EMINAK

19-32

Authors: Gorbenko Kirill

The epoch of bronze century has become, according to many signs, the turning point for the peoples of Northern Black-Seacoast oikumene. The greatest model of the archaeological object of Steppe Pobughja region during the period of final bronze is the hillfort Dikiy Sad, which is situated in the historical centre of modern Mykolaiv on the high plateau of the cape of left bank of the river Ingul, in the place of its confluence with the river South Bug. The article is devoted to the analysis of the main archaeological artefacts of the hillfort. Among them the most important are the remainders of architectural buildings, the objects of material and spiritual culture. According to the archaeological complex of the hillfort we can describe Dikiy Sad as the bright phenomenon among the archaeological monuments of the period of final bronze of the steppe line of the South Ukraine, which fulfil the function of cultural and religions, commercial and economical and political centre of Eastern Europe in II-I millennium B.C.

41-44

Authors: Kopylov Viktor, Rusakov Mikhail

The paper considers the causes of the lack of early Scythian funeral monuments dated middle of 7th – third quarter of 6th centuries BC in the area of economic and political interests of Borysthenes and Olbia. Possible reasons for it are: absence of Scythians’ main traditional seasonal paths in the region; resource based economy of early Greek colonies; lack of contractual relations between Greeks and nomads. These factors may be the reasons for the absence of early Scythian funeral monuments in the area. It is highlighted that the definitive decision of the problem claims further studies.

54-64

Authors: Shelehan Olexander

The article is devoted to the social characteristics of warrior’s burials with blade weapon. For analysis area of the Scythian culture in the Forest-Steppe of Eastern Europe was selected. 140 complexes were considered. Main attention was concentrated on the composition of the funeral feast. Complexes with blade weapon were divided in four social groups. 36 underprivileged complexes were attributed as burials of ordinary swordsmen. Some of the ordinary burials can be considered as autochthonous agricultural inhabitants. Burials of bodyguards were outlined due to representative set of armament with lack of precious finds. There are 45 complexes of this group. Burials of elite bodyguards are also numbers 45 complexes. This group is similar to the previous one. But it stands out by the single finds of status items. Tombs of the aristocracy are characterized by a complex set of prestigious things. There are 14 graves of this group. Only some of poor graves could be considered as farmer’s burials. Another complexes distinguished by markers of Scythian burial ritual: precious trophies, some attributes of cult (stone altars, bronze mirrors, chariot’s finials, wooden bowls), horses and slaves burials. Also, ceremonial weapon (inclusive with oilstones and scourges), pairs of swords, zoomorphic chapes and scaly armour (especially precious and import details) considered as nomad’s indicator. Correlation of swords and daggers with other prestigious artefacts indicate high social status of thumping majority of swordsmen. Considered burials of swordsmen are distinguished by professional ranks, age-specific an gender characteristics. Perhaps the fact of possession of blade weapon was a marker of ethno-social identity. It is also possible to suggest an ethnic difference of noble warriors and ordinary farmers. So, it could be considered that Scythians were on the high rank of the social structure among the farmer tribes. And Forest-Steppe region was involved in the common military-politic structure of the Scythia.

77-86

Authors: Сhistov Dmitry

The layout, elements of interior and construction techniques used for building houses of the archaic Berezan settlement reveals certain local features. They include the wide use of premises with a sunken floor level, and the practice of erecting small isolated buildings within the boundaries of the house. Despite considerable variation in the size of houses and the lack of sustainable planning types, houses of the Berezan settlement are distinguished by their rather large dimensions in comparison to the known residential structures of other urban centers in the North Pontic region during the Archaic period.

101-112

Authors: Braund Devid

In this paper to considered various concerns and problems which are not usually discussed together, even though they share a common relevance to the history of Olbia and the western Black Sea in the years of the late Roman Republic and early Principate. In particular, to tackled the (perhaps shockingly) small amount of direct evidence for King Burebista, about whom so much has been written and imagined by modern scholars. Here the purpose is to consider not simply how much we really know about his reign (and more specifically his dealings with Olbia), but also the nature and causes of the evident interest in him by Greek writers of the Roman period. That to entailed some consideration of the abiding significance of traditions surrounding Zalmoxis and other Thracians (notably Rhesus) from at least the fifth century BC, through imperial Greek culture, and on into late antiquity. And that in turn to highlighted the role of philosophy in its many forms (including politics, medicine and the possible immortality of the soul) in Greek and Roman conceptions about Olbia and its broader region, with the Cynic philosopher Bion (often known as Bion of Borysthenes) to the fore. A neglected (and problematic) few lines of Philodemus will be brought to bear on these matters, while we may be left with a rather different sense even of Burebista.

129-132

Authors: Skrzhinskа Marina

This article contains all Olbia inscriptions mentioning ambassadors. On behalf of the authorities, they asked for military help, brought contributions to the coffers of other countries, among which can safely be called Athens, Pontus and Rome. In addition, the ambassadors were taken tribute to the barbarians, so they do not ravage the city and its rural districts. Сitizens of Olbia, like other Greeks, honorary decrees mentioned in the successful implementation of diplomatic duties, among other distinguished service of the citizen. In the Greek city states was no professional ambassadors, among them elected citizens who meet the requirements for the successful execution of an order. The task standing before the ambassadors were very varied and always determined current policy of a state. But one goal in all Greek embassies was common: a sacred fit out Embassy.

143-147

Authors: Ivchenko Andrii

The article discusses some issues related to early olbain ground crypts. Previously, the time of their occurrence was defined as the line 5-4 centuries BC or the beginning of the 4th century BC. They were considered as collective burials. It debated the questions of the prevalence of steps or ramps for dromos construction, material for the walls of the burial and orientation of the crypts. A detailed analysis of the source base was made. The base for early dating ground crypts were tested. List of early ground crypts was clarified and extended. As a result, the time of appearance ground crypts was determined as the middle or second half at 4 century BC. The second half at 4 century BC looks more authentic. Statistical analysis showed that the material for the construction of the burial walls were bricks from raw clay and stones and at the same time. Bricks from raw clay slightly prevailed. The same, steps and ramps for dromos construction used at the same time. The earliest ground crypts were individual graves. This is one of the main conclusions. The first ground crypts with pair burials appear only in the first half of the 3rd century BC.

155-163

Authors: Kotenko Viktoriia

The issue of relations between Chersonesos and Olbia on the archaeological sources at Hellenistic period a long time has been considered in the scientific literature. The nature of political relations between these polises at this time are unclear, regardless of the source base provided massive archaeological material, which are pottery. Mutual trade and economic contacts between polises demonstrates primarily by the Chersonesian material from Olbia presented by container amphorae, that was investigated by M.I. Zolotarev, and tableware. The source base in this case is a ceramic complex from Maslyny settlement of Chersonesian chora with a wide range of Chersonesian products of Hellenistic period, and painted pottery from excavations of Olbia. Archaeological material from Maslyny settlement contains some finds which clearly demonstrates the trade and economic contacts between Chersonesian and Olbian polices. It presented by grey-ware pottery (fish plates, small jugs, kantharoi), which made in ergasteria of Olbia according to preliminary conclusions based on the study of mass Olbian Late Archaic material. Reverse side of Chersonesian and Olbian contacts traced on the analysis of table painted ceramics. Imported dishes of Chersonesian production in Olbia represented by the compact groups of table jugs with painting and small container in the form of flasks. Painted dishes presented by jugs of various shapes with floral ornament or horizontal stripes red or brown color located mainly in the middle part of vessel. Similar pottery is known in Chersonesos and in the settlements of its chora, where it belongs to mass ceramics material. Based on the results, should also review the thesis of Chersonesos and Olbia conflict. Military conflict between Chersonesos and Olbia has very local character, given the proven economic relations between polises at Hellenistic time based on the materials of the settlements of Chersonesian chora, in particular Maslyny settlement and Olbia. Thus, based on the analysis of tableware from Olbia and from Maslyny settlement of Chersonesian chora, which consists mainly of gray-ware products and painted jugs, we found out that between these polises existing trade and economic relations in the Hellenistic period. Moreover, we can talk about the existence of northwestern vector of Chersonesian trade, which was directed to ancient polises in the Northwestern Black Sea region.

169-177

Authors: Khmelevskij Dmytro

Opposite the western gate of the city Olbia settlement was suburb VI-IV centuries BC, which was located on the top of the hill west Hare beams. After the demise of the suburbs in the middle of the 4th century BC. e. upland area on the western slope Hare beams from the end of 4 century BC. part of the territory of the necropolis of the Hellenistic period. During a large collection of works lead votive product was collected on a Hellenistic necropolis and territories Predgradie. These findings have not been published, and cited only as an accompanying material. Basically, the material comes from burials of the Hellenistic period, completing the dromos and the various layers of plot Cape 1. The main type of lead product up – handles of various wooden structures, bucranium, Labrys, various figures and a lesser degree of items for household and commercial use, occurring in the territory of Olbia and choirs (spindles, fishing sinkers).

189-203

Authors: Matera Marcin

This article analyzes the scale and dynamics of Rhodes`s import in Tanais. Analysis carried out on the basis of the mass of the ceramic material (ceramic container fragments) and ceramic stamps found during archaeological research of the monument. There peculiar character Tanais trade against other centers of Greek Northern Black Sea. Around the 60s the II BC it flows entirely different way than in the other centers. It emphasizes the role of the supply of products in Rhodes trade to Tanais (especially throughout the II century BC). While its relatively small average annual volume. Fixes a minor part of Rhodes`s import trade to Tanais in the first decades of existence of the city and at the end of the Hellenistic history. When the import of goods from Rhodes reached large scale, they are intended primarily to meet the needs of city residents, and not to trade with the barbarians.

210-217

Authors: Smyrnov Olexander

The article provides an answer to the charges of Ivan Snytko regarding the legality of the name of new archaeological sites in the city of Mykolayiv revealed in 2010-11 and investigated by the author in 2011. Given the argument about names, and given the facts that reinforces our point of view that the names and identification of such archaeological sites as cemetery «Oleksandrívs’kiy» of the Classical period (V – early III cent. B.C.) and «Staroflots’kí kazarmy»of Roman time. In 2015 was launched a discussion about the legitimacy of the approach is the name of «Oleksandrívs’kiy» cemetery of a Hellenistic time in Mykolayiv city, and the necropolis of Roman period the «Staroflots’kí kazarmy». I. Snytko offers to call the all burials of necropolis of settlement Mykolayiv-6, arguing that the name is enshrined in the scientific literature, and the necropolis was known at the time of 2010 (re-opening). The article is written with the aim of avoiding unnecessary confusion regarding this monument, which opponent considers a single set of the necropolis of the settlement Mykolayiv-6, which has a different site and has no right to be a separate archaeological sites and has no right to be named by its geographical localization. In particular it should be noted that we do not exclude, that the inhabitants of the settlement Mykolayiv-6 are directly related to the tombs of «Oleksandrívs’kiy» cemetery. After considering the arguments about the names of the opened archaeological objects, we believe that the names are correct and fully deserve its autonomous existence.

225-232

Authors: Nykonenko Dmitry

The author takes the complex highlights of Gray-clay ceramics from the late Scythian settlements of Lower Dnieper attractions such as dishes, which traditionally occupies a prominent place in ceramics Northern Black Sea. Special attention is paid to the comparison of this type of vessel to material Late settlements and Olbia, as the nearest the ancient center. Gray-clay pottery ceramics lower Dnieper dining room of the late settlements varied in its forms. Among them there are pitchers, bowls, pots, plates, bowls, kantharos. The most common types of dishes for the Late gray-clay settlements and Olbia are the same, it is - pitchers with high cylindrical neck and rounded bowls. The differences observed among the rarer forms. The nature of the clay used for the production coincides with Olbian findings. The percentage of gray-clay pottery utensils among all significantly less than in Olbia, and form less diverse.

238-241

Authors: Grebennikov Victor

The article to revealed the history of research of monuments of Cherniakhiv culture in the Mykolayiv region. Information is given on the main exploration and excavation of monuments of the III-IV centuries. AD The first studies of monuments of Chernyakhiv culture on the territory of the region began in the 1920s. And the rapid growth of their discoveries – from the 1960s. To date, the number of monuments of Chernyakhiv culture in the region is 2 townships, 162 settlements and 16 burial grounds. Numerous archaeological expeditions contributed to the growth of the number of monuments of the Chernyakhiv culture on the territory of the region and the degree of study. A special input to the study of Chernyakhіv monuments in the territory of Mykolayiv region was made by B.V. Magometov. The author also outlines the prospects for further studies of the monuments of the Chernyakhov culture on the territory of the Mykolaiv region.

251-255

Authors: Savelyev Oleg

Bone tesserae found during excavations in Tyras are being published in the article. One of them, round in shape, had been used as a dam to play checkers; it has digital and alphabetical symbols XII and IB. It is dated from Ist century AD and is probably of Italic origin. Two others are made of thin oblong plate whose upper part ends with oval projection, one has a through hole. They had been used as labels for bags or purses. They are well known in Roman camps of the European part of the empire and dated from II-III century AD. Tesserae are increasing the innumerous series of similar finds in the Northern Black Sea area and could serve as additional materials to characterize the daily life of Tyras people in first centuries AD.

264-269

Authors: Gopkalo Oksana, Rudych Tetiana

Among Chernyachov – Sîntana de Mureş Culture’s grave goods bronze objects: knives, pinsers, scissors, ear picks were found. Most of these things are published, but they have never been analyzed together. These items belong to grave goods categories, which point to occupations, business and social status, by N.M.Kravchenko. The aim of this article is to establish the function of these objects. On the basis analysis of seventy the Chernyakhov – Sîntana de Mureş Culture’s graves were suggested that they used with medical and hygienic purposes. In particular knives could use for rituals, medical manipulations, hygiene and cutleries; pinsers and scissors used probably in sphere personal hygiene, cosmetic and medicine; ear picks used for hygienic aim. Finds of these objects are concentrating on the west part of Chernyakhov – Sîntana de Mureş Culture’s area. Population of this regions were neighbours of provincial-roman population. Ancient peoples cared for to their health: hygiene and medicine. Some elements of this approach extended to neighboring areas. In particular, carriers of these ideas have been Roman legionaries, among which, starting from the II century AD was a significant percentage of Greeks. Legionnaires seriously cared about their health. Thus, the legionnaires Lower Moesia was at a premium cult of the god-healer Asclepius. Cults of Asclepius and Hygieia appeared in Hersonissos and Olbia with legioners. So, bronze objects from Chernyachov – Sîntana de Mureş Culture’s grave goods were polyfunctional, most of them could be used for medical assistance and for hygienic and beauty treatments. The fact that they were made of bronze, which had a certain sacred burden reflects the influence of Greco-Roman ideas.

279-288

Authors: Vynohradova Olha

The article represents the results of analysis of linear enamel hypoplasia of the Scythian population from 4 burials from the territory of Ukraine. Linear enamel hypoplasia is a defect of enamel resulting from systemic growth disturbances and is used as indicator of physiological stress in childhood. Human skeletal remains from two ground burials Skelky (V-IV c. BC) and Svitlovodsk (IV-III c. BC), and from two mound burials Medvyn (VII-VI c. BC) and Vyshchetarasivka (IV-III c. BC) were studied for enamel hypoplasia prevalence to explore its variations according to sex and time of development of growth disruptions. Analysis of the enamel hypoplasia of Scythians revealed a difference between settled and semi-nomadic communities. Nevertheless, in all 4 samples the highest number of defects was noted to occur at the age of 4-5 years. It was considered that at such age weaning was not the main factor of enamel hypoplasia occurrence. The differentiation of linear enamel hypoplasia rates between settled and semi-nomadic communities was due to the impact of various factors associated with their lifestyle, environment, and type of economy.

297-300

Authors: Gejko Anatoliy

A great number of antique monuments were studied in details during the 200-years history of the excavations in the South of Ukraine. Pottery is the most popular category of finds during the archaeological resources. In the second half of the 19th – early 20th century scientists admitted ceramics as an important source, which could help solve the questions connected with ethnic, cultural history of ancient people, its chronology, etc. In the end of the 19th century the centre of studying the antique archaeology monuments was formed in Odesa. Here a historian, archaeologist, professor of the Department of Classical Philology, director of the Odesa association of history, ceramologist Ernest Romanovych fon Shtern should be mentioned. He was a dean of the History-Philological Department of the Novorosiys’k university in Odesa. He devoted a lot of his scientific works to studying pottery and he admitted ceramics as a main category of finds for the ancient past researchers. At that time a lot of researchers who showed a great interest to studying pottery were appearing. Pavlo Bekker, Nykodym Kondakov, Borys Formakovs’ky, Vladyslav Yurgevych, Oleksandr Bert’ie-Delagard, Ivan Linnichenko were often interested in antique ceramics or in their forgeries and also in inscriptions or pictures on the amphora handles.

306-312

Authors: Karyaka Alexander

This article is devoted to the line of problem questions bounder with the process of organization and first steps of activity of temporary scientific council in the management of Olbian expedition in 1927. Special attention is devoted to the preconditions and circumstances which led to creating of collective council of management and to the role of some persons and institutions in this process. The solution of this circle of questions is based on the significant number of archival documents, mainly of Scientific archives of IA NASU, different published data. Mentioned materials are evidence of existence of numerous different level contradictions between government institutions of that time (mainly VUAK and Ukrnauka) and some of their persons. The impossibility of their principal and logical solution naturally led to the creating of collective body – scientific council – for the management of Olbian expedition.

320-326

Authors: Kuzmischev Alexander

The article describes the activities of the famous archaeologist of the late XIX – early XX century E.R. von Stern directed against counterfeit antiques and falsifiers. Special works devoted to the contribution of E.R. von Stern in the matter of exposing and combating falsifications, does not yet exist. This article aims to fill this void. Presented fight against fakes in the area of ancient epigraphy, the history with «Tiara of Saitaferne» confrontation with the Hochman brothers. Through the activities of E.R. von Stern managed to weaken the production of fake antiquities, undermine the reputation of fakes dealers, and identify many imitations that were previously admitted as authentic and have been the in the museum collections. The author also notes the active work of E.R. von Stern in the matter of organizing a systematic struggle against falsifiers, raising this issue at the X Archaeological Congress in Riga. Also, the scientist actively opposed the destruction of archaeological sites because of predatory excavations.