Turkish Journal of Forestry

5 - 24

Authors: Derya GÜLÇİN, Bülent DENİZ

The aim of this research is to map the potential forest fire risk zones using various landscape analysis techniques in Manisa province, Turkey. Forest fire, which is defined as an ecological disaster caused by natural processes or as a result of human activities, causes environmental degradation and fragmentation of the landscape. Therefore, it is very important to produce a fire risk zone map that can be used to minimize the frequency of fire, to prevent damage, to provide a prediction for the problems that may cause fire and to form a decision mechanism for the solution methods. This research utilized CORINE 2018 produced under the framework of the Copernicus Program which is the European Union's Earth Observation Programme coordinated and managed by the European Commission, ASTER Global DEM digital elevation model data obtained from the website of NASA Earthdata, fire archive records based on MODIS satellite images, digital stand map displaying the spatial distribution of tree species, and the OpenStreetMap (OSM) which were used for mapping the existing road network. Vegetation cover, slope, aspect, elevation, distance to settlement, and distance to road variables were used to determine risk zones. The specific weights were assigned to each thematic map layer according to their capacity on fire ignition. The slope, aspect, and elevation maps were generated from the digital elevation model. The distance to settlement map was generated from the CORINE database while the distance to road map was produced from OSM. The Fire Risk Zone Index (FRZI) was utilized to determine forest fire risk zones. According to the generated final fire risk map, almost 25.8% of the study area was predicted to be under very high and highrisk zones. The final forest fire risk model was validated with past fire incidents data that was acquired from MODIS images as fire points. The result of this research showed that out of 149 fire incidents in Manisa between 2001 and 2018, 97 incidents had occurred in very high and highrisk areas. This finding supports that the presented methodology based on RS and GIS techniques is reliable and can be effectively used in the process of delineation of the forest fire risk zones.

25 - 34

Authors: Emrah ÖZDEMİR, Abbas ŞAHİN, Gafura AYLAK ÖZDEMİR

If the tree is cut planned or unplanned, the DBH (the diameter at breast height) cannot be measured and only the stump aboveground. Therefore, other dimensions of the tree (DBH, volume, etc.) need to be estimated based on the variables of stump. In this study, it is aimed to be determined the relationship between the stump diameter at 0.30 m and DBH for each age class and general level in pure sessile oak (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl) stands of Northern Marmara. In addition, estimating the DBH with the stump height (hdk) and stump diameter (ddk) at this height is another purpose of this study. In this context, measurements were carried out on 726 trees determined by 1 Subject - 10 neighboring tree method in 66 sample points taken from pure sessile oak stands of the northern part of the Marmara Region which are distributed in different sites and in age classes II, III, IV, V and VI., whose age classes are 20 years in width. The tree regression models in the form of linear, polynomial and power function were tested in order to estimate DBH with the stump diameter at 0.30 m. In addition, 3 different regression models were formed in logarithmic form to estimate the DBH with the stump height and stump diameter at this height. It was concluded that the models tested for the stump diameter at 0.30 m with DBH explained the variation in DBH between 89.8% and 96.7% and the linear model was suitable for this relationship. The age classes were compared with the F test in terms of the relationship between the stump diameter at 0.30 m and DBH, it was concluded that the age classes differ from each other except III. and IV. age classes. It was determined that regression models established to estimate the DBH with the stump height and stump diameter at this height and explain the variation in DBH between 91.4% and 92.8% and estimate the DBH with 1.76-1.96 cm standard error. It is also important to model the stump diameter-the diameter at breast height relationship for oak tree species other than sessile oak.

43 - 54

Authors: Mustafa KARAKÖSE

This study was conducted to determine the vascular plants of Honaz Forest Planning Unit between 2009-2010. The study area is located between the Mediterranean and Iran-Turanian phytogeographic regions in Denizli province. Because of this study, 276 vascular plant taxa belonging to 56 families were determined. Three of the identified plant taxa belong to Pteridophyta section and 273 belong to Magnoliophyta section. Seven (2.5%) of the plant taxa in the Magnoliophyta section belong to the Pinidae subclass and 266 are within the Magnoliidae subclass. Number of endemic taxa identified was 39 and the endemism rate of the study area was calculated as 14.1%. The distribution of the threat categories is as follows: one taxa in Endangered (EN), 3 taxa in Vulnerable (VU), 11 taxa in Near Threatened (NT), 24 taxa in Least Concern (LC). The richest family was Asteraceae (with 41 taxa), followed by Lamiaceae (with 25 taxa), Brassicaceae (with 21 taxa), and Fabaceae (with 21 taxa). The phytogeographic regions of 125 taxa represented in the study area are as follows: East Mediterranean 17% (47 taxa), Mediterranean 13% (36 taxa), Irano-Turanian 3.9% (11 taxa), Euro-Siberian 2.2% (6 taxa), East Mediterranean (mount) 0.4% (1 taxon), Omni-Mediterranean 0.4% (1 taxon), and multiregional or of unknown phytogeographic origin 55% (153 taxa). Raunkiaer’s life forms showed that Hemicryptophytes with 138 taxa, Therophytes with 51 taxa and Phanerophytes with 41 taxa were the most frequent life forms.

60 - 69

Authors: H. Oğuz ÇOBAN, Şükrü GÜNDOĞDU

In this study, it was aimed to determine the changes in forest areas by using Geographical Information System. Forest changes were examined between 1990-2019 in Çamsu Forest Sub-district under Uşak Forest Management Directorate, Denizli Regional Directorate of Forestry selected as the study area. Forest management plans and stand maps made in 1990 and 2013 were used for the study. The printed stand maps of 1990 were digitized and a raster-vector conversion process was applied. After organizing the land cover type characteristics in the geographical database, the stand maps of 1990 and 2013 were compared with the overlay analysis by Geographic Information System software and a change layer was obtained. Change matrices were produced and the changes were calculated from geodatabase of the change layer. In addition, silvicultural applications made in 2014-2019 were saved and mapped in this geodatabase. According to the results obtained from the study, changes in various directions and sizes were detected in 34% of the general area. In 2013, it was determined that forest areas increased by 484.05 hectares, approximately half of the stands below 10% crown closure turned into normal closed stands, and agricultural areas decreased by approximately 5%. In silvicultural applications between 2014-2019, it was revealed that seed-tree, release and removal cuts were made in a total of 340 hectares of black pine stands. The data obtained from this study shows that the Geographic Information System is a powerful tool that can be used to determine the temporal changes in forest areas. We emphasize that these systems, which can provide important decision support to the practitioners in forestry studies, can be transformed into an efficient forest information system by supporting the data of forestry activities that are entered to the geographical database daily and remote sensing data such as unmanned aerial vehicles, aerial photographs and satellite images.

77 - 83

Authors: Ahmet TUTUŞ, Umut SAKÇILAR, Mustafa ÇİÇEKLER

Coreboards are produced entirely from corrugated cardboard wastes and 165 to 450 g/m2 depending on the area of use and used as coil cores (tissue papers, bobbins, etc.). Calendering processes at different temperature, pressure and time were applied to coreboards surfaces in order to improve surface properties. The calendering process was applied to coreboards with 165, 275 and 400 g/m2 at 110, 130, 150 and 170 ºC temperatures for 3 and 5 seconds and under 10, 15, 20 and 25 bar pressure. Then, the surface roughness, Scott bond and air permeability properties of the coreboards were determined and the effects of calendering conditions on these properties were also examined. As a result of the study, it has been determined that applying the calendering process to the coreboard has a positive effect on the surface properties such as roughness, Scott bond and air permeability, and it is also thought that the calendering process will also improve the print quality to be applied to coreboards.

94 - 105

Authors: E. Seda ARSLAN, Ömer K. ÖRÜCÜ

Natural and cultural landscapes contain many ecosystems that produce natural and cultural values in different geographies of the earth. Recently, ecosystem services have been handled by researchers from different disciplines, which generally could be explained as benefits from ecosystems. The mapping of these benefits and services produced by numerous ecosystems around the world provides an opportunity to express not only ecosystem potential and environmental factors associated with it, but also it is a very effective way of spatial expression of ecosystem services. In this research, social media photographs were used to model the spatial distribution of cultural ecosystem services. In the study carried out in Eskişehir province, geographically marked photographs tagged with the name Eskişehir in Flickr application on social media were evaluated and associated with environmental variables. ArcGIS as software based on geographical information system and MaxEnt is based on maximum entropy were integrated to each other for modelling cultural ecosystem services. According to this; land cover and land use are associated with roads, streams, cultural and natural landscape characteristics and have been modelled by combining landscape potential and user preferences (cultural ecosystem service potential). The statistical findings of the study receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and Jackknife graphs prove the reliability of the model. As a result; it is thought that the data obtained from this study may help to model future scenarios based on cultural ecosystem services and to make decisions about planning and management of tourism or protected areas.