Turkish Journal of Forestry

11-129

Authors: Ayşenur Gümüş, Mustafa Avcı

The aim of this study is determine insect pests of poplar species in Isparta province. Samples were examined and collected periodically in research areas in the years 2011-2013. Pests observed on Populus spp.; Monosteria unicostata (Het.; Tingidae), Chaitophorus leucomelas, C. populialbae, Pemphigus borealis, P. bursarius, P. gairi, P. immunis, P. protospirae, P. populi, P. spyrothecae, P. vesicarius (Hem.; Aphididae), Melolontha melolontha, Polyphylla fullo (Col.; Melolonthidae), Melanophila picta (Col.; Buprestidae), Saperda populnea (Col.; Cerambycidae), Anomala osmanlis (Col.; Rutelidae), Altica tamaricis, Chrysomela populi, Zeugophora flavicollis (Col.; Chrysomelidae), Byctiscus populi (Col.; Rhynchitidae), Phyllonorycter populifoliella, Phyllocnistis unipunctella (Lep.; Gracillariidae), Paranthrene tabaniformis (Lep.; Sesiidae), Archips crataegana, A. podana, A. rosana, A. xylosteana, Gypsonoma minutana (Lep.; Tortricidae), Malacosoma neustria (Lep.; Lasiocampidae), Furcula furcula (Lep.; Notodontidae), Lymantria dispar (Lep.; Erebidae), Subacronicta megacephala (Lep.; Noctuidae), Nycteola asiatica (Lep.; Nolidae), Cladius (Trichiocampus) grandis, Nematus (Hypolaepus) caeruleocarpus, Pristiphora compressicornis (Hym.; Tenthredinidae)’dir. Especially, P. tabaniformis and P. fullo were found as very important pest in poplar sapling and plantations. Predator species determined; Adalia bipunctata, A. decempunctata, A. fasciotapunctata revelierei, Coccinella septempunctata, Harmonia quadripunctata (Col.; Coccinellidae), Cantharis livida (Col.; Cantharidae).

96-101

Authors: Ahmet Alper Babalık, Hilmi Sarıkaya

This research was conducted in Zengi Rangeland, in the vegetation period of 2012. The Zengi Rangeland is located within Isparta/Sütçüler district boundaries and its average altitude about 1280 meters and slope is about 5%. During the research, while characteristics of the vegetation in the area that covered by plants, botanical composition, aboveground/underground biomass and rangeland condition have been handled have been examined. Transect and quadrat methods were used in order to determine the rangeland flora of the case study area. A general soil characteristic of the research area has been examined and texture class has been found as a clayey texture. It has been figured out that soil is in good level with the following features; slightly alkaline with the amount of pH 7.83, more chalky with the rate of 17.5%, with 3.76% of organic matter. In the research area 122 taxa belonging to 30 families have been detected. The families that have much taxa are as follows in order; Fabaceae, Asteraceae and Lamiaceae. The plant cover area was identified as 21.75% of total area. Additionally, the botanical composition of rangeland consists of 63.51% of Poaceae, 16.39% Fabaceae and other family 20.10%. The aboveground and underground biomass yields were calculated as 475.45 kg/da and 700.40 kg/da, respectively. The rangeland condition was established as poor.

130-140

Authors: Serdar Göktepe, Mustafa Avcı

This study was conducted in order to an overall evaluation, occurred between 1950-2010 years in the forests of Fethiye Directorate of Forest Enterprise and the range of the fires, and ecological factors which affecting the fires between 2000-2010. 1208 forest fires occurred in the forests of Fethiye Directorate of Forest Enterprise within a period of 61 years and 8368,6 ha area burned. Most fires occurred in Eşen Forest District (36%), the least Göcek Forest District (9%). The field burning the most was Eşen Forest District (29%) and the least being Güneydağ Forest District (9%). When the monthly range of the fires is studied, fire season is seen as the five months June–October. %94 of the fires was caused by humans. The rate of the fires which broke out of thunder is %6. When the number of the fires and burning fields are examined in terms of their habitat, Fethiye central district comes first with 233 fires, Eşen being the second with 166 fires and Üzümlü being the third with 152. The least number of fires occurred in the forests of Gökben, Yakabağ, Karaköy, and Ortaköy. The order in terms of burning fields are Eşen (1354,6 ha), Üzümlü (1276,1 ha), Minare (1245,0 ha), and the central distinct of Fethiye (1216,7 ha). The least burning field is Kayaköyü (0,6 ha). When the places of fires in Forest District forests (2000–2010 periods) are examined, it is seen that fires were intense at some parts, or there were not any in some forests. As the influential factors, place of settlement and population range, tourism, road locations, land forms and the structure of forests are shown to be effective. In terms of the number of forests, four regions were first degree delicate and three regions were second degree delicate. The main reason of these fields and of fires: Göcek, İnlice, Yanıklar, Kargı, Çiftlik (population density, the fields of tourism and recreation, Fethiye – Dalaman main road location), Söğütlüdere, Söğütlü, Üzümlü (shephard fire, hostility among shephards), Çukurincir, Gölbent, Eşen, Demirler, Minare, Arifler, Yakabağ, Çaltıözü, Alaçat, Çaykenarı (Agricultural activities, time to burn stubble, raising and selling olives), Karadere, Kumluova, Karaköy, Dodurga (Population density and its place of settlement, picnic).

152-158

Authors: Ahmet Cihangir Yalınkılıç, Abdullah Sönmez

In this study, changing effect of water-soluble varnishes on red color tone in different wood materials which were colored with water-soluble wood stains in brown tone has been researched. For this purpose, samples which were prepared from the Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis L.), Sessile oak (Quercus petreae L.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) woods in accordance with TS 53 and TS 2470, after being colored with aniline, ready-mix and chemical stains according to ASTM-E 1347-97, were coated with one-component and two-component waterborne varnishes according to ASTM-D 3023. Color changes were determined in accordance with ASTM 2244. According to research results, the highest color change in red color tone was obtained on oak wood colored with ready-mix stain and after coated with one-component waterborne varnishes; and the lowest change was obtained on Scots pine wood colored with chemical stain and after coated with two-component varnishes.

164-176

Authors: Hasan Yılmaz, Hilal Surat

Artvin iline bağlı Yusufeli ilçesinin sahip olduğu kaynaklar bakımından, ekoturizmin önemli cazibe noktalarından birisidir. Yusufeli ilçesi, Çoruh vadisinde yer alan zengin flora ve faunası, yaklaşık 550 ila 3937 m yükseklikler arasındaki değişken topoğrafik yapısı, yöresel ürünler ve el sanatlarındaki zenginliği, yöresel mimarisi, tarihsel zenginliği ve ilginç jeolojik oluşumları ile ekoturizm açısından önemli bir potansiyel oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada karmaşık ve çok ölçütlü karar verme probleminin çözümünde kullanılmak üzere, Analitik Hiyerarşi Süreci (AHS) isimli yöneylem araştırma tekniği seçilmiş ve kullanılmıştır. Yapılan anket çalışması bölgeyi tanıyan eğitim seviyesi yüksek çeşitli kamu kurum ve kuruluş yöneticileri, çalışanları ile yerel yönetim temsilcileri, ev hanımı, esnaf, sivil toplum kurum üyeleri-çalışanları, tur düzenleyenler ve tur rehberleri gibi farklı meslek gruplarıyla ortaklaşa yürütülmüştür. Elde edilen AHS Analiz sonucuna göre, en yüksek öncelik değerine sahip ekoturizm etkinliği (0.172) doğa keşif yürüyüşü etkinliği ön plana çıkmıştır. Doğa keşif yürüyüşü etkinliğini sırasıyla, suya dayalı aktiviteler (0.167),bisiklet safari (0.156),flora keşif -yaban hayatı gözleme (0.144),tarihi ve kültürel varlıkların keşifi (0.135) kuş - kelebek gözleme (0.127) ve kamp-karavan turizmi (0.0997) etkinlikleri izlemiştir.

183-194

Authors: Mehmet Eker, Davut Özer

The perception, expectations and attitudes of the public about forests and forestry vary over time. In this case people are led to new approaches in the planning and implementation process of forests and forest resources. In this context, one of the effects of the widespread use of technology and the resulting approach is based on the increasing environmental awareness are also precision forestry. In this study, it was aimed to disclosure of precision forestry terminology, to introduce of content and technology used, and to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages. Precision forestry, the term is expected to resettle in Turkish forestry literature, to avoid the potential confusion of concepts and a term related to elimination of differences of understanding in this regard was ensured. For this purpose, the studies relevant to precision forestry in planning and implementation were analyzed and best practices were examined. It was resulted that the concept of precision forestry was mainly focused on data accuracy, it was based on site specific spatial and attribute data, and it dictated to use of advanced technology for environmentally sound forest operations.

203-219

Authors: Ayhan Tozluoğlu, Yalçın Çöpür, Ömer Özyürek, Sema Çıtlak

In recent years, technological developments in the area of nanotechnology have dramatically improved the technology. Some research have particularly been accomplished on medical and textile industries in Turkey. Even studies in forest industy on the subject have gained importance in the world, there is so limited research in Turkey. The aim of this review is to inform researches specifically studiying on wood science about nanocellulose production and uses. This review includes methods of nanocelllose production from wood cellulose and its physical and morphological and chemical properties. İn addition, the nanocellulose utlization areas are detailed.

1-10

Authors: Celal Taşdemir, Abdulkadir Yıldızbakan, F.Can Acar, Osman Polat

In the framework of the research project called “The Adaptation and Promotion of Some Paulownia Species” to the Conditions of Turkey; survival and growth of some species and provenances of Paulownia established in 1999 in Adana Ceyhan Forest Nursery were determined at the end of 2011. A total of 19 provenances of Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Sieb. & Zucc. ex Steud, P. elongata S.Y.H and P. fortunei (Seem.) Hemsl species, and fortunei x tomentosa hybrid were used in the experiment. According to the results; in terms of survival rates, a significant difference among provenances was determined and the survival rate (90%) of P. fortunei Guangxi- Guilin provenance was more than that of others. However, diameter and basal area per hectare, significant differences among provenances were statistically found in height. P.fortunei Guangxi- Guilin provenance had the highest height (13.29 m) and P. fortunei Hubei-Hunan ve P. fortunei Guangxi-Guilin provenances had the largest diameter (25.95 and 25.04 cm, respectively) and basal area per hectare (34.01 and 31.12 m2/ha, respectively). As for the form of stem; there was a statistically significant difference among provenances in terms of "very smooth stem" form, while there was no significant difference among provenances in terms of "twisted and very twisted stem" form. P. fortunei Guangxi-Guilin provenance had the highest rate (85%) of “very smooth stem" form. Although a significant difference among provenances was not found in point of the "twisted" and "very twisted stem" forms, P. fortunei Guangxi-Guilin provenance had the lowest rate in the both stem forms (15.00 and 0.00 % ,respectively). In this context, P. fortunei-Guilin Guangxi provenance was seen to take place in the first order with a high percentage. In terms of crown form, in all three crown form (the perpendicular (not curved), curved and very curved crown), no difference was statistically found among provenances. P. fortunei Guangxi-Guilin had the highest rate (25.00 and 71.67 %, respectively) with regards of the perpendicular and curved crown. In this respect, P. fortunei Guangxi-Guilin provenance can generally be said to have the characteristics of the perpendicular and curved crown form. In conclusion; P. fortunei Guangxi-Guilin and P. fortunei Hubei-Hunan provenances appear to be more suited to the conditions of Ceyhan region in terms of the survival rate, height, diameter, basal area per hectare, and the quality of the stem and the crown form.

20-26

Authors: Ahmet Tolunay, Cemil Çavuşoğlu

State forest nursery enterprises (SFNE), while contributing to the sustainable development of forests in a way, it is necessary to use the available resources in the most efficient way. In this study, Fethiye State Forest Nursery that is located in Mugla Province in Turkey was selected. In the study, 1,000 field samples identified as bare-root production of brutia pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) seedlings was estimated to production time by using Critical Path Method (CPM). As a result, 1+0 aged 1,000 brutia pine seedlings production was estimated to be produced in 387 days in the study

36-41

Authors: Ergün Güntekin, Tuğba Yılmaz Aydın

In this study, fatigue strength of red pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) wood was evaluated by applying 15 and 20 cycles per minute and 30% to 70% – 5 different load of static bending strength to small clear wood specimens. The study showed that fatigue life of Turkish red pine wood amounted over 1 million cycles when the stress level was 30 and 40%. In general, there is an inverse relationship between load level (S) and fatigue life (N). This relationship was modeled using nonlinear regression. Fatigue life of red pine wood can be predicted using the equation of Log (N) = A * log (S) + B. Since, fatigue tests are time consuming, only 15 and 20 cycles per minute frequencies were used in the study. By applying more and less frequent loading schemes, the fatigue behavior of red pine wood can be well understood.

50-59

Authors: Kadri Cemil Akyüz, Gizem Çamur, İbrahim Yıldırım

Companies must deploy resources and produce high performance products because increased competition and race to have the biggest share in the global markets. In this study, 23 companies which are “The Big 500 Companies of Turkey” and “The Second 500 Big Companies of Turkey” lists in the Istanbul Association of Manufacturers, was analyzed with the data envelopment analysis in the furniture and panelboard sectors. Total six variables were chosen as three inputs and three outputs for use in the analysis. The data obtained were evaluated with the DEAP 2.1. software package program. Technical efficiency of these companies was found for the CCR model and BCC model and then scale efficiency was obtained with this program. The number of effective companies was found six in the 2011 and 2012 years. References groups were created for the reactive companies. Lately equity capitals and active assets of the reactive companies were determined to use greater than target values, however sales and export values less than target values in this study.

65-74

Authors: Derya Sarı, Banu Karaşah

In the study, we conducted a visual assessment dealing with subjective and objective assessments in order to ensure the sustainability of prominent feature of the natural landscape with its unique characteristics of the area such as Hatila Valley National Park and contribute to the protection of visual values of forest ecosystems hosting different vegetation types. 9 images which contains the forest, streams and rock vegetation taken from the vista points of forest road along the route of the ongoing between 400-3000 m altitude in Hatila Valley National Park (Artvin) were used in visual assessment of this study. In the first stage of visual quality and assessment, we applied a survey using semantic differentiation techniques which contains 15 adjective pairs to landscape architects and graduate students of department of landscape architecture, a total of 75 people. In the second stage, fractal dimension of images and relationship between the fractal dimension and visual quality scores are calculated. In the third stage, which parameters to be effective on visual quality were determined by regression analysis. Consequently, forest vegetation (V2) and stream vegetation (V4) get the highest value in terms of visual quality scores were determined. We found that the average fractal dimension score (Db = 1.691) of the images get higher value and relatively recent trend between the visual quality scores and fractal dimension values of images. The findings of the study revealed that interesting, pleasant, lively, inviting, novelty, exciting, relaxing and color parameters were the descriptive parameters for vegetation types. Based on the different vegetation types, to determine the value of visual resources of the natural landscape and incorporate in landscape planning, management and design processes will help to increase the ecological, economic and aesthetic values of these areas in the long term.

82-85

Authors: Erol Akkuzu, Sabri Ünal, Özkan Evcin

As an historical process, wildlife educations in higher learning institutions have some differences in Turkey compared to those of the developed western countries. Especially, opening of the wildlife programs and departments has not received the necessary attention until recent years in Turkey. Wildlife education is given as associate degree, undergraduate and postgraduate levels in the Universities of Turkey. The number of associate degree programmes, named as “Hunting and Wildlife”, is increasing day by day within various universities. Departments of Wildlife Ecology and Management are mostly located within the forestry faculties. Only in Usak University, "Department of Wildlife Ecology and Management" is placed in the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Sciences. In this review, the importance of wildlife education, its historical process in both Turkey and especially in developed western countries, its contribution to the economy, job opportunities, encountered problems and solutions were discussed.