The Indonesian Biomedical Journal

147-56

Authors: Rina Triana, Nurrani Mustika Dewi, Siska Darmayanti, Eka Herawati, Maria Novalentina, Made Putra Semadhi, Miftakh Nur Rahman

BACKGROUND: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ, or also known as nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group C member 3 (NR1C3), is a PPAR which serves as master regulator of adipocytes differentiation, and plays an important role in lipid metabolism or adipogenesis. Recent study showed that PPAR-γ is expressed in most tissue and also has critical impact in many metabolic homeostasis disorders. CONTENT: Dysregulation of PPAR-γ is correlated to the development of obesity, type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, acute kidney injury, autoimmune disease, gastrointestinal disease and Alzheimer’s disease. Abundant number of new emerging compounds, with in vitro and in vivo effectiveness as natural and synthetic agonists of PPARs, are investigated, developed and used as the treatment of metabolic disorders of glucose and/or lipid and other diseases. SUMMARY: Based on all studies explanation, targeting PPAR-γ is proven to be a good therapeutic method for reducing negative effect of several metabolic homeostasis disorder. Now, many natural and synthetic agonists of PPARs are used as the treatment of metabolic disorders of glucose and/or lipid or another metabolic homeostasis disorder. Such agonists have different properties and specificities for individual PPARs receptors, different absorption and distribution, and distinctive gene expression profiles, which ultimately lead to different clinical outcomes.

161-6

Authors: Parawansah, Nuralifah, Gemini Alam, Rosdiana Natzir

BACKGROUND: Uric acid is a final result of purine catabolism, the enzymatic reactions in the body cells from amino acids or ribonucleotide dinucleotide. Peperomia pellucida L. (P. pellucida), Acalypha indica L.(A. indica) and Momordica charantia L. (M. charantia) are plants which have efficacy to reduce levels of uric acid excess. The aim of this research is to find out the effect of ethanol extract of P. pellucida, A. indica and M. charantia in preventing the formation of uric acid excess by inhibiting the action of the enzyme xanthine oxidase and comparing the inhibition activity of xanthine oxidase on treatments. METHODS: The study design is experimental and conducted using the enzyme xanthine oxidase, xanthine(substrate), pH 7.5 phosphate buffer, samples (P. pellucida, A. indica and M. charantia ethanol extracts) and HCL as reaction breaker. Inhibition of xanthine oxidase was determined enzymatically and unreacted xanthine was measured by UV spectrophotometer at 290 nm. The data were expressed as percent inhibition and the inhibitory concentration (IC)50 were determined using linear regresion of inhibition activity vs. concentration. RESULTS: The IC50 of P. pellucida, A. indica and M. charantia ethanol extracts in inhibiting xanthine oxidase were 19.5 ppm, 77.6 ppm and 17.8 ppm, respectively. IC50 of allopurinol was 1.99 μg/ml, and negative control (combination of enzyme and substrate) has absorbance value of 0.75026. CONCLUSION: Ethanol extract of M. charantia showed the most potent inhibition toward xanthine oxidase compared to the other two extracts.

173-8

Authors: Idar Mappangara, Ali Aspar Mappahya, Sheila Witjaksono

BACKGROUND: Identifying risk factors for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is important for both diagnostic and prognostic purposes. Abnormal platelet parameters, mainly platelet count (PC), mean platelet volume (MPV) and platelet distribution width (PDW) are thought to be among these risk factors because platelet activation plays a pivotal role in ACS. PDW is a more specific marker of platelet activation, since it does not increase during simple platelet swelling. In this study, the comparison of risk factors along with the PDW between Non ST-Elevation ACS (NSTEACS) and ST-Elevation ACS (STEACS) were investigated. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study, patients with ACS that admitted at dr.Wahidin Sudirohusodo General Hospital Makassar since December 2014 to March 2015 who undergo coronary angiography were enrolled. All data variables were taken according to the medical record. PDW was taken on first blood examination at hospital admission. Data was significant if p-value <0.05 and was processed with SPSS version 16. RESULTS: A total of 63 patients were enrolled. There were significantly higher PDW (p=0.047) in STEACS group (13.7±2.0 fL) than in NSTEACS group (12.6±2.3 fL). There were a significant positive correlation between PDW value and SYNTAX scores (Pearson, r=0.552, p=0.000). Cardiovascular risk factors such as history of ACS before (p=0.049 & OR=10.216) and dyslipidemia (p=0.049 & OR=3.915) along with PDW (p=0.003 & OR=1.733) were significant predictor of the incidence of multivessel disease in patient with ACS. CONCLUSION: An increased PDW may predicting more severe disease in ACS based on incidence of STEACS and multivessel disease more often and higher SYNTAX score.