EMINAK

13-17

Authors: Zaluzhna Alla, Tsetsyk Jaroslav

Investigated which factors influenced the development of education in Volyn late XIX - early XX century. and the role played by municipal government agencies to increase the number of secondary schools in the region. Found out their role in the cultural and educational life of the region in the study period and defines the priority goals of educational work. The role of cultural and educational activities and determined that they played an important in the cultural life of the county towns of Volyn. Based on our scientific papers processed and investigated sources of the problem revealed that in the period under educational component was an integral part of both the study and was the basis of extracurricular activities with students of educational institutions. It was shown that organize and conduct joint theater performances with students and pupils of different schools is strictly forbidden, as well as participate in rehearsals and performances of student choirs are not employees of the institution. Only in exceptional cases were allowed to organize student common male and female choirs. This was due to the division of education for men and women. Any cultural events for school students could organize and carry out only at the premises of the institution. The influence of the administrative authority for the organization and carrying out educational activities in secondary schools.

22-27

Authors: Magas-Demydas Yulia

The article analyzes the attitude of the Dnieper Ukraine peasants to the authorities and its genesis during the indicated period (1905 – February 1917). The judgment campaign, joining the non-party All-Russian Peasant Union and political parties marked the manifestations of the social and political activity of the peasants. The Manifesto on October 17, 1905 aroused hope for the democratization of the country and the possibility of improving the social situation. The suppression of the revolutionary actions and the disillusionment in the State Duma policy contributed, on the one hand, to the formation of a politically mature stratum of the peasants and, on the other hand, led to the reduction of the mass interest in political life. The First World War caused a rise in the patriotic society, that was transformed up to February 1917 into widespread discontent and revolutionary movement as a result of the worsening economic and social situation of the population and civil harassment. The attitude of the peasantry to the local and central government was not stable: opened protests took place as well as setting the hopes on convening the elected State Duma and disappointment of the peasants with the real results absence of its activity and, ultimately, the loss of interest in public policy. However, there was the undisputed gradual formation of understanding the need to unite to make real changes. Zemstva also did not enjoy peasants’ broad support. Paying tribute to the hard work of the ordinary zemstvo workers, the dissatisfaction was expressed with the actions of the provincial authorities, which used the office for their own benefit. The peasants considered zemstvo as obligation, there were occasions of refusal to taking part in the elections to it. The high prestige of the monarchy in the minds of the farmer was generally preserved and thought to be as the guarantee to the existence of the state. The criticism of the monarch policy and doubt in the need of the tsarist institution in general sometimes occurred, indicating the erosion of the monarchical views. However, belief in the «good Tsar» phenomenon remained dominant for the majority of the peasants.

34-39

Authors: Myshchak Ivan

Ukrainian revolution of 1917-1921 has been a period of unprecedented rise of national consciousness of Ukrainian people as well as an example of the struggle for independence of Ukraine. One of the effective means of supporting and developing of national consciousness was the theater, which in the early twentieth century has acquired the new national content. The revolutionary events of the spring of 1917 were marked by the first appearance of numerous Ukrainian national-cultural centers. At the same time theatrical figures immediately expressed the need for the formation of professional theater organization. Because of their efforts in the April 24, 1917, the Committee of Ukrainian national theater was established. Wasting no time, the Committee of Ukrainian national theater began consultations with experts and proceeded to develop the organizational and administrative documents. According to the program of the Committee for 1917-1918 the main task was to improve the level of development of Ukrainian theater to the European ІСТОРІЯ УКРАЇНИ 39 level, creating a network of workers'and peasants' theaters. The most important obstacle on the way of the development of Ukrainian theater was the lack of professional directors. To solve it the instructional courses for the directors were prepared; in the program of the courses were included lectures on the history of European and Ukrainian theater, the analysis of drama, history, culture, psychology and aesthetics, as well as a number of special disciplines, which included the construction of a stage, decorative art, stage effects, the technology of the director’s work and so on. On the initiative of Ukrainian theatrical figures of the Central Council founded the drama school in Kiev with a 2-year program of study. Unfortunately, it has never fully functionated. The lack of stationary Ukrainian theater even in regional cities of Ukraine was felt. During the revolution these theaters were only in Kiev. It is worth noting, that the state took care more or less fully only of the National Drama Theater. Other Ukrainian theaters had to practically «survive», relying only on the support of Ukrainian public organizations and their own funds. During that time the key to successful operation was performances made by talented directors and play of actors who were admired even in other nationalities and among critics who are not very sympathetic to the Ukrainian theater. A particular innovation was distinguished by the «Young theater», which for the first time in Ukraine laid strong foundations of directing. The importance of the theater for the national and cultural development in rural areas is particularly worth noting. Theatrical groups and workshops of a great popularity appeared in almost every village. The main problem in the activity of popular theaters, as well as professional ones, was the lack of funds that were essential for making props and costumes. They were partly solved by the support of concerned citizens and national cultural organizations, the top spot among which belonged to the «Enlightenment». It should be noted that Ukrainian theater life in Odessa prospered. It happened thanks to the efforts of a powerful local theater community and supporting artists from all over Ukraine. In Odessa, on the initiative of the local drama section of Ukrainian Art Society named by Zankovetska in 1918 the second (after Kyiv) Ukrainian drama school was opened. As the organizers emphasized, the serious importance of Ukrainian theater school was in the fact that it raises the level of the attraction for outstanding fans of native art, which until then were massively on the Russian scene. People's initiatives to support and development of Ukrainian theater sprang spontaneously in many cities. Thus, the public minded citizens of Poltava actively advocated for the creation of public theaters, seeing an obstacle for the development of Ukrainian national culture in private ones. The fact that all Ukrainian theaters were not only putting performances in Ukrainian, but also tried to make them available, and provided tickets to spectators for free, had a great impact on the revival and spread of Ukrainian culture. Thereby Ukrainian Theater of 1917-1921 was an important factor in the revival of Ukrainian culture and largely contributed to the spread of Ukrainian revolutionary movement.

49-54

Authors: Magurchak Andriy

In the article to elucidates the intentions of the Ukrainian emigrant and statesman Andriy Zhuk to organize and conduct Congress of Western Ukrainian emigration in Vienna in 1923. To address this goal benefited from Canadian archives that allow to illustrate the events around the convening of immigrant intent of the Congress. The projects of resolutions of the not departed convention are analysed. The rotined disputes are between A. Zhukom and E. Petrushevichem in relation to the idea of convention.

60-66

Authors: Mihaylov Volodymyr

The socio-political situation in southern Ukraine in the late of the 80’s – early 90-ies of XX century in this article is researched on the basis of the State archives of the Kherson region and periodicals Kherson. The author shows participation of People’s Movement of Ukraine in the organization of such political activities as manifestations, massmeetings, pickets, which promoted the establishment of sovereign and democratic Ukraine and disseminated national ideas and ideals. The regional specificity of functioning of People’s Movement of Ukraine in the Kherson region is defined. The basic forms and methods of activities of non-governmental Society are revealed, his achievements in different spheres of social life are summarized, and the role of informal in the processes of Ukrainian national state revival is established. The opposition of Communist Party of the functioning of Kherson regional organization People’s Movement of Ukraine is revealed. The article tells about the events which took place in Kherson region in the last period of the USSR – before and during the GKChP (the State Committee for a State of Emergency) rebellion. On the basis of documents witnesses attitude toward rebellion and independence of the communist nomenclature of the regionтand opposition is analyzed, behavior of individual officials and ordinary citizens of our region, the position of state structures and public organizations in these dramatic days are revealed.

93-98

Authors: Petryk Natalia

The article deals with a process of becoming one of the leading museum of the Polish community in Lviv – The National Museum of the King Jan III, and the process of the formation of its military historical collections. The article discusses an important problem of the history of the collection one of the famous collector and philanthropist Boleslaw Ozhehovych. The article is on the role of Polish intelligentsia in the formation and saving Lviv museum collections of the first part of XX century. A contribution of any public and scientific figures in the museum construction has been revealed. The main figure in process of museum formation in Lviv was collector, museum and cultural activist, historian and archaeologist Alexander Cholovscy. The national factor was one of the most important in a public life of Lviv at that time. Polish community strived to create their own independent state. Its desire was represented in a museum construction. After the World War II Lviv museums were reorganized. In 1940 all military and historical attractions have been focused in the new Lviv Historical Museum. Nowadays all these collections are the important source for learning the military history. They need the further research.

105-110

Authors: Pomaz Julia

Most of the monuments of historical-architectural significance in the Ukrainian SSR were functional houses of worship. On this basis, the article analyses the principles of state policy implementation concerning houses of worship of the Russian Orthodox Church in the context of overall situation in the field of preservation of architectural monuments in USSR and Ukrainian SSR through the prism of formation processes of special bodies and citizen advocacy organisations and the main directions of their activities in protection sphere of historical and cultural legacy. Gain a better understanding of the status of houses of worship, a number of resolutions, laws and regulations which were declaratively aimed at protecting of cultural monuments including religious worship purpose are considered in the article. The author notes that mid of the 1940s – 1950s was marked as normalization of relationship between church and state, turn from dominant undervaluation the importance of historical and cultural heritage in pre-war times to carrying out the focused policy for its save and use. Dominant command-and-control methods of management of economic and cultural life of the country intervened the implementation of major events for preservation of historical and cultural sites. Destruction of many valuable sacral objects was largely caused by a loss of control over the preservation and restoration of monuments in the mid-1950s. At that time the relatively liberal views of the highest-ranking Communist party members on relationship between church and state were becoming gradually antireligious. This resulted the unjustified reduction the numbers of houses of worship, which were taken under government’s protection, sharp decrease of provisions for their preservation and led to the actual breakdown of the established system for monument protection. Due to the total disinterest of highest-ranking Communist party members in preserving of religious worship heritage, the wide range of unique church buildings were destroyed or were led to dire state in the first half of the 1950s. However the main cause of destruction of the wide range of outstanding sacral monuments is the consciously implemented antichurch policy which was carried out by the highest party and state institutions and was aimed at destruction of basic material resources of religion.

116-121

Authors: Sandurs’ka Olena

In the article the author considers main aspects of development of lighthouses from easy shore fires to lighthouses fitted with modern radio-navigational equipment. In the article it is also given a short overview of the oldest and most famous lighthouses in the world. The author pays great attention to the modern construction of lighthouses to appear. Here also the characteristic of main kinds of lighthouses is given, and influence of time on peculiarities of their design is determined. The author also gives main classifications of lighthouses by their different features. In the article the one may find the list and description of building materials used for creating lighthouse towers. The author dwells firstly on creation of widen lighthouses, after them she moves to creation of lighthouses made of stone, and finally she comes to creation of metal and ferroconcrete lighthouse constructions. In the article a short overview of Ukrainian lighthouses is given. In this article the author pays great attention to lighthouses which exist on the territory of Ukraine. Thus, in the article it is possible to find a short description of Ozharskiy lighthouse made of ferroconcrete which is situated in Mykolaiv region and also Stanislav-Adzhigolskiy lighthouse complex which is situated in the village Rybalche in Kherson region. Ozharskiy lighthouse became one of firs ferroconcrete constructions of such size in Europe, and Stanislav-Adzhigolskiy lighthouse complex is a unique one owing to net-like design of its towers. Also, the author gives description of interior construction of the lighthouse and also different kinds of premises for the operating crew, lighthouse maintenance and storage. In addition to that, the author describes main kinds of lighthouse lights, and considers them not only as a landmark at port entrance or the one determining a dangerous area, but also as a very important unit in navigation for making a course and making way along the fairway. The author determines main design engineers of Ukrainian lighthouses. In the article the author outlines main aspects of lighthouse service functioning and also describes current condition of lighthouses in Ukraine.