Türük Uluslararası Dil, Edebiyat ve Halkbilimi Araştırmaları Dergisi

1-48

Authors: Ali İhsan Yapıcı

In the course of Turkish history some structures started to be used on top of simple present tense affixes in order to cover the simple continuous tense concept. These structures which were in the form of composite verbs were composed of the main verb with an adverb-verb affix and an auxiliary verb in simple present tense. In order to achieve this, mostly dur- (

112-136

Authors: Hülya Ürkmez

In this article, the topic “forbidden child” in the novels The Scarlet Letter and Cengiz Han’a Kusen Bulut both of which belong to two different cultures will be handled. Forbidden child, who are considered as “proof of sin/crime”, constitude the starting point for the events in each of the two novels. Forbidden child born as a results of forbidden love where the rules of religion and society are violated are the fruits of sin/crime in The Scarlet Letter. Love is not forbidden in Cengiz Han’a Kusen Bulut. However, the child born in this novel have become forbidden as the laws imposed by the political authorities are violated. People’s behaviors show similarity towards love, which is a universal feeling. The subject matter in both of the two novels is violation of bans. Punishment is inevitable when bans are violated. As the proof of the crime is the child, mother/woman is the first one to put the blame on. Since such a crime cannot be committed alone, partners of the sin/crime are wondered. Women together with their children are exhibited to give a lesson to the society as well as to make the partners of such sin/crime reveal themselves. In both of the two novels, the events start with the birth of the babies. These two novels show a great deal of similarity in many respects such as the fact that mothers/women bear the burden by not confessing the partners of sin/crime during the exhibition, the attitudes of people towards exhibition, that the sin/crime is committed in societies which set out for an ideal, that women characters gain a place in the society with their jobs and that the sources of the events mentioned depend on legends. While the revenge of the cheated spouse is the subject matter in The Scarlet Letter, there is no cheated spouse in Cengiz Han’a Kusen Bulut is the suspicion felts years ago by the political authority whose orders are violated. He takes the revenge of the pain which he felt every minute in his life. Forbidden children who change flow of life for their parents with their births are all protected in both of the two novels. Keywords: Hawthorne, Aytmatov, forbidden child, exhibition.

174-205

Authors: Ferit Yusupov

Tatar standard and dialect languages are defined by abundance of various analytical forms of Past Tense for expressing different shades of activity in the past that happened before the moment of speech. For the first time in Turkic science in Russia the author strives to define criteria of analytical forms of Past Tense of Indicative Mood based on Tatar subdialects matter. And also he aspires to give all-round, deep and system-oriented analysis of those verbs in Tatar dialect language. General and core elements that are typical for all subdialects and also peripheral ones, used in some of them, are highlighted in the article. Systematic synchronized description of language phenomenon is accompanied by areal and linguistic geographical interpretation.The author in the study of grammatical meanings of analytical forms pays great attention to the role of the auxiliary verb är (ide) in the formation of grammatical semantics of the past tense. This verb in conjunction with the main verb takes referred action to the past tense with different shades of its completeness and perfection. Analytical forms of the past tense in the subdialects of the Tatar language can be based on the verbs of all three tenses, which due to the main verb forms express the meaning of the past tense with different shades of all three tenses. The forms that derived from basic verbs with -a (-a ide), - adyr (-adyr ide), -a torgan (-a torgan ide), -uchan (-uchan ide), -uchy (-uchy ide) express past actions related to the present time; -yr ide, -asy ide, -achak ide - past actions related to the future time; -gan ide, -dy ide,-uly ide, -ganda ide - indicates the action in the indefinite past, which does not have close relation with the moment of speech. This article describes all the phonetic and morphological variants found in subdialects of the Tatar language as well as allocates the isoglosses of their distribution in the Tatar dialect system and beyond. Key words: Turkic languages, Kazan Tatars, Tatar language, dialects, subdialects, past tense, middle dialect

217-257

Authors: Emine Atmaca, Reshide Adzhumerova

Friedrich Wilhelm Radloff (Berlin 05.01.1837-St. Petersburg 12.05.1918) examples of many Turkish dialect of the Turkish Dialects Dictionary (~ Versuch eines Worterbuches der Turk-Dialecte ~ Opıt Slovarya Tyurkskih Nareciy) benefit from research is one of the main sources of Turkish Studies Turkologists. Radloff, a Russian of German descent who Turkologist, Altai, Kirghiz steppes of Eastern, Turkish tribes living in the regions of Khakassia and Yedisu compilation, released as a result of this great work of investigation and research, has published four volumes of the case. In 1893, he published the first volume of the dictionary vowels, 1899, 1905 and 1911 published in the tome has the consonants. This article, briefly mentioned life of Wilhelm Radloff and the dictionary. After Turkish tribes earned savings in time and place, to reveal the relationship between the mind and the language is one of the representatives of the material and spiritual culture were home concept. And for the detection of this concept in the field of words in the vocabulary of many historical and contemporary Turkish dialect of Turkish Dialects Dictionary Radloff, which has been selected. Key words: Wilhelm Radloff, Versuch eines Worterbuches der Turk-Dialecte, Turkestan dialects, the concept and its field, conceptual field of home

265-288

Authors: Saadettin Yıldız

This work is telling cases of nationalist patriots, soldiers and administrators after the occupied Istanbul on 13 November 1918. After the occupation of Istanbul by the British both members of the Turkish Hearths of Union and Progress Party members were arrested and sent to exile. In this shoot, the island of Malta has been the mostly used place. Ziya Gokalp this is one of the patriots who were arrested. Among these patriotic driven to Malta had been grand viziers, ministers, governors, dignitaries such as the army, who was the commander of the pasha, pasha wrote heroic epics, deputies, doctors. Ahmet Agaoglu (1869-1939) , Ahmet Emin Yalman (1888-1972) , Aka Gunduz ( Enis Avni , 1886-1958 ), Hüseyin Cahit Yalçın ( 1875-1957 ) , Ismail Müştak of Mayako ( 1888-1938 ), Mehmet Aykut Honor ( 1874-1939) , Salah Cimcoz (1875-1947) , Suleiman Nazif (1870-1927) , Yunus Nadi (1879-1945) there were also as an author and journalist . At the beginning of the common aspects of who were exiled to Malta, being against the government of the country, having concerns about the future of the nation and country, membership of the Union and Progress was coming. During his time in exile Zia Gokalp wrote 570 letters. Publication enriched with notes the most regular of these letters, Fevziye Abdullah Tansel has prepared. Publication of the first edition in 1965, the second was made in 1989. Publication's name is "Ziya Gokalp Collection-II Letters of Lemnos and Malta". Tansel, put the 572 units letter in this book. Keywords: Malta letters, exile, Ziya Gökalp , Limnos, Union and Progress, patriotism

322-329

Authors: S. A. Ishnıyazova, Kamol Mustaev

This article investigates the Uzbek-Kyrgyz literature due to common history of the genesis of the Turkic peoples and cultures. Not only territorial but also narrative, figurative, thematic proximity of literary phenomena, attracts researchers. Since the folk epices "Manas" and "Alpamysh" observed similarity of the issues of Uzbek-Kirgiz literatures that unite the two nations. The use of fiction genres of folklore: tales, parables, legends, mysteries - and their role in the compositional structure of the work has been the object of this article. The history of a cultural, social, historical, and social bonds is reflected in the development of literary connections. Plexus of folklore genres with fiction, their functional role in the composition and structure of the literary works is the subject of the study. The similarity of the Uzbek-Kyrgyz literary traditions and phenomena are the basis of a comparative study of Uzbek-Kyrgyz literatures at the Samarkand State University. Keywords: Turkish Peoples, Uzbek-Kyrgyz Literature, Manas, Tradition

336-350

Authors: Ozan Yılmaz

Turks and Iranians (Persians) have some common points thanks to having lived in the same geography throughout history. These points take effect especially when it comes to language, literature and culture. Turks have affected Persian culture greatly especially in the era of Great Seljuk and the Ghaznavid states; on the other hand they were often affected from Persian culture. One of these interactions is the tradition known as “sprinkling soil on head”. “Sprinkling soil on head” or “scattering soil on head” is a notion bearing the statements that are as follows “stating helplessness, to call for help, to demand something, to mourn”. Determining a tradition’s origin, in that to which culture it belongs, is quite tough, although it can be easily said that it’s used in the literatures of both countries. The structure known as “hâk ber-ser şüden” in Persians which is rather used in the meaning of “to demand something / to ask for mercy” states in Turks that a person mourns or is weary of world. Uses such as “being floored with soil, to lean on a rock, to burn straw upon head” which are equivalent to that structure also exist in Classic Turkish poem. In this paper, info about the meaning of the tradition known as “sprinkling soil on head” which is one of the common means of expression in both Turkish and Persian literatures and about its areas of use will be given, some samples of these areas of use in both literatures will be mentioned, similar structures will be focused on. Keywords: Classical Turkish Literature, Classical Persian Literature, tradition, sprinkling soil on head, idiom

359-369

Authors: Ersin Durmuş

In our work, knowledge were given primarily about explanation and explanation literature, and afterward about life and works of Mustafa bin Muhammed (Hâcegîzâde Mustafa Efendi) and “Şerh-i Kelimât-ı Çehâr Yâr-ı Güzîn”. The work named “Şerh-i Kelimât-ı Çehâr Yâr-ı Güzîn” was written by Mustafa bin Muhammed (Hâcegîzâde Mustafa Efendi) in order to explain the four khalifs’ words, on wish of Ferhad Paşa, in 16. Century that explanation tradition took shape thoroughly. This work has an important explanation situation that examined the four khalifs’ words in frame of traditional explanation concept. Hâcegîzâde Mustafa Efendi gave depth to his explanation by examining words as grammar, and examining vocabulary meanings and usage areas of words and verses, hadises and wisdoms related to the words and mentioning the real meanings of the words, and he brought the explanation to a more detailed situation Keywords: Mustafa bin Muhammed, Explanation, Çehâr Yâr-ı Güzîn, the four khalifs, 16. Century

388-398

Authors: Valeriia Lutsenko, İnna Lapatova

Nowadays in consequence of the development of economic, cultural and political relations we need highly educated people who know foreign languages. Language plays very important role in the understanding of people of different cultures. In this article we tried to identify the problems of translation of phraseological units (hereinafter referred to as PU) into Ukrainian. Most of the PU came from the people’s language. They show the different parts of the life of nation. Most of them are the mirror of daily life of people. Various PU appear by the reason of grammar mistakes that people make. While learning foreign language people also have to learn the folklore of the native speakers. PU are indeed the part of the folklore. They are also the unique parts of the language. The meaning of the PU does not depend on the words this PU consists of. They are stable language unities. İf we want to understand the PU we do not have to look separately at the words it consists of. Because the meanings of these words are extremely different from the meaning of the PU itself. If to speak about the foreign scientists worked on the PU we can mention V. Vınogradov, S. Gavrin, B. Larin. Vinogradov made the most specific classification because he looked at the PU from the semantic side. Kunin worked on the proverbs and the issues of their translation. In the Turkology the proverbs are not considered to be a PU. Larin worked on the changing and learning of proverbs. In Turkey the works on the PU were made by D.Aksan, S. Uzun, O. Aksoy, S. Emir, K. Ksnesbayev, S. Rahmatullaeva. Aksoy studied the grammar of PU. She classified them into three groups. There are no phrasal verbs in Turcology like in the other languages. Nowadays in the dialects of Turkish language there are a lot of PU that have the same meaning but different grammatical form. For example `tepesi atmak` ve 'beyni atmak'. There are also the PUs that consist of one word. For example ‘şarapçı’ veya ‘yüzsüz’. We can classify PUs into three parts according to the way of their translating. - full equivalents (the PUs that have the same meaning and lexical structure `Kedi ciğere bakar gibi bakmak` - look like a cat to liver) - partial equivalents (the PUs that have the same meaning but the different lexical structure ‘kara-talih - unhappy fate’) - nonequivalent (the PUs that do not have an equivalent in the target language ‘ağır başlı` (serious)) If there is no equivalent of the PU in the foreign language the translator has to use an explanation method. The cultural differences are the main problem of the translation. Sometimes translator has to deal with the PU that came from religion or historical events. But the most difficult is to translate the PU that is not used in the language consistently. And sometimes there can be several meanings of one PU or proverb. Key Words: meaning, proverb, phraseological unit, language, translating problem, folklore, people

409-431

Authors: İsmail Avcı

Evliya Çelebi's Seyahatname, an unprecedented work of his lifetime travels throughout the Ottoman Empire mentions about four sovereigns who subjugated throughout the world. These sovereigns were Solomon, Alexander, Yanko bin Madyan and Buhtunnasr. Amongst them, Alexander is referred in the work of Evliya Çelebi as Zulkarneyn, Iskender-i Zulkarneyn, Iskender-i Kubra, Iskender-i Rumi, Iskender-i Yunan, Alexander, Feyleko Alexander, and Alexander the Son of Filkos and provided various aspects of information about him including stories, myths and tales. Despite the fact that there may be some inconsistencies and complexities in these sections in which Alexander the Great (Alexander of Macedon) who lived back in time and Zulkarneyn who is referred in the Koran were included, they contain rich and interesting materials for almost all fields of social sciences especially in terms of language, literature, folklore, history, and geography as in works such as Iskendername. The subject of this paper contains the contents about Alexander as included in the work of Evliya Çelebi. This paper consists of such titles as Evliya Çelebi's resources about Alexander, the identity of Alexander, the geography Alexander lived or influenced, his famous mirror and crown, how he was given the name of Zulkarneyn and the horn incident, the talismans he assigned to be made as well as the buildings constructed in during his time, straits and channels he assigned to be opened, his relationship with the Queen of Kaydafe, Alexander's influence on the history of Macedonia, Istanbul, and Izmit, his capture of the Castle of Van by trickery, the great war between Alexander and the famous Persian emperor Dara, his search for the water of immortality, and his relation with Khidr, the grand trees associated with Alexander and finally Iskendername with an aim to provide a comprehensive portrait of Alexander within the scope of Seyahatname. Key words: Evliya Çelebi, Seyahatname, Alexander the Great.

1-27

Authors: Nevzat Özkan

The Karamans, who lived in different parts of Anatolia, primarily in the Central Anatolia, Trabzon-west of Firat-Taurus-Silifke line, especially in Kayseri, Nevsehir, Konya, Burdur, Isparta, Antalya regionsand then in Izmir and Istanbul where two largest cities in the Black Sea coast and, till 1924 and who immigrated to Greece after that, used Turkish in their daily life and in most parts of their written culture and literary activities. Born in Greece even today, which is 50 years of age Karamans, with Central Anatolia mouth will continue to speak Turkish. For example, from Aksaray, Güzelyurt (Gelveri) district, Karamans who immigrated in 1924, in August 1998, when they come here again can spoke with old fellow with the Central Anatolian mouth. Karaman literature, largely base on the works translated from Greek, and is intended for religious subjects. If non-religious literature, Ahmet Mithat Efendi’s with a few work published in the language of Karaman, are broadcasts in the Karaman language of works of oral literature such as Koroglu, Aşık Garip, Sah Ismail and Nasreddin Hoca. Recently, a few novels have been translated from French. Although the Turkish language they use shows some variations according to the districts they lived and the area of usage, it is seen that the Karaman’s texts which bear features of dialects are not so much different from Anatolian dialects in terms of phonetic and morphological characteristics. This study aims to compare the Karaman Turkish dialect and Central Anatolain dialects in terms of their vowel systems. Key Words: Karaman Turkish, dialect, phonetics, wovels.

53-64

Authors: Rahimjon Yusupov

The article explains the relevance of the topic, defines goals, objectives of historical demography. The work paper is devoted studying the problems of historiography of historical demography in Uzbekistan. And also, on a wide range of literature and sources are studied the problems of demographic processes. In the work researched the theoretical and methodological foundations of the studying demographic processes of the second half of the XX. -th and beginning of the XXI. - th century. The author briefly illustrates the demographic development in terms of historiography review, shows the sources of social - demographic groups and analyzes the historical problems of demographic processes. In conclusion, are summarized the obtained results and formed recommendations of historiography review about improving the methods of studying of demographic processes in Uzbekistan. In general, the article answers common questions about the subject and the problems of historical demography as a separate science in the system of historical knowledge. Key Words: Uzbekistan, Population, History, Demography

80-132

Authors: R.Kahriman, A.Dağtaş, E.Çapoğlu, Z.Ateşal

There is a huge request of learning Turkish language as a foreign language day by day. This is the reason for being numerous researches about teaching Turkish as a foreign language. These researches are important to determine vacuity about the scope for researchers. The objectives of this research are to fill the vacuity about the scope and to pave the way for new researches by submitting conducted studies as a whole about teaching Turkish to foreign people. This article, tried to determine the studies related to teaching Turkish as a foreign language (books, article, thesis, symposium, seminar, conference declaration). In this context, 186 books, 155 articles, 139 master’s thesis and 35 doctoral thesis including 174 thesis, 229 different kinds of seminar, congress and symposium paper have been determined. The books are listed under two different headings, as native books along with sets. Articles are listed in an alphabetical order, thesis are listed under two sub-headings as master’s and doctoral thesis. The declarations of symposiums, seminars and conferences are listed according to the previous symposiums, seminars and conferences. A prospective research about Turkish as a second language is probably going to be have a wider scope than todays’. Some studies on virtual environment (like video or audio file, web site etc.) might also be added to this research. Nonetheless, this is a facility for the researchers and also foreign people who want to learn Turkish language via virtual environment on account of access to resources. Key Words: Teaching Turkish to foreign people, Turkish as a foreign language, teaching language, teaching Turkish, bibliography.

145-160

Authors: Nedim Bakırcı, Hüseyin Kürşat Türkan

Ahmet Yesevi was the founder of the first sect in the history of Turks. Ahmet Yesevi sent his disciples to Anatolia and those disciples became the spiritual architects of Anatolia. The number of the disciples is said to have been ninety nine thousand by the people of Anatolia. Those disciples are also called Khorasan Erens (Saint). Each disciples settled in a different place in Anatolia and they established islamic monestaries and dervish lodges in their places. Just not confined to Anatolia, the Balkans, many dervish lodges were built. Those mystical establishments (islamic monastry and dervish lodge) and their administrators (sheikh and founders) had important roles not only in religious, cultural and social lifes but also in regulating political and economical lifes, in expanding political boundaries, in managing the conquered lands and in the process of their developments. Hadji Bektashi Sect has been undoubtedly the most important sect in Anatolia. Pir Evi (The house of the founder-father) in Hacı bektaş, a small town in the middle of Anatolia has been the main center of Alewi Bektashi Monestries, which spread in all Anatolia, Balkans and partly Egypt and Neareast Countries. The more fans who Balkans sect Bektashi, Halveti and Mevlevi. There are many dervish lodges in the Balkans due to the three sects. Here in this paper will focus on the role and importance of the dervish lodges in Balkans. Key Words: Dervish Lodge, Islamic Monastries, Islamic Sect, Ahmet Yesevi, Khorasan Erens, Balkans.

183-197

Authors: Halil İbrahim Şahin

There is also a tradition of kamlık/shamanism among the factors that determine the perception of universe, man, life, death, the future or treatment. This effect is not the same level of all the Turkish tribes. Turkish tribes in Siberia (Yakut, Altai, Tıva, Shor, and Khakassia) kam / shaman cult is the more powerful and Turks in Central and Western Asia kamlık / Shamanism practices and beliefs of the various names and forms is kept alive. Turkmen’s, Turkish tribes of Central Asia, this effect can be seen in their life. The article dealt with "Shaman od", used by shamans in rituals fever, "Kustdepti" refers to the shaman dances. Types, called "zikirci" today's Turkmenistan use shaman fire used by shamans to contact the spirits in order to take advantage of the extraordinary powers of "Hızır", just as shamans to concentrate and go into a trance use "küştdepti". "Shaman od" and "Küştdepti" takes place nevruz celebrations and weddings in the Turkmenistan prove that the shaman word is still used today among the Turks, maintains the function of some of the elements, but some elements has evolved into art form. Key words: Turkmenistan, shamanism, kamlık, shaman fire, küştdepti.

212-226

Authors: Erol Eroğlu, Yavuz Köktan

Sakarya is very rich in traditional arts and crafts. As a result of the dominance of modern technology, such crafts as broom making, wood carving, weaving, knitting, basketry and coppersmith which were common in the past, have come to the brink of extinction. Broom making was a common occupation in the past. Especially in 1957, it gained more and more importance with the activation of broom stock market. Today, broom production has decreased due to the developing technology but it still maintain its place in married girls dowry items. Broom making which is one of the traditional crafts compose the subject of the study. It has been tried to provide information about the materials used in the making of broom, production steps, raw material resources that used, current and past status of the craft. The data that we obtained as a result of field research in Sakarya, chosen as sample, forms the framework of our study. In this study, scanning model was applied. This research formed of two parts, theoretical and practical. In the first stage, the theoretical framework of the subject was established by literature scanning on the subject. In the second stage, field study was carried out in accordance with the researh’s aim. Observation and interview techniques were used during the field study. Key Words: Broom Making, Sakarya, Traditional Crafts, Craft, Broom.

252-263

Authors: Şaban Doğan, Uluhan Özalan

It is known that some bound morphemes are similar even the same in almost all historical and modern Turkish dialects. To illustrate, copula form which come from er- can be seen nearly in all historical and modern Turkish dialects. However, it can be seen that some bound morphemes are specific to a dialect. An example of this is the usage of tetir/titir morpheme as a copula in Old Uighur. For the present study, firstly thirty-five Old Uighur works were scanned and examples of its usage which can be regarded as copulas are collected. Afterwards the data were classified according to their properties, and evaluated with respect to the content of the texts. In the conclusion chapter the available data were judged. The aim of the study is to draw attention to the morpheme which cannot be seen in other dialects and to give some information on its usage in Old Uighur texts. In this sense, some views as to why it does not found in other dialects were expressed. Key Words: Old Uighur, bound morpheme, copula, tetir/titir