EMINAK

11-14

Authors: Melnichuk Ihor

There is an attempt of general description and systematization of separate political instruments of ruling elite of medieval Rus, especially convention of princes, princely Regulations, legislative codes. Historical and political notes are added to the meaningful stages of evolution of the political system of the state. There is a conclusion about conscious activity of rulings circles on overcoming of political and economic contradictions between elite circles, optimization of the political system on the whole.

23-27

Authors: Serdyuk Igor

The problem of fertility families of Hetmanschyna is studied in this article. It is about the need to revise established views on stereotypes and traditional society. One of these stereotypes is the idea of children as quantitatively dominant share of the population. Also traditionally said that society is the most common were a large family, but without specifying what kind of family was considered many children. This article is aimed at correcting these ideas and translate them into concrete dimension of numbers and demographic factors. For main source selected General description of Left-Bank Ukraine in 1765-1769. Based on historical and demographic data analysis description found that per woman of childbearing age in the population of Hetmanschyna had 1-2 children under 14 years, and reported average family had 2-3 child of this age. As with the average for the life of the woman gave birth to 4-7 children, some of them die young, others grow, so the economic burden on the family of the child has not been very significant. The age structure of child microgroups also contributed to its better functioning society of Hetmanschyna. On average, one family had a baby, and one or two older child. These children could look after the smallest, while the parents worked, so «reproductive belt» in addition to the simple reproduction of the population provide care function, and freeing time for adults.

34-39

Authors: Babkova Nadiya

The article deals with the process of obtaining the power insignias by the leaders of the Left Bank Hetmanate from the representatives of the tsarist government. Active foreign policy of the Russian state aimed at strengthening its own position in South Eastern Europe involved the use of military and political experience of the Ukrainian Cossacks. Ukrainian Hetmans activities to strengthen the autonomous rights of the Cossack state led to the persistent interference of the Romanov dynasty in the internal affairs of Hetmanate. This was reflected in the elective hetman councils and regalia awarding to the newly elected Cossack elder. For the first time this tendency was observed in the election of Ivan Briukhovetsky and received further development at times of Demian Mnohohrishny, Ivan Samoilovych and Ivan Mazepa. Restrictions of the Cossacks’ old rights to freely elect hetman and award him with the power insignias was established in clauses of Moscow Treaty in 1665, but there was no further implementation. However, after visiting the royal capital, the new symbols of Hetman election were received only by Briukhovetsky and Mazepa. All other Cossack elders of the specified time frame received the attributes of their power only from the hands of the official tsarist representatives at the Cossack councils. Neither Ivan Samoylovich, nor Demian Mnohohrishny attended the Russian emperor’s residence as a hetman currently in service. Briukhovetsky’s and Mnohohrishny’s opposition against imperial policy in Ukraine gave rise for Russian ruling circles to take total control over the issues of production and providing the leaders of the Cossack state with their symbols. Since the elective council of Samoilovych, hetmans of Left-Bank Ukraine received the regalia of their predecessors. Hetman power attributes production and renovation upon prior official request, took place in Moscow and was assigned to local craftsmen. In this way, Russian officials sought to further limit the age-old rights and liberties of Zaporizhzhya Cossacks and strengthen its dependence on the willingness of Moscow.

47-54

Authors: Ivanichenko Lilija

The article deals with the development of light industry in the nineteenth century Odessa. This is illustrated by the biggest factories of Odessa. It is found that the manufacturing industry in Odessa for a long time developing too slowly and did not take its rightful place in the economic life of the city. General economic crisis, especially in the second half of the nineteenth century, invasions plague, free port, expensive coal, lack of water sources – all this has hampered the construction of factories in production and its products. In the first half of the nineteenth century the most development received cotton and rope factory in Odessa. Introduction to modern machinery companies contributed to the growth of output. And in the second half of the century, the share of light industry significantly increased in the economy of Odessa. Foreign investors such as English, German, French, Greek entrepreneurs and anonymous society became the pioneers in raising leather, linen, cotton, and other branches of light industry. Cable Factory of Novikov, paper-and-jute factory and plant corky of E. Arps were leading factories for the production of goods. At the end of the century tanneries Odessa became more advanced and promising. They produced more than 2.5 million roubles output. Association of South-Russian leather industry produced nearly half a million roubles in Odessa products. This can be seen as a feature of the Odessa economy in the nineteenth century, as called light industries were competitive engineering and food industries that unusual for a later time.

60-64

Authors: Alioshyna Oksana

The article is devoted analysis of origin and functioning of Kremenec Sainted Mykolayiv fraternities in the Volyn province. The origin of Orthodox church fraternities was predefined by the politics of the Russian government, sent to strengthening of positions of the Orthodoxy church in the western regions of the Russian empire. Under such circumstances was founded fraternity, that began to operate with the purpose of service to the necessities of orthodoxy churches that operated in city Kremenec and his fence surrounding villages. For realization of this aim it had to distribute among a population religious education, to provide church literature, id est all that, to root in the idea of devotion to the Orthodox faith in locals. Main work of fraternity assignments were directed in the sphere of education through realization of the religiously-moral reading and founding of church-parochial school and library. The charity activity appeared in the material providing of locals in case of illnesses and other habitants that accepted Orthodoxy, guardianship poor families and orphans. The important contribution of fraternity is found out to church and public life, as his activity assisted raising of educational, cultural and religious-moral standard of living of population of Volyn province in the second half of ХІХ century.

71-73

Authors: Nagirnyak Andrii

The article highlights the activity of Lviv Polytechnic student’s union «Osnova». The part of the union towards student’s consolidation (Ukrainians in terms of university polonozation) has been stressed. The structure of the union had six research departments according to specialization branches. They were the art section, which brings together students of architecture and drawing departments; engineers, chemists, agriculturalists, foresters and engineering. It is indicated that the union which was created primarily for helping Polytechnic students also had a scientific, organizational, cultural and educational nature. The article characterizes publishing activity of «Osnova» which provided pictorial editions like Easter, Christmas and campaign postcards, several printed reference books (under the expanded Ukrainian public advocacy of higher technical education). The article also analyzes the work of the union for the creation and care of the library foundation which was launched in 1897 realizing the goal declared in the charter: «Osnova» kept it’s reading room and library. Much attention is payed to the cooperation society «Osnova» with other student organizations that operated during this period on western Ukrainian lands.

80-85

Authors: Sribnyak Ihor

Ukrainianization three camps prisoners from the imperial army in Germany was an important milestone in the development of Ukrainian independent movement, which at that time was able to deploy just outside Ukraine. Ukrainian community that formed in Rastatt, Wetzlar, Salzwedel measures and Union for the Liberation of Ukraine in 1915, in a few months turned into dense pockets of Ukrainian patriots. Moreover – the most radical of them members expressed their readiness in arms to oppose the Empire, seeking to ensure in this way future national-state self Ukrainian. However, their number has not yet reached a critical mass that would allow beginning the formation of Ukrainian military units suitable for use against the Russian army at the front. Moreover, the immediate creation in any of the above-camp division from those radical Ukrainian would cause stubborn resistance from the majority of the prisoners who still dare not speak out against the Russian tsar. In this situation, the Union for the Liberation of Ukraine failed to create Sich organizations structure which followed the tradition of Zaporizhian Sich. In Rastatt was established among other camp society «Zaporizhian Sich», but it was built within the paramilitary structure of the 1st Zaporizhian Shevchenko Regiment. At the head of the regiment was chieftain with the rank of colonel in charge of marching, economic and health status of its assigned shelf, as well as the physical condition and moral education Sich. The overall composition of the regiment had been 1025-1050 soldiers. Since the establishment of the regiment and the appointment of a lieutenant colonel of the Russian army M. Shapoval orders were issued Regiment, which was reported to leave some Sich at work to exclude some captives from among them, was intended another hundred in the event of fire Sich outfit to perform the functions of fire «guard» in the camp, and another trumpeter Sich. As orders are also reported on the Chamber of Sich regiments lectures conducted by officers in the camp contained about assigning ranks Sich «ordinary» and officers to grant them temporary leave and others. So Camp «Zaporizhian Sich» successfully hauled their activities in its ranks conscious Ukrainian and getting rid of uncertain individuals who had produced national outlook. The main means of this association were weekly general meeting Sich, regular gymnastic exercises in huts, joint march in the overall system, sometimes – with orchestra. Also important for the Sich had their night duty and oversee the overall order in the camp. Thus Sich produced in a conscious understanding of the need to implement the orders of their superiors and laid the foundation of discipline. With all these measures in the Member Rastatt Sich were brought up major military virtues, and almost all of them at the end of March 1918 as a part of the 1st Regiment of Zaporozhye Shevchenko were relocated to Ukraine took an active part in the state building process in Ukrainian lands.

91-96

Authors: Tarapon Oksana

The article represents some of the problems of professional level of employees of periodicals of Ukraine, their moral and ethical qualities. The Soviet press shows a change of attitudes in Ukraine in 1920-1930’s. The quality periodicals depended on the professional and moral level of their employees. There was created a network of Soviet periodicals, formed the working methods of journalists was increasing competition for circulation in 1920-ies. The government also encouraged ordinary people to posts in the newspapers, they cover the shortcomings and successes of Soviet construction. The quality of materials was often low. These factors and the state ideology influenced the work of journalists. Through repression began staffing problems, which dramatically reduced the quality press in the 1930s. In terms of terror was the main value of survival was anomie, neglected professional ethics of journalists. Centralization of printing and distributing ideological norms gradually deprived journalists of creative freedom. On the one hand, newspaper articles exaggerated successes of Soviet construction, on the other hand, the massive spread criticism of the various companies and agencies. Mass repression caused staffing crisis, the decline of moral and professional level. The media are increasingly printed anecdotal, contradictory or false information. In a totalitarian state media was a means of mass consciousness preparing to repression and journalists had to carry out party instructions. The newspaper published various accusations and slanders that had tragic consequences. Periodicals used to determine relationships, indicating that the crisis of morality and deformation values of the society in conditions of Soviet reality.

102-106

Authors: Yefymchuk Natalia

The article deals with features of the re-establishment and operation of village clubs of Zhytomyr region in the postwar period. The problems of their functioning and activities are shown. The process of restoration in the villages of the region of cultural institutions and characteristic of its Government financing are represented. The main ways of provincial clubs reconstruction and their importance for the cultural development of village population are revealed. The author cleared that the clubs, especially in 1943-1953, were the main village center of leisure and communication, for example, for seating, for watching films for holding readers’ meetings and lectures, for different group’s activities, for performances, etc. The rebuilding of village clubs in Zhytomyr region was mostly due to people’s cooperation. The identified negative factors that had affected on clubs work were a tiny material-technical base, lack of facilities, equipment and personnel. The paper considers the role of the cultural organizers and club director in the preparation of mass activities in clubs, who conducted the mass games, provided the collective gaming communication, organized performances, evening entertainment, developed the scenario of thematic programs. In the article there were analyzed the work at clubs and circles of amateur art activities. The purpose of the last one was to deepen the massively-political work and more complete satisfy of various spiritual queries of village population. The features of the lectures activities and the State importance of their own political orientation are identified. It is shown, that a famine of 1946-1947 had impact on the development of the cultural sphere in the region. The author clarifies the conditions of peasants culturally enrichment. It has been proved that the culture demands of village residents were not satisfied during a long time.

113-117

Authors: Kononenko Valeriy

The article analyzes the religious life of the Jewish national minority of Podillya in the second half of 1950s to the first half of the 1980s. Chronological framework of the research is limited to the period of neo-Stalinism and de-Stalinization, when the Soviet government left practice of direct repressions against the believers, but kept religious life under tight control. The research is devoted to analysis the conditions for the functioning of religious communities in this period. The study determines the forms and methods of struggle of the Soviet power against Jewish religious communities of Podillya.

123-129

Authors: Mihaylov Volodymyr

In the article on the basis of the state regional archives and periodicals the problematic of national revival process in the southern Ukraine in the late of 1980’s – 1991 are considered. The author generalizes the known and introduces into the scientific circulation the new facts, which help to show the role of the People’s Movement of Ukraine «Rukh» (PMU) regional organizations in the processes of modern national revival. The regional specificity of functioning of the PMU regional organizations in the South of Ukraine is defined. The basic forms and methods of cultural and educational activities of the PMU regional organizations are revealed, the role of informal in the processes of Ukrainian national state revival is established. Also, the general review of the publishing business is carried out, the level of influence of the PMU press on public opinion of the southern region is analyzed, contribution of the publishing activity to the governmental, cultural and spiritual revival of the land is examined. The contribution of the PMU regional organizations in the development of Ukrainian statehood during the collapse of the Soviet system in the late of 1980’s – 1991 is defined.