The Journal of Middle East and North Africa Sciences

1-6

Authors: Aidin Poorabdollahi Sheshgelani, Arash Ketabforoush Badri

One of the economic factors of economic development is achieving positive and stable economic growth and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is one of the factors affecting the stable economic growth. FDI attraction can make the growth and development progress faster in the host countries by positive effects such as gaining wealth, technology transfer, extending the market size and export advantages, introducing new processes, improving management ability, training human resources and accessing foreign markets. Considering the important role of FDI, this study is trying to study the effects of FDI and economic freedom on economic growth in 10 selected developing countries in period of 2000 to 2013 using panel data. The results show that FDI has a positive and meaningful effect on the economic growth of the studied countries so that we can say by increasing FDI there will be an improvement in the economic growth of the countries. Also the index of economic freedom has a positive and meaningful effect on economic growth. It is to be mentioned that the rate of economic openness and the index of producer price also have had positive effect on the economic growth of the studied countries.

15-21

Authors: O. O. Okwari, A. E. Alagwu, C.O. Edoga, S. A. Lelei, G. A. Ekonesi

Background and Objectives: Coffee the source of caffeine is consumed globally. The amount of caffeine in food product varies depending upon the serving size, type product and production method (Elmaadawy et al., 2015). Caffeine, one of the several ingredients in foods is capable of exerting a physiological and pharmacological effect. Nescafe is a brand of instant coffee made by Nestle. It comes in different product forms (Elmaadawy et al., 2015). Nescafe 3 in 1TM Ghana PLC and Cowbell Promasidor Nigeria Limited Coffee are brands of coffee widely consumed in Nigeria. From a public health point of view little seems to be understood about the health benefits. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the effect of Nescafe 3 in 1TM and cowbell TM coffees on body weight, serum urea, creatinine, lipid, and enzyme profile in healthy rats. Material and Methods: Thirty healthy male albino rats (150±5.35g) were assigned into five groups of six rats. Group 1 served as control fed with basal diets; groups 2 and 3 Nescafe 3 in 1 high dose, 770mg/kg, and Low dose, 510mg/kg of body weight. Group 4 and 5 cowbell coffee high doses, 620mg/kg and low dose 310mg/kg. All administration was done orally, water and food given ad libitum. The treatment lasted for 30days. At the end of the period, the animals were sacrificed and blood samples were collected for analysis. Result: Nescafe 3 in 1TM low dose cause significant (p<0.01) increase in body weight while cowbell coffee TM treated groups caused a decrease in body weight. There was an increase in AST, creatinine, HDL, serum urea, K+, HCO3- levels in Nescafe 3 in 1TM while Na+, Cl- were decreased in cowbell coffee TM compared with control. Conclusion: Nescafe 3 in 1TM coffee caused increased body weight although the high dose group was not statistically significant while the consumption of cowbell coffee TM caused a significant decrease. These differences might result from the composition of these coffees especially their coffee content. Further investigation might be necessary on these brand sachet coffees.

30-33

Authors: Umema Zafar, Romana Ayub, Junaid Ahsan, Henna Salman

Aim: To find out the gender differences in pulse pressure (PP) of Type II Diabetics with raised HBA1C. Methods: This is a Cross sectional study carried out in the outpatient departments and wards of all Medicine units of Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar. Its duration is from May 15th to August 3rd, 2017. A total of 70 Diabetic patients above the age of 40 were included in the study. Their height and weight were recorded and BMI calculated. Their Blood pressure (BP) was also measured and the pulse pressure determined. The most recently performed HBA1C test values along with fasting and random blood sugar values were noted. Findings: The mean pulse pressure of males was 61.4 mm Hg, and females was 55.1 mmHg, this difference was not statistically significant, p>0.05. The mean SBP and DBP values were similar between the two genders. The mean HBA1C values were higher in females than males. Conclusion: PP does not differ in the two genders. However, there is a difference in diabetic control between the two.

38-45

Authors: Francisco Javier Güemez Ricalde

Abstract: World production of honey shows significant increases that alter the market conditions also increased exports by 33 percent. The pressure on the international price, coupled with changing climate conditions in the past three years, has deteriorated significantly the production of honey for export in Mexico. The prices recorded have been unable to resolve the economic problem of beekeepers that inflation exceeds the relative value of the prices paid to the producer. So the statistics show projected from a variety of sources statistics in a series of graphs that were trying to prove the real situation of the world market and the National Honey Board. [In Spanish]… Resumen: La producción mundial de miel muestra incrementos significativos que alteran las condiciones de mercado al incrementarse también las exportaciones en un 33 por ciento. La presión sobre el precio internacional, aunado a las condiciones cambiantes del clima en los últimos tres años, ha deteriorado de manera significativa la producción de miel para exportación en México. Los precios registrados han sido incapaces de resolver el problema económico de los apicultores ya que la inflación registrada supera el valor relativo de los precios pagados al productor. Así lo demuestran las estadísticas proyectadas de diversas fuentes estadísticas en una serie de gráficas que intentan demostrar la situación real del mercado mundial y nacional de la miel.

1-7

Authors: Lilian Omondi

Emergency caesarean section poses obstetric, anesthetic and surgical risks to the mother and the unborn baby and exacerbates anxiety which is deleterious. Preoperative nursing care rendered during this period greatly influence patient’s care perception, a concept underpinned in this study. Patients’ pre- and postoperative anxiety levels and demographics informed by literature reviewed were evaluated. Demographics included age, the level of education, mode of hospital bill payment, history of major illness, previous surgeries, current medication, smoking and the condition of the newborn. A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted in a private and a public hospital among patients undergoing emergency caesarean section. Sixty participants were purposively and systematically sampled from the postnatal ward admission registers using inclusion criteria. A structured questionnaire was used to assess participants’ demographics and care satisfaction. Anxiety levels were evaluated using Form Y-6. Ethical approval was obtained from the respective ethical review boards. Multivariate nonparametric statistical analyses using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 17 computer software was used to analyze data alongside descriptive statistics. Significant finding observed regarding demographics were on the level of education and mode of hospital hill payment. The highest level of education attained was tertiary 22(73.3%) in private compared to secondary level 14 (46.7%) in the public hospital. The mode of hospital bill payment was through companies’ medical schemes 24(80%) in private hospital and through National Health Insurance Fund (NHIF) 22(73.3%) in public. Mann-Whitney U test showed statistically significant differences in only two out of the six anxiety defining statements assessed postoperatively. Participants at the public hospital felt calmer (z=-2.071, p=0.038<0.05) and more relaxed (z=-2.85, p=0.004<0.05) than those at the private hospital. Wilcoxon rank test yielded significant results for only one out of the six care satisfaction defining statements. Participants at the public hospital were more satisfied with the information given by the nurse about what is expected before and after surgery (z=-2.61, p=0.009<0.05) compared to private. This study evidences nurses’ ability to render satisfactory care to patients in emergency situations regardless of socio-patients’ demographic profile and type of hospital. There is need to initiate and sustain such care surveillance for quality auditing.

20-32

Authors: Gylych Jelilov; Raliat Alimi

The aim of the current study is to develop and analyze the contributions of entrepreneurship in the economic development through Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) development in Nigeria. The major findings of this study include the following: SMEs have played and continue to play significant roles in the growth, development, and industrialization of many economies the world over. In the case of Nigeria, SMEs have performed below expectation due to a combination of problems which ranges from attitude and habits of SMEs themselves through environmental related factors, instability of governments and frequent government policy changes etc. Promoters of SMEs should thus ensure the availability or possession of managerial capacity and acumen before pursuing financial resources for the development of the respective enterprise. In total Nigerian entrepreneurship has its own problems and relative solutions was done.

37-39

Authors: Qurat UI Ain Shah; Raza Sayani; Muhammad Anwar Saeed; Muhammad Asif Bilal

Objective: To review role of Trauma Series, established by American college of surgery for patients of multiple trauma, which include lateral cervical spine, AP chest, and anteroposterior pelvis in evaluation of trauma patient in our local set up. Methods: A retrospective descriptive study was carried out 10 months in the Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Aga Khan University Hospital Karachi. Subject of our study were adult patients with blunt trauma who had undergone trauma series. Results: Total of 600 x-rays of 200 pa66tients were reviewed. The age range from 16 - 65 years (Mean 24.5 +/- 8.5). Trauma series was negative in 162 patients, as they had normal lateral cervical spine, anteroposterior chest, and anteroposterior pelvis x-rays, however it turned out to be positive in 38 patients. These 38 patients were received in Emergency with history of trauma among these most of the patients had the history of RTA. Out of 38 positive cases (total 45 sites of injury), 10 rib fracture, 10 fractures of clavicle,1 pneumothorax, 2 pleural effusion, 4 cervical spine fracture, 1 dislocation of cervical spine, 1 rudimentary intervertebral disc at C6-C7, 7 fracture of femur and 4 fracture of pubic rami,1 ischium fracture,2 iliac fracture, 1 hip dislocation,1 inter-trochanteric region fracture identified. Conclusion: Our review suggests that use of whole trauma series in evaluation of trauma in conscious patient is not necessary when adequate clinical information can be obtained. Instead, a selective approach by using individual component of whole trauma series in conscious patient may be effective.

1-5

Authors: Ahmed Tabbabi; Jaber Daaboub; Ali Lamari; Ibtissem Ben Jha; Hassen Ben Cheikh

This article reports Pirimiphos-methyl resistance status of Culex pipiens populations harvested in four breeding sites in Northern Tunisia. Our results showed the resistance of all samples to Pirimiphos-methyl. The RR50 ranged from 3.3 1 to 62.1. The sample collected from Tazarka had the highest resistance among all studied populations. This status could be explained by its frequency of mortality caused by propoxur (0%) and also by its frequency of detected esterases (85%). Authors confirmed the implications of insensitive acetylcholinesterase and esterases enzymes in the resistance of Culex pipiens populations to Pirimiphos-methyl. It is the first investigation of Pirimiphos-methyl resistance status of Culex pipiens populations from Tunisia and it is very important for the implementation and development of vector control strategies.

10-12

Authors: H. Mehmet Çalışkan; A. Tuğrul Zeytin; Şeyhmus Kaya; M. Burak Sayhan

Shoulder joint dislocations are the most common dislocations seen in emergency services and usually seen in the form of unilateral anterior dislocations. Bilateral shoulder joint dislocations, on the other hand, are very rare and usually occur in the form of posterior dislocation. Bilateral anterior shoulder dislocations are also a very rare form of shoulder dislocations. In this article, the main aim of this manuscript is to discuss a case of bilateral anterior shoulder dislocation, accompanied by an epileptic seizure and reduced with scapular rotation method guided by sedation and analgesia.

22-38

Authors: Hussin J. Hejase; Ali H. Alaeddine

Background: The interest in the topic of academic research has drawn much attention in the last two decades especially in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region; though this region has undergone violence, and many wars that have led to the loss of lives of hundreds of thousands, many within the university age category. However, whenever events calm down, universities become crowded with individuals seeking both quality education and research competencies. This is the case reflected in Lebanon as well as the Islamic Republic of Iran (Iran), for both have somehow parallel tracks where unrest, wars, and conflicts have left their toll on the population and the youth in specific. Nevertheless, both nations have shown perseverance, self-determination and strong national pride in overcoming the aggressive eco-system surrounding them as they seek continuous progress, improvement, giving special attention to higher education and academic research in particular. Although Iran has been subject to severe sanctions that have affected the full potential of its economy, the strategic agenda to seek world quality higher education and produce research of national benefit has grown exponentially in the last decade. Similarly, Lebanon, which has been subject to tremendous pressures from the surrounding war-zone countries, found its way to improve its performance in higher education and research. Objective: This paper aims at exposing the different factors that may contribute to the fostering of the academic and research relationship between Lebanon and Iran. Methodology: The analysis relies on collected data from secondary sources as well as primary data based on interviews with academics and experts from both countries; therefore, this research is exploratory, explanatory and qualitative. Results: There exists enough evidence to support the collaboration initiative. Interviewees from both countries showed enthusiasm, openness and readiness to move to the second level of cooperation that is, justifying relationships with memos of understanding. Conclusions: The outcomes of the research shed light on the shared interests pertaining to higher education and research collaboration opportunities between the two countries. Moreover, results support the intended policies that aim to regulate the future relationships.

1-5

Authors: Ahmed Tabbabi; Khadija Bekhti

The identification of species that belong to Maculipennis complex is very difficult because of the morphological similarity within this group. The molecular identification of species belonging this complex showed the existence of a single species called Anopheles labranchiae in Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco. This is important information for malaria control in the North Africa. The arid climate of Lybia excluded the members of Maculipennis complex except An. labranchiae and An. sacharovi. In the neighboring country, no species of this complex has been identified in Egypt. The accurate and correct identification of mosquito vectors is very important for the implementation and development of vector control strategies.

9-12

Authors: Ahmed Tabbabi, Khadija Bekhti

West Nile Virus (WNV) can cause neurological disease and death in people. Culex pipiens is the suspected vector in the transmission of WNV. The objective of this study is to review the history of transmission foci in order to help the implementation of an effective and permanent human surveillance in North Africa. West Nile fever first appeared in Algeria in 1994 and was responsible for 20 cases, including 8 deaths. In 1997, a second epidemic was reported in Tunisia, with 173 cases, including 8 deaths. In Morocco, an epizootic was reported in 1996 with 42 equidae. North of Cairo was the first place where WNV was isolated in Egypt in 1950. The re-emergence of WNV cases in the following years confirms an enzootic circulation of the virus in North Africa. West Nile virus has and will remain a formidable clinical and public health problem hence the necessity of prevention against this disease.

17-22

Authors: Mario Metry; Mohamad Shaaban; Robert Thomas; Sunil Amonkar; Garry Bristow; Magdi Youssef; Michael Carr; Neil Mclean

Introduction: There is still controversy in the literature as regards the role of mammography in diagnosing carcinoma of the breast in women with breast prosthesis, the primary aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of mammography in the management of breast cancer following augmentation of the breast by implants. Methods: Review of our database and case records from October 2009 till October 2015, along with a detailed analysis of the current medical literature Results: 15 patients were identified, all developed breast cancer following breast implant insertion. Mammography failed to show any abnormality in 10 patients (66.7%), mammograms detected incidental benign looking microcalcifications (M2) in 2 patients (13.33%), in 2 patients’ mammography showed indeterminate findings (M3) (13.33%), only one patient (6.67%) had suspicious mammographic findings (M4). In contrast, Ultrasound Scan (USS) demonstrated lesions in all of 15 patients, the Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans, confirmed the lesions denoted in the USS on all of the 6 patients who underwent MRI mammography (100%). Conclusion: Mammography is a poor modality for the diagnosis of early breast cancer in women following breast augmentation surgery. Authors would advise the consideration of MRI mammography and focused Ultrasound scan in the radiological assessment of these women.

1-4

Authors: Ahmed Tabbabi; Ali Lamari; Hassen Ben Cheikh

Development of resistance to chlorpyrifos in Culex pipiens population from Tunisia under temephos selection pressures was investigated. The objective of this study was to follow the evolution of resistance responses in Culex pipiens larvae under laboratory conditions. The selection to temephos caused a significant increase of resistance to chlorpyrifos levels. Indeed, the LD50 resistance rate increased from 75.90 in the natural population to approximately 6620.66 in the 4th generation of selection. This resistance dropped sharply in the 5th generation (1686.35) to increase again in the last generation of selection reaching 3929.36. The reason for this unstable variation is unknown and effects related to uncontrolled environmental parameters and/or inter-strain genetic variability is probably involved. Our results showed the involvement of insensitive acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which is a common target for temephos and chlorpyrifos insecticides, in the recorded resistance. The potential to develop resistance to the chlorpyrifos is very clear in this species.

10-15

Authors: Ahmed Tabbabi; Hassen Ben Cheikh

The fitness cost associated with resistance genes was investigated on mosquito’s viability. We studied four fitness parameters in a laboratory-selected strain of Culex pipiens associated with resistance to the insecticide temephos. S-Lab was the susceptible strain used for comparison. Two genes are involved in resistance to organophosphate (OP) insecticides: Ace-1 and Ester. After 5 generations of pressure, the temephos resistance ratio increased to 60.51 at RR95, exhibited a deficiency in the following two parameters: female fecundity (χ2=infini; dl=1; P<<0.05) and mortality rate (P<<0.05). Characterizations of resistance mechanisms indicate that resistance Ace-1 alleles coding for a modified acetylcholinesterase were associated with a higher mortality rate and lower fecundity. Several previous studies were used to compare and discuss our results.

20-23

Authors: Majedah A. Al-Homaidhi

Dental caries is an infectious, communicable and multi-factorial disease. Various factors may influence the disease process. Behavioral factors such as poor oral hygiene and the consumption of sugar-containing snacks are significant factors in caries lesion initiation. Several recent studies have suggested a connection between dental caries and parental smoking, especially with maternal smoking. Children are the most susceptible group for the effect of passive smoke because their bronchial tubes are smaller and their immune systems are less developed. They also breathe faster and thus take in more harmful chemicals per kilogram of body weight than adults. Also, it has been shown dose–response relationships between the extent of smoking by parents and the salivary or plasma Cotinine level in children, therefore, the purpose of this review is to summaries the results of various epidemiological studies, and to determine if the Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) affects the development of dental caries in children