they paid a high price – they were killed, repressed and deported. In general the losses of the Ruthenians and Ukrainians during the Croatian-Serbian war were between 3,5 and 8% (whereas during the years of World War II the loss was 2%). The situation for the Ruthenians and Ukrainians on the occupied territories had the features of ethnocide that could lead to the disappearance of our community in Croatia.

58-64

Authors: Goncharenko Anatoliy

The article examines the international cooperation between the UK and the USA in the military-industrial sector in 1997-2007. It is characterized reasons of the interdependence of both countries on cooperation in the military-industrial direction. It deals with military industrial positive impact of international partnerships between the US and the UK on the development of international economic relations. Special attention is paid to the introduction of certain types of advanced military weapons in the context of British-American militaryindustrial cooperation. It is revealed that international military-industrial cooperation between the two countries was important for the military-industrial complex in the UK and allowed the British industrial establishment to participate in the creation of a number of American high technologies, developing their own weapon’s systems. It is investigated that the British-American defense partnership had a positive influence on industrial and technological potential and export opportunities of the both states. It is concluded that international defense cooperation of the USA with Britain allowed controlling individual segments of the British military-industrial complex, and American defense companies managed strategic projects to equip British military forces. It is studied that international cooperation in military-industrial sphere had allowed the UK and the United States to conduct a coordinated policy in the field of advanced weapons designs, which save them the status of the key worldwide arm manufacturers.

69-74

Authors: Kryvosheia Igor, Yakimenko Liudmyla

The US policy on Caspian region is considered in the article and especially the development and transformation of The US – Azerbaidzan relations on the backdrop of antiterrorist fight in Washington against the Afghan Taliban deployment in the period of 2001-2002. Washington has preferred many negotiations to address important issues, taken the position of military non-interference, acted through non-governmental organizations and private capital by 2001. Since 2001, Americans increased their borrowing to Tran-Caucasian and Central Asian countries for modernization of military-industrial complex to further using their bases for its troops and to increase credit depending republics. American bases appeared there, where the passage of strategically important oil and gas pipelines was planned by passing Russia, including the Baku – Ceyhan oil pipeline, Central Asia – the coast of the Arabian Sea to provide military support to The US oil companies in the Caspian region. In addition, Washington has canceled or suspended sanctions against Allied. First, it was the temporary cancellation of article 907 to the «Freedom Support Act» which strengthened The US – Azerbaidzan relations.

80-85

Authors: Potapova Olena

The article is devoted to the international legal principles of cooperation between Ukraine and the European Union. The purpose of this article is an attempt on the basis of official documents and scientific literature to comprehensively analyze the process of building relations of Ukraine with the EU in 1991-2014, and to assess the prospects for first entry to this organization. The study is built on the basis of the historical method, which applies the principles of objectiveness, comprehensiveness, concreteness, unity historical and logical. It highlights events which are considered in their systemic integrity, formed by the aggregate of the identified and interrelated historical facts. The structure of the article is built mainly by consistently chronological presentation of the material. There are used the materials of domestic specialized literature. Source database of the research were official documents – Partnership and co-operation agreement between the European communities and their member states, and Ukraine, the Association Agreement between the European Union and Ukraine, and others. It is shown an active participation of Ukraine in European integration since its independence and defining the perspective directions of its foreign policy. It is determined that at the initial stage of cooperation-based relations between Ukraine and the EU was the Partnership and co-operation agreement between the European communities and their member states, and Ukraine. It is suggested that the lack of constructive actions of Ukraine entailed a loss of interest of the European States participating to it. It is analyzed the contents of the most important agreements and initiatives, the implementation of which was supposed to open Ukraine to the path of political Association and later to economic integration. It is concluded that international legal principles were established for cooperation between Ukraine and the EU that reinforce the relationships between them in the status of a strategic partnership; saving only partnerships with the EU does not meet the strategic national interests of Ukraine and requires new actions on the approximation of the criteria for full membership in the European Union. It is noted that the main document for cooperation is the Association Agreement between the European Union and Ukraine. Although it does not prejudge the future development of relations between them, at the same time performing of all tasks in the economic, political and legal spheres, prescribed in the Agreement would make Ukraine’s success unconditional.

91-97

Authors: Vergunov Victor

The life and creative achievements for the needs of the organization of scientific and educational support conducting domestic agriculture of the prominent agrarian scientist, one of the organizers of the agricultural experimental work as an organization and branch of knowledge, the first Russian professor of agriculture (agronomy) Michael G. Livanov (1751-1800) are reconstructed in the article. His contribution to theorizing and practical propositions conduct of steppe agriculture and animal husbandry is contextually considered. His achievements on keeping rational housekeeping on the ground, adapted to the present, are analyzed. Some of them stay program for the introduction of organic farming. It has proved that M. Livanov’s book «On agriculture, cattle breeding and poultry farming» gave the countdown of the scientific debate, which is still taking place on expediency plowing or no implementation. The place and role of created by him the Epiphany School of Farming Practice in 1790 for the establishment and development of a special branch of education and its differentiation are revealed.

106-110

Authors: Levchenko Inna

The article reflects the socio-political and economic preconditions of formation of scientific cells of Ukraine in the period of development of capitalist relations. Outlines the reasons that encouraged scientific intelligentsia to unite for the development of natural science, which contributed to the strengthening and establishment of national education. The author examined the motives which induced the Patriotic intelligentsia to develop science and education, to disseminate scientific advances among wide layers of the population, particularly the young. The study examines the ideas, problems, specific approaches to the establishment and organization of scientific societies. The article reveals the historical conditionality of development of progressive ideas of scientists in the period of development of capitalist relations.

117-122

Authors: Isaienko Oleksandr

The academician І.H. Aleksandrov (1875-1936) is a prominent scientist and engineer in the spheres of hydraulic engineering and hydro power engineering. I.H. Aleksandrov is well-known as an economist, an economical geographer, an active participant in developing the GOELRO Plan and in elaborating the scheme for economical districting of the former USSR including Ukraine. I.H. Aleksandrov constructed «Dniprohes» (being there the Chief engineer) and a number of others large hydraulic structures. That is why the hydraulic component occupies the principal place in his researches. I.H. Aleksandrov’s scientific papers list analysis clearly proves his keen interest in the problems on organizing the irrigating works in the Central Asia, on the Angara river exploring, on the hydraulic engineering for Chyrchyk-Chatkal industry-and-irrigation complex, in the problems connected with the hydro power plants’ classification, with the trans-Volga region irrigation involved into the solution of the Great Volga problems, with the challenges of «Dniprohes» construction etc. Conducting researches in the Syrdar’ia river water-shed, Ivan Havrylovych Aleksandrov apprehended the unique value of the central Asian rivers as a powerful source for receiving cheap electric energy, having linked this receiving with the construction of irrigational structures. I.H Аleksandrov took also an active part in the BAM railway plan’s working out and in the problems on constructing stone-made embanking dams. The article analyses the hydraulic engineering projects by academician I.H. Aleksandrov worked out as the result of his researches in the Syrdar’ia river watershed, his projects for South-Eastern Fergana and Tashkent regions’ irrigation. For the first time the scientist considered the close combination of the irrigation challenges with those of utilization of the hydro power supplies available in the Central-Asian rivers. The projects on combination of the irrigation challenges with the receiving of cheap electrical power by means of the structures constructed on large irrigational canals and water-storage dams, put forward by I.H. Aleksandrov, were completely original and innovated in the hydraulic engineering of the 1920-ies.

130-133

Authors: Shchebetyuk Natalia

There is the theoretical and methodological foundations chemical soil reclamation of Ukraine, as a way of improving the physical properties of soil in the article. As a result of this analysis the means of calcium in the soil and its needs, methods and standards placers were set by Ukrainian soil scientists during 1920-30s Scientists have developed the practical tips for employees of state farms and collective process for direct soil liming. There are three main groups of soil: saturated with calcium (black), the lowest saturated (chestnut, brown soils) and low saturation of calcium (salt). Scientists have shown the calcium in the soil doesn’t neutralize the acidity, and the most importantly - its makes better his physical, microbiological and dynamic properties. You can help the increased of the harvest from using of the irrigation and lime. This method was accelerating the exchange reaction of sodium with calcium absorbing complex and product of this exchange, allowing secure preferred calcium. It was assumed that gypsum, combined with irrigation, deep plowing and manure, will be a reliable method of soil improvement.