Turkish Journal of Forestry

284 - 289

Authors: Deniz GÜNEY, Erhan SEYİS, Fahrettin ATAR, Ali BAYRAKTAR, İbrahim TURNA

Nitrogen is one of the most important nutrients for plants, and some plants are involved in the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to organic form. These plants are capable of nitrogen fixing by bacteria in their roots and are important in alleviating nitrogen deficiency and improving soil. The objective of this research is to determine the growth differences in Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings grown together with some nitrogen-fixing species. The study was conducted in The Research and Application Greenhouse at Faculty of Forestry, Karadeniz Technical University. Alnus glutinosa, Robinia pseudoacacia and Vicia sativa were selected as nitrogen-fixing species. Seeds were sown, by different sowing combinations, in special sowing crates in November. For 1-year-old scotch pine seedlings after the first growing period, seedling length, root collar diameter and sturdiness quotient were determined. The results indicated that while the average length of Pinus sylvestris seedlings sown alone was 3.36 cm, the average length of the seedlings belonging to Pinus sylvestris+Vicia sativa combination reached 6.84 cm. Similarly, mean root collar diameter was 0.47 mm greater in the Pinus sylvestris+Vicia sativa sowing combination. The use of higher quality seedlings obtained through sowing combination of Pinus sylvestris+Vicia sativa can be advantageous in areas where there is a ground cover problem or the use of quality seedlings is required because of extreme conditions in terms of altitude, climate and soil.

297 - 304

Authors: Serap Bilgin

This study were determined seedling quality characteristics of stone pine (Pinus pinea L.), valonia oak (Quercus ithaburensis Decne. subsp. macrolepis (Kotschy.) Hedge & Yalt.) and Turkey oak (Quercus cerris L.) seedlings grown at Torbalı Forest Nursery in İzmir province. For that reason, 2+0 aged randomly selected stone pine, valonia oak and Turkey oak seedlings gown in polythene bags which are 12x22.5 cm in dimension have been provided. In each seedlings shoot height (cm), root collar diameter (mm), shoot and root fresh weight (g), shoot and root dry weight (g) were measured. In addition, shoot height/diameter, shoot/root ratio (dry weight basis) and Dickson quality index were calculated. Some mean values of stone pine seedlings were found as 21.02 cm for shoot height, 5.4 mm for root collar diameter, 39.11 for height/diameter ratio, 1.05 for shoot/root ratio, 0.15 for Dickson quality index. Some mean values of valonia oak seedlings were found as 20.6 cm for shoot height, 5.8 mm for root collar diameter, 36.84 for height/diameter ratio, 0.41 for shoot/root ratio, 0.15 for Dickson quality index. Some mean values of Turkey oak seedlings were found as 9.85 cm for shoot height, 4.3 mm for root collar diameter, 23.79 for height/diameter ratio, 0.19 for shoot/root ratio, 0.2 for Dickson quality index. The quality classes of seedlings were evaluated according to the Turkish Standard İnstitute (TSI) called “the standard on coniferous tree seedling (TS 2265, 1988) and “the standard on broad leaved forest tree seedling (TS 5624, 1988). When seedlings shoot height, root collar diameter and shoot/root ratio (dry weight basis) were evaluated together, 97.06 % of the stone pine seedlings were found to be in the Ist quality class, 2.94 % of the stone pine seedlings were found to be in the IInd quality class according to the standard on coniferous tree seedling (TS 2265/February 1988). When the minimum of seedlings shoot height and root collar diameter were evaluated together, 97.06 % of the valonia oak seedlings were found substandard, 2.94 % of the valonia oak seedlings were found in the IInd quality class according to the standard on broad leaved forest tree seedling (TS 5624/ March 1988). When the minimum of seedling shoot height and root collar diameter characteristics were evaluated together, the Turkey oak seedlings were found substandard because the heights of Turkey oak seedlings were lower than the standard. In addition, drought resistance of tree species and visual detection of damage conditions was made. According to this classification, Turkey oak was in the good class, stone pine and valonia oak were in the poor class.

312 - 316

Authors: Sezgin AYAN, Cihan ERKAN, Orhan GÜLSEVEN, Şeyma Selin AKIN, Ergin YILMAZ, Esra Nurten YER ÇELİK

The aim of this study was determine the germination ability and viability of Turkish red pine seeds representing different populations at different altitudes and that are exposure to different heat shock applications with different duration. For this purpose, Turkish red pine seeds which obtained from 14 different populations was exposed to 4 different heat shocks (70, 90, 110 and 130 ºC) during 1 and 5 minutes. It was once again proven with this study that seeds of Turkish red pine are resistant to heat shock. As a result of the study, it was determined that the seeds of four different breeding zones and 14 populations between 60 and 925 meters altitude were able to maintain their viability in high theat shocks up to 130 °C. Also, Turkish red pine seeds that were applied high heat shock at 130 ºC during 1 minute had showed maximum germination ability.

324 - 332

Authors: Ayşe ADAY KAYA, Hazin Cemal GÜLTEKİN, Ayhan KARAKAYA

This study was conducted to determine the presence of fungi and water molds in 13 state and 3 private nurseries in Sakarya, Kocaeli, Yalova, Bursa, Istanbul, Kırklareli and Edirne provinces where woody plants were produced. For this purpose, the coniferous and deciduous seedlings showing various disease symptoms, especially death and drying, were sampled together with their soil. Laboratory studies included microscopic investigations and isolation of fungi from diseased tissues and isolation of Pythiaceous species from soil samples of sampled seedlings. Two hundred twenty-seven deciduous and coniferous seedlings and 79 soil samples were taken from the nurseries. Totally 145 fungal and 57 Pythiaceous isolates were obtained. The isolates were grouped into morphotypes based on their morphological characteristics, and representative isolates were identified by ITS-based DNA analysis. Marssonina brunnea, Melampsora allii-populina on poplar and Dothistroma septosporum on pine were the fungal disease agents detected based on their morphological and microscopical properties. In addition to these species, Fusarium solani, Fusarium oxysporum, Pythium aphanidermatum, Pythium irregulare, Pythium ultimum, Phytopythium vexans and Phytophthora syringae were among other important and common species identified. The surveys and laboratory studies conducted within the scope of this research showed that state nurseries host more fungal and Pythiaceous species than private nurseries. The amount and diversity of the obtained fungal and oomycete species draws attention to the risk that these microorganisms can be transported from one nursery to another and even to afforestation areas.

341 - 351

Authors: Nuri Kaan ÖZKAZANÇ, Emir ÖZAY, Ali ÖZCAN

This study was carried to determine the species of birds in wetland of Balıkdamı Wildlife Development Area which is important biodiversity area, and the most important wetland of the Eskişehir Province. The observation was made in between 2017-2019. A total of 210 bird species have been identified from 47 families belonging to 18 orders. Point counting and line counting bird observation methods were used for the detection of birds in the area. According to the IUCN red list, one species was classified the endangered (EN), 2 species were the vulnerable (VU) and 7 species were the near threatened (NT). Passeriformes have been the most dominant team in the field with 96 species. This was followed by Charadriiformes with 31 species, Falconiformes with 27 species, Ciconiiformes with 13 species and Anseriformes with 10 species. In addition, it was determined to 103 species resident, 78 species summer migrant, 24 species winter migrant, and 5 species transit species. The factors that threaten the study area were determined and solutions were given in this study. While Todorna todorna and Sitta krueperi species are new species in Eskişehir, Phalacorax carbo, Anas clypeata, Anytha nyroca, Buteo lagopus, Aquila helica, Aquila chrysaetos, Tyto alba, Jynx toırquilla, Dendrocapus syriacus and Troglodytes troglodytes species are new species for the study area. The work area is in great danger due to intensive use and human activities, environmental pollution, habitat degradation and forbidden hunting. Prevention of pollution in the area, regulation of agricultural activities and taking control of illegal hunting are of great importance for the protection of birds.

360 - 365

Authors: Ahmet Alper BABALIK

This study was conducted of Ilıcapınar highland pasture in Taşkent district of Konya in 2017-2018. The aim of this study was to determine the plant covered area, botanical composition, grazing capacity, aboveground biomass, belowground biomass and pasture condition in a pasture. Vegetation measurements were conducted in spring and autumn periods. Quadrat and line intercept methods were used in order to determine the characteristics of pasture vegetation in the research area. The plant-covered area was determined as nearly 33.5%. The botanical composition of the study area consists of 56.2% Poaceae, 12.0% Fabaceae and 31.8% other families. The aboveground and belowground biomass productions were calculated as 474.8 kg/da and 820.5 kg/da respectively. As a result, the grazing capacity of the pasture area was determined as 36.9 animal units. The pasture condition was found to be moderate. According to these results, conservation of natural vegetation and complying with grazing capacity is very important for sustainable pasture management.

373 - 380

Authors: Kenan OK, Mehtap KOÇ

The values that society attributes to nature and forests are constantly diversified. These values can be in the form of products and services, sometimes only in the form of thought or change. Today, humanity has scientifically discovered the importance of non-use values such as bequest, option and existence values, but has not socialized these values and made them a part of contemporary life. All protected areas, Arboretums, herbariums and botanical gardens especially are the most suitable places to improve social awareness about natural values. Physical arrangements are not enough to create the expected awareness, special programs should be prepared to provide targeted social change. In many areas and especially by non-profit organizations, social marketing approach is used as a useful approach to prepare social changing programs. The purpose of this study is to examine Ataturk Arboretum that Turkey’s first under the social marketing concept and to develop recommendations on the basis of social marketing mix components. In the traditional marketing activities, the target markets can be addressed with a marketing mix consisting of Product, Price, Promotion and Place components (4P), in the social marketing approach, the Public, Policy, Partnership and Fund Raising components (8P) should be designed in addition to these components. In this study, the existence of social marketing mix in Atatürk Arboretum was investigated. It was found out that such an understanding was not implemented, but it was found that social marketing could be done within the scope of all components of 8P, and suggestions were developed to help design new programs.

391 - 400

Authors: Hasan ALKAN, Alime DİVRİK

State forest nursery enterprises, which have strategic importance for forestry of our country, are public sector enterprises which have managed to survive since 1925. These enterprises are responsible for producing seedlings which are used both in artificial regeneration and afforestation activities carried out by the related units of the Republic of Turkey Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry and in planting activities to be carried out by all segments of the society. In this research, the current status of forest nursery enterprises in terms of supply, production, marketing and public relations, etc. functions are examined with the help of the nursery mangers opinions. Literature and document analysis, questionnaire and interview were used as methods in the research. And, all of the nursery managers were interviewed face to face. According to result of the research, the main problems of forest nursery enterprises are concentrated in the business economy rather than technique issues. Increasing marketing problems, low capacity utilization, quality and cost management problems, nursey establishment site problems, lack of a standard structure in terms of personnel, machinery and facilities, etc. factors have a negative impact on the success of these enterprises.

411 - 420

Authors: Mehmet EKER, Metin Şefik

Wood raw material harvesting is a field of occupation involving long processes and often requiring labor intensive works. In the cutting sub-process, especially the debarking of coniferous tree logs inside the harvesting blocks causes both the increasing of production time to be prolonged and the costs. Therefore, manual or motor-manual technology-based harvesting works are mainly performed by physical workforce. Consequently, there are negative effects on occupational health and safety of the workers. With the idea of facilitating debarking and increasing work comfort; in this study, a tool called motosoyar (moto-debarker) was developed by assembling the log debarking apparatus, which is already mounted on a chainsaw, to a motorized scythe (brushcutter). The aim of the study was to develop a more ergonomic peeling tool with the transfer of existing technology and to check whether it is feasible or not. In local industrial conditions, Orac BG520 brand and model motor scythe and Baseh brand debarking equipment was used to develop the motosoyar. It has been determined that the work efficiency of the debarking of the brutian pine logs with the motosoyar, which was produced with a total investment cost of 1600 TL, were 2.83 m3/hour. It has been shown that this vehicle has advantages in terms of gas, dust, noise, body posture in favor of occupational health and safety, but it requires improvement studies in terms of efficiency.

427 - 432

Authors: Abdurrahman KARAMAN, Mehmet Nuri YILDIRIM, Esra USLU

In this study, dowel tensile strength values of wooden length joints prepared using dowels obtained from ash (Fraxinus excelsior Lipsky), chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) and oak (Quercus petraea Lieble) were investigated. Experimental samples were prepared from Eastern beech wood. Polyurethane (PU-D4) and polyvinyl acetate (PVAc-D4) glues were used as adhesives. In the experiments, 2 types of glue, 3 species of dowel wood and a total of 60 test samples were prepared from 10 pieces of each sample. The tests were carried out under static load according to BSI 6948 standards. According to the test results, the highest dowel tensile strength value was obtained in the test specimens prepared with ash dowel and polyvinyl acetate (PVAc-D4) glue, the lowest dowel tensile strength value was obtained in the test specimens prepared using polyurethane (PU-D4) glue with chestnut dowel.

440 - 446

Authors: Vedat ÇAVUŞ

In this study, it was aimed to determine some mechanical, physical and surface properties of wood in the wood species of Albizia julibrissin grown in İzmir region. For this purpose, static hardness, elasticity modulus and bending resistance, air dry density, air dry moisture value, color and brightness measurement of fertilizer wood were determined. According to the results of the tests; the brightness (L*) value is 73.80, the red color (a*) tone value is 5,65, the yellow color (b*) tone value is 20,93 and perpendicular (⊥) and parallel (//) to the fibers made at 60o. brightness values are 2,69 and 3,50, air dry density value is 570,60 kg/m3and air dry moisture value is 10,20, dynamic bending (shock) resistance is 0,451 kgm/cm2, static hardness value is 52,55 N/mm2 bending resistance is 63,70 N and the modulus of elasticity in bending was determined as 5029 N/mm2. It was concluded that this wood species has industrially important properties.

458 - 465

Authors: Oktay GÖNÜLTAŞ, Mualla UÇAR

In this research, bio-based tannin adhesives were developed by using tannins from spruce (Picea orientalis) and oak (Quercus spp.). The barks were obtained from wood-based panel industry and forest residues. The tannin powders were produced with a spray dryer based on the observations during the extraction process. Chemical analyzes were performed to determine the phenolic content of the spruce and oak tannins. After that bioadhesive synthesis experimentals were carried out using the spruce and oak tannins. In the experimentals, the bioadhesive synthesis parameters such as pH, formaldehyde:tannin molar ratio, viscosity, and free formaldehyde content were optimized. Finally, the adhesion performances of the bioadhesives were determined with the lap shear test. The results obtained in this work clearly showed that the shelf life and free formaldehyde content values of the adhesives were affected by the formaldehyde:tannin molar ratios. As for the maximum shelf life values of the bioadhesives, the spruce tannin adhesive had 72 days shelf life, whereas the oak tannin adhesive had 38 days. The gelation time values related with pH were also examined. The findings demonstrated that the spruce and oak sulfited tannins had 12% higher gelation time values than those of the water tannins. According to the results of the lap shear test, the spruce tannin based bioadhesives had similar adhesion performance as compared with a commercial phenol formaldehyde adhesive.

474 - 481

Authors: Yasin ÜNAL, Ahmet KOCA , Yunus KISAARSLAN, Mehmet ŞİRİN YELSİZ, Halil SÜEL, İdris OĞURLU

This study was carried out at Düzlerçamı Wildlife Development Area in Antalya between 2016-2017 to determine population status, daily activity pattern and habitat preference of caracal (Caracal caracal). Camera traps established at 444 points by the Opportunity point method, and 19 of them recorded 35 caracal images. By evaluating the images, the captured ratio of caracal to camera-traps was found to be 0.08-0.83. As a result of the research, it was determined that pine forests up to 450 m altitude were more preferred by the caracal , habitat types on sandstone and volcanic sediment areas have were occupied more in habitat preference and bedrock types consisting of limestone which cannot be used by caracal. It has been observed that fallow deer (Dama dama), wild goat (Capra aegagrus), wild boar (Sus scrofa) and European hare (Lepus europaeus), naturally distributed species in the research area, among the important food sources of the caracal. In general, it has been observed that caracal is active all day long, while its most intense activity occured from dusk to dawn between hours 24.00-06.00.

149 - 156

Authors: Ramazan ÖZÇELİK, Hakkı ALTINKAYA

In this study, tree volume equations have been developed for Brutian pine (Pinus brutia Ten.). The data was obtained from the natural brutian pine stands in Eğirdir region. Totally of 405 trees are sampled and randomly separated into the two groups. Since there is no real independent dataset, two-fold evaluation scheme was applied and the prediction performance of 18 models was evaluated. For this purpose, four different criteria values were used: mean error (MD), mean absolute error (MAD), coefficient of determination (R2) and root mean square error (RMSE). The prediction performances of the models were evaluated on the basis of relative ranking. As a result of the evaluations, the most successful results were obtained with Model 4, while the most unsuccessful results were obtained with model 6. The obtained results suggested that Model 4 should be used to more reliable volume predictions for natural brutian pine stands in Eğirdir Region

168 - 172

Authors: Kürşad ÖZKAN

This present study was carried out to build bias-corrected energy component table in the frame of quantum ecology. The first order jackknife index was preferred as a bias corrected equation. Using a hypothetical meta-community data, traditional energy component (TEC) table and bias-corrected energy component (BEC) table were obtained. According the results, all potential energy footprint (PEF) values of BEC were found higher than PEF values of TEC. The most considerable differences were observed for joint effect and emergence effect. Bias comes from incomplete inventory data. The data used in ecological quantum analysis is obtained from field inventory works. Therefore the concept of bias needs to be placed in quantum ecology and the bias-corrected algorithms should be considered in estimations of ecological quantum parameters.

180 - 186

Authors: Orhan GULSEVEN, Sezgin AYAN, Halil Barış ÖZEL, Esra Nurten YER

The ecological conditions of nurseries can have an impact on both morphological and physiological characteristics of seedlings and may affect their development. Furthermore, the genetic characteristics of the populations adapted to the conditions of the growing environment, also influence the development of the seedlings. In this study, seeds collected from different districts of the natural distribution area of Eastern beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky.) were sown under the same ecological conditions. Morphological and physiological characteristics of the seedlings belonging to different populations under the same ecological conditions were compared. In this study; Seeds from Bursa-İnegöl, Balıkesir-Dursunbey, Sakarya-Akyazı, Kastamonu-Çatalzeytin, Zonguldak-Devrek-Tefen, Zonguldak-Devrek-Akçasu and Bartın-Yenihan populations were supplied and grown in Zonguldak Gökçebey State Forestry Nursery. At the end of the 2nd vegetation period; physiological [chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, relative humidity percentage on leaf (NNİ%) and cumulative transpiration (S)] and morphological characteristics [seedling height (FB), diameter of root collar (KBÇ), number of seedling branches (FDS), the fresh weight of the shoot and root (GTA, KTA), the total fresh weight of the seedlings (TFTA), the dry weight of the shoot and root (GKA, KKA), the total dry weight of the seedlings (TFKA), dry root percentage (%KKök), shoot-root ratio (KI), sturdiness index (GI) and Dickson quality index (DKI)] of 2+0 aged bare root seedlings were determined. As a result; the population factor affected a significant variation in all morphological characters except the shoot-root ratio (KI) and the sturdiness index (GI). In addition, it was determined that the population factor caused significant difference on the physiological properties of total chlorophyll amount and NNİ% of seedlings. The seedlings belonging to Zonguldak-Devrek-Akçasu and Zonguldak-Devrek-Tefen populations had the highest values in terms of both morphological and physiological characteristics. The most important issue that attracts attention in the research; It is stated that the seedlings obtained from the populations closest to the nursery ecology have the highest seedling values.

195 - 202

Authors: Mehmet KORKMAZ, Yasin DUMAN

The aim of this study is to determine the requirements of forest engineering students from the university during the education process. Within the scope of the study, 31 requirements determined for courses, career goals, foreign language, academicians, infrastructure and social-cultural activities were evaluated with Kano model. 25 of these requirements were determined as expected/linear requirements. This means that carrying out studies to meet these requirements will increase the level of satisfaction of students, and if not, dissatisfaction will occur. It is not important for the students to supervise the internships related to the courses, to include design courses in the curriculum, to increase the number of elective courses and to take non-departmental courses in the program. In other words, if these requirements are fulfilled or not, there will be no change in satisfaction. On the other hand, it is an attractive requirement for the students to share their experiences in the lessons and to have a second foreign language in the program.

213 - 220

Authors: Mehmet KORKMAZ, Nurgül DÜNDAR

The aim of this article is to determine the factors affecting the purchasing preferences of consumers for non-wood forest products. The study was conducted in Burdur province. The data were obtained by survey method. Percentage and frequencies were used for data analysis and chi-square test was used to determine differences according to socio-demographic characteristics. Purchasing preferences were determined by fuzzy paired comparison method. According to the results of the study; (a) Products are mainly supplied from seller of medicinal herbs, (b) The most important factors in consumers' purchasing preferences are natural and reliable products, health and nutritional values, (c) Among consumers, the rate of obtaining non-wood forest products by collecting from nature is very high. The most important reason for choosing this supply is the desire to consume the natural ones.

234 - 242

Authors: Nilüfer YAZICI, İsmet ÇELİK

This study was carried out in Muratdağı micro-catchment located in Gediz district of Kütahya. In study; various public and private organizations to collect data for the watershed was used in this study. In addition to information was obtained through interviews with people living in the area. This study was discussed versatile with survey (n=315) and observations on economic problem, reasons of outer immigration, agriculture and breeding in the Muratdağı micro watershed included a town and 6 villages. The people living in the basin had defined stoniness and high slope as the most important land use problem. It was determined that people prefer to migrate (% 67) because they live in rural poverty. As a result of the examinations, it was tried to create solutions for the problems determined by taking the opinions of the local people.

250 - 253

Authors: Fatma BEKDAŞ, Mustafa KARABOYACI

The main ingredient of paper production is cellulose fibers. Usually produced from wood fibers and annual plants. In this study it was investigated usability of waste rose pulps (Rosa Damascena Mill.) which have environmental risk in Isparta province as a source of cellulose for paper production. Oily rose flower grows only in Isparta and its vicinity and around 7000 tons of rose flowers are grown annually. After oil extraction, rose flowers lose their economic value and are left to rot as garbage. Rose pulp which is an herbal waste therefore contains cellulose. At the Scope of study, cellulose content of rose pulp was determined and paper pulp was obtained by applying soda-NaBH4 and chlorite methods. The obtained paper pulp was mixed with waste paper in different ratio and paper production was provided. Thus, rose wastes which evaluating as rubbish, was recycled and go into the production cycle.

261 - 266

Authors: Ahmet CAN, Hüseyin SİVRİKAYA

In this study, leaching performances of ammonium copper quat (ACQ) and boric acid (BA) chemicals, which are highly used in wood protection industry, were studied. Micronized copper quat (MCQ) and Nano boron (NB) were used as reference materials to ACQ and BA preservatives. Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) wood samples were impregnated according to the full cell method with ACQ at 2,4 % concentration, BA at 4% concentration and MCQ and NB at 1% concentration levels. ACQ and BA impregnated samples were then, impregnated for a second time using 5 different water-repellent materials (tall oil, linseed oil, sodium silicate, methyl hydrogen silicone, N'-N-(1, 8-Naphthalyl) hydroxylamine). Polyethylene glycol 600 and aluminium sulphate were administered in the form of single impregnation by making a homogeneous mixture with ACQ and BA. In variotions made using ACQ, BA and water repellent materials, all variations except ACQ+MHS were failed to prevent copper and boron leaching. In samples impregnated with ACQ+MHS, only 3 % copper leaching was obtained. In addition, the copper leaching in samples impregnated with ACQ were lower compared to copper leaching in samples impregnated with MCQ. It was found that samples impregnated with NB showed high resistance towards to leaching. According to the results of leaching test, the non-leached boron amount in samples impregnated with NB was 42.88 %.

274 - 283

Authors: Ömer K. ÖRÜCÜ

Nowadays utilizing machine learning techniques is an effective way for modeling species distributions areas and niches. Analyzing of the endemic species on account of how they are affected from the global warming is crucial because of future planning issues. It is possible to guess potential distributions areas in the future and current ones with regard to future climate change scenarios with MaxEnt program with combining presence data and layers creating by using bioclimatic data. The aim of this study is to determine of the potential distribution areas of the Phoenix theophrasti Gr. which is an important species for landscape architecture discipline and naturally existing in Crete and our country and how these potential distribution areas effected from the global warming. The presence data of the species and bioclimatic data with 30 arc second resolution from WordClim database are clipped in accordance to the borders of the study area and potential distribution areas are determined processing with maximum entropy algorithm. Furthermore, on account of determining the effects of the global warming, the future distribution areas have modelled with regard to RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios for 2050 and 2070 years according to The Community Climate System Model (CCSM version 4) creating based on IPPC 5 report. As a result, the suitable areas as 8.248 km2, the more suitable ones 23.330 km2 and totally 31.578 km2 area have been calculated. Besides, some missing areas were determined in terms of the potential distribution areas of the species in the future according to the climate change scenario of the CCSM4.

72 - 75

Authors: Ahmet Yesari SELCUK, Ömral Ünsal ÖZKOÇ, Mehmet Akif BİLİR, Haluk KEFELİOĞLU

In this study, pellet compositions of Long-eared Owl (Asio otus) were analysed. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the diet composition of Long-eared Owl in high altitude steppe in summer. Compositions of 130 pellets of Long-eared Owl were used in the study. 147 preys (1.13 preys per pellet) which belong to 9 different taxa were found in pellet composition. A significant part of the diet in study area consisted of small mammals. Only two remains of birds were recorded from pellets. Microtus sp. was found important prey in the diet of Long-eared Owl (F = 81.63 %, B = 78.21%). Since Microtus sp. is the favourite prey of Long-eared Owl, this situation causes a negative correlation with the prey variety in diet composition. For this reason, FNB and Shannon-Wiener indices had low levels, Shannon-Wiener (H’) value was found to be low for Long-eared Owl.

80 - 92

Authors: Gülşen ÇIKARAN, Mustafa AVCI

This study was carried out to determine the leaf pest insects and their distribution, biology and natural enemies of eucalyptus trees in Antalya in 2017 to 2018. For this purpose, eucalyptus plantation areas and eucalyptus trees in landscaping areas were studied. During the field studies, insect pests, their damages and information about study areas were recorded and samples were collected and cultured in laboratory. Biological observations of species were made and the emerging of pest species and natural enemies were observed. As a result, five leaf pest species and six parasitoid species were found on eucalyptus trees in Antalya. Pest species are Leptocybe invasa (Fisher & La Salle, 2004), Ophelimus maskelli (Ashmead, 1900) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), Glycaspis brimblecombei (Moore, 1964), Platyobria biemani (Taylor, 1987) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) and Aphis gossypii Glover, 1877 (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Platyobria biemani and Glycaspis brimblecombei are new records for eucalyptus pests in Turkey and in Antalya region, respectively. The parasitoid species of Leptocybe invasa were Selitrichodes kryceri Kim & La Salle, 2008 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Tetrastichinae), Quadrastichus mendeli Kim & La Salle, 2008 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Tetrastichinae) and Megastigmus sp. (Hymenoptera: Torymidae). Closterocerus chamaeleon (Girault, 1922) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) as larvae and pupae parasitoid and Stethynium ophelimi Huber, 2006 (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) as larval parasitoid of Ophelimus maskelli were obtained. Psyllaephagus bliteus Riek, 1962 (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) was found as parasitoid of Glycaspis brimblecombei. Selitrichodes kryceri, Quadrastichus mendeli ve Stethynium ophelimi were new records for Turkish fauna.

101 - 109

Authors: Ayhan AKYOL, Emrah Kürşat TANAS

Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) is one of the species which is grown naturally in Anatolia, has been put into of rehabilitation activities in order to ensure sustainability for this species, as a result of unplanned and excessive exploitation. In this study the rehabilitation practices on the cranberry in the areas of Dursunbey Forest Management Directorate were examined and determination of the idea that, how the forest villagers were affected from the practices and their aspects, was made. For this purpose, a questionnaire was applied with face to face interviews with 173 people in the study area and the data were analyzed by using SPSS 20 statistical package program. According to the results of the study, socio-economic problems such as low income and migration affected the villagers negatively, the rehabilitation practices contributed significantly to the yield of cornelian cherry trees and it was stated that the rehabilitation activities were welcomed by the local people. However, the continuation of the maintenance activities after rehabilitation is important for the success of the studies. Another important point is the use of cornelian cherries should be done in a planned way.

116 - 122

Authors: Emrah ÖZDEMİR, Ender MAKİNECİ

Biomass estimation-calculation methods in easy, economic and high accuracy are currently valuable researches depending on increasing importance on estimations of bioenergy, carbon stocks and budgets in forest ecosystems. Weights of biomass and biomass components are given oven dry mass because of the necessity of the estimation of biomass in low bias and variability of moisture. For this reason, estimation-determination of moisture contents in high accuracy and using for similar species provide convenience. Present study was conducted on coppice originated pure oak (Quercus) stands to determine the moisture contents of biomass components in Northern Thrace. Moisture contents of five different biomass components (foliage, branch, crown, stem and total aboveground) on 474 destructively sampled trees from different oak species (Hungary Oak, Turkey Oak, Sessile Oak) and development stages (Ma,Mb,Mc). Statistical comparison of moisture contents regarding as species and development stages were performed with Bonferroni-Dunn test. In conclusion, moisture contents of branch and crown showed significantly difference at p=0.05 significance level, stem moisture contents did not significantly differ and moisture of above ground biomass of A development stage was 36% and significantly different from other stages (Mb and Mc, 38%) in comparison of development stages without species discrimination. Moisture contents of foliage, branch and crown of Turkey Oak were significantly different at p=0.05 significance level, moisture contents of stem and above ground biomass did not show significantly difference in comparison of oak species.

133 - 141

Authors: Fatih KASAP, Hafiz Hulusi ACAR

The aim of this study is to examine the main employer - subcontractor relationship established under the roof of large industrial facilities in terms of employees and basic requirements, and to propose a system design that will provide a healthier and safer working environment in which legal requirements are fulfilled. In the study, in cases where the main employer - subcontractor relationship is established, it is determined that the employees and the main employer should supervise the works performed by the subcontractor within the framework of the basic requirements and the subjects on which the supervisor should conduct this audit. Within the scope of the study, the audits conducted in 2017 on the main employer and 5 subcontractors that are taken as a model were examined. It was possible for at least 4 inspections to be conducted by the principal employer annually to present the situation in occupational health and safety activities with numerical data. While the main employer subcontractor relationship continues to be the subject of discussion by many authorities, a model has been developed with this study about creating legal responsibility and a safe working environment. A healthier and safer working environment can be provided by a proactive approach with the systems and other systems described in the study. Further clarification should be made in the relevant laws and regulations in order to clarify the legal responsibilities of the parties in terms of employees and basic requirements in the relationship between subcontractor and main employer. Audits should be made sustainable.

1 - 7

Authors: Meltem KALAY GÖKTEPE, Adam BERGNER, Serdar GÖKTEPE, Per MİLBERG, Nicklas JANSSON, Mustafa AVCI

Wood-pastures are disappearing rapidly in the eastern Mediterranean basin due to changes in land use. Traditional farming by means of goat husbandry and pollarding has allowed many trees to become old, creating valuable habitats for biodiversity. Developing viable management schemes for habitats of conservation concern require studies aiming at identifying relationships between habitat structure and associated species. In this study, the associations between habitat structure and bird species diversity were studied on a fine scale, using data obtained from transect inventories in an oak wood-pasture in southwestern Turkey. Almost all species were most abundant where trunk size, basal area or tree density peaked. Diversity of ground-nesters was slightly and positively associated with an increase in basal area. Low canopy-nesters were positively associated with an increase in shrub density, whereas there was a negative association for high canopy-nesters. Secondary cavity-nesters were unrelated to the density of small trunk cavities but exhibited a positive association with basal area of trees. Contrarily, primary cavity-nesters preferred trees with larger cavities, although this was most likely due to the presence of other desirable attributes of the very same trees. The results of this study give important insights to the structural and spatial organization of bird assemblages in a little studied but rich, culturally managed ecosystem in the Mediterranean.

15 - 19

Authors: Yunus ESER, Süleyman GÜLCÜ

In this study, the effects of growing density and fertilization on the morphological characteristics of the Crimean Juniper (Juniperus excelsa Bieb.) seedlings were investigated. For this purpose, four different growing densities [150, 250, 350 and 600 (= control) seedlings per square meter] and three different fertilizer doses [0 g N (= control), 10 g N and 20 g N per square meter] were studied. In this context, the effects of the treatments on the height (SH), root collar diameter (RCD), number of sub branches (NSB), the longest lateral root length (LRL) and shoot:root ratio (S:R) of the seedlings, which are among the important morphological characteristics, were examined. The data were evaluated in SPSS software. Results showed that the main factor affecting the root collar diameter of the seedlings was growing density. Similarly, it was found that the main factor working on the seedling height was fertilization dose. As a conclusion; it was suggested that cultivation of barerooted Crimean Juniper seedlings in the Eğirdir Forestry Nursery should be carried out with 150-350 seedlings per square meter and 10 g/m2 N application.

28 - 34

Authors: Nilufer YAZICI, Yılmaz ÇATAL

Large water reservoir ponds and dams such as those made for various purposes; It is known that the region changes the climate by affecting the climate factors and provides a different climate structure to the region. Therefore, dams and lakes also affect the growth of trees. Uluborlu dam was chosen as the study area for this effect. This study was carried out in Uluborlu watershed dam located in Isparta-Turkey. Uluborlu dam was established during 1977-1984 and water deposition started in 1985. The purpose of this study was to investigate the local climate effects on diameter increments resulted by Uluborlu Dam Lake on the distributed Black pine (Pinus nigra Arn.) forests. Therefore, sampling areas were chosen from two different places namely as dam effect area and control area. Increment cores were taken from 30 Pinus nigra trees using increment borer at breast height (1.30 m) in each sample plots and two increment cores were taken from each tree. Double ocular microscope was used on the measurement and determination of annual diameter increment. Annual diameter increment of trees in dam effect area and control area were compared with independent t test using SPSS 22.0 statistical program. The relationships between annual diameter increment and climatic factors such as temperature and precipitation were evaluated using Pearson correlation analysis. According to results, there is a statistically significant difference between average annual diameter increment in dam effect area and control area and dam influenced forest areas positively with respect to annual diameter increment. The values of the mean annual diameter increment of the trees in dam effect area are greatly higher than trees in the control area.

41 - 49

Authors: Güçlü MÜFTÜOĞLU, Bekir KAYACAN

This study analyzes by major indices of competitiveness the foreign trade competitiveness of the Turkish forest-based sector which occupies a notable place in the country’s economy. The analysis uses the annual export and import data for the period between 1995 and 2009 provided by Turkish Statistical Institute (TURKSTAT/TÜİK). Here the forest-based sector is specified to consist of 5 subsectors at two-digit coding level in Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) Rev.3, namely of cork and wood (SITC code: 24), pulp and waste paper (SITC code: 25), cork and wood manufactures (SITC code: 63), paper and paperboard (SITC code: 64), and furniture (SITC code: 82), respectively. Results of competitiveness indexing show that the furniture sector appears, despite the increasing global competition, to be notably competitive in foreign trade. In addition, although it does not stand that competitive, the cork and wood manufactures sector, dominated by wood-based panels, does display a tendency to set more noticeable level of foreign trade competitiveness over the years. Meanwhile, it should be noted that the remaining sectors of cork and wood, pulp and waste paper, and paper and paperboard are evidently not competitive in foreign trade to any extent. In the final part of the paper some recommendations are propounded in favor of strengthening the foreign trade competitiveness of the forest-based sector in Turkey.

57 - 61

Authors: Yusuf SICAK, Elif Ayşe ERDOĞAN ELİUZ

This study aimed to determine the chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the essential oil of Arbutus andrachne L. wood, collected from Köyceğiz region of Muğla. According to GC-MS results 25 compounds were identified, accounting for 80.5 % of the wood oil. The predominant compounds were cinnamyl alcohol (21.97 %), 4-tert-butylcyclohexyl acetate (16.59 %) and isobornyl acetate (15.37 %). The investigated wood oil showed significant bioactivities. Furthermore, this study showed that A. andrachne L. essential oil with preferential constituents can be used as potential antioxidant and antibacterial agents for food, perfume and pharmaceutical industries.