INTROPICA

21-32

Authors: Catherine Pardey Rodríguez, Mario A. García Dávila

Molecular characterization of 135 introductions of Capsicum germplasm collection from National University of Colombia campus Palmira was carried out using 32 microsatellite primers for identifying a genetic variation among individuals of the five species studied: Capsicum annuum, C. frutescens, C. chinense, C. baccatum, and C. pubescens. The results showed that introductions are more in homozygous than in heterozygous state based on the rates of Fis and Fit, the greater variability among species was found in the omplex annuum, chinense, frutescens due to the number of polymorphic primers 21 of 32. The primers that showed the best polymorphism were those obtained from Lee et al. (2004), this primers showed high levels of diversity by having the highest number of alleles per locus and the higher number of alleles in heterozygous state; making them a powerful marker to measure genetic variability. The five species were genetically related to each other, however, the lower identity values occurred when any of the species was related to C. pubescens, or between C. baccatum and C. pubescens.

41-49

Authors: Juan Esteban Uribe, Lyda Raquel Castro

Gasteropod evolutionary relationships are still not resolved and there are different publications with different hypothesis. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of outgroup choice on the topology of the ingroup, taking into account that there is not an agreement in regards to which is the more closely related group to gastropods. Four different treatments were performed using the different classes of Mollusks hypothetically closer to gastropods as outgroups (Cephalopoda, Scaphopoda, Bivalvia and a all combined). These treatments were performed with two different datasets (aminoacids and nucleotide sequences excluding third codon positions) and two analyses were applied to each dataset (Parsimony and Bayesian), for a total of 16 analyses. In all the analyses, the ingroup relationships are not well recovered when using Scaphopoda as outgroup, as it gets recovered within the ingroup. The same happened with Bivalvia when using Parsimony and the nucleotide dataset. The more stable relatioships were observed when Cephalopoda was used as the outgroup, both in Parsimony and Bayesian analyses and with both type of datasets. In general, in most of the analysis we recovered the group ((Caenogastropoda+Neritimorpha)+V etigastropoda), as well as the group Patelogastropoda+Heterobranchia) with good statistical support. The Eutyneura group was recovered as paraphyletic for the inclusion of Pyramidelloidea dolabrata a Heterostropha member. The analyses including all the outgroups did not recovered well the relationship neither for Gastropoda nor for Mollusca. In general, the topologies of the phylogenetic trees using complete mitocondrial genomes on gastropods can be very affected by outgroup choice. We recommend precaution on the evaluation and selection of outgroups when working with this group.

63-69

Authors: Michelle Pinto-Mendez, Laura Larios-Padilla, Andrea Echeverry-Alcendra, Rocío Garcia-Urueña

Ants (Formicidae) are one of the least studied groups in mangrove forest of Colombian coast. To improve the current knowledge about ants species closed to this mangrove ecosystem, we evaluated abundance and richness of ants in three mangrove species (Rhizophora mangle, Laguncularia racemosa and Avicenia germinans) located in Neguanje bay, at National Natural Tayrona Park (PNNT). This research was carried out during the rainy seasons of 2007 and 2008. We found nine species of ants associated to mangrove forest, eight linked to Rhizophora mangle, five to Laguncularia racemosa and seven to Avicenia germinans. Richness was higher in rainy season of 2007 for all mangrove species, with exception for Rhizophora mangle. In general, abundance of ants (number of individuals) was higher in rainy season of 2008, especially for Avicennia germinans and lower in rainy season of 2007, particularly for Laguncularia racemosa. Both, richness and abundance of ants were significantly different between rainy seasons and between mangrove species

89-100

Authors: Tatiana Sánchez Armenta, Carlos Trujillo Arcila, Eliana Barrios Vázquez

The current work analyzes the composition and structure of macroinfaunal communities associated with soft bottoms and their relationship to different environmental variables on the south side of Taganga Bay, Colombian Caribbean during the dry season. Three sites were established through the Taganga south coast parallel to the shoreline in an isobath of 5-15 meters in depth and distance between stations of approximately 1 km. Five samples were collected during December 2008, March and June 2009 using a plastic hand corer with a coverage area of 0,01m² x 10 cm, giving a sampling area of 0,04 m². The variables evaluated were temperature, salinity, transparency, nitrites, total suspended solids (TSS) and their organic fraction, percentage of organic matter, calcium carbonate, sandy index and grain size. A total of 2957 organisms were identified in 93 families spread over the macrofauna densities ranging between 118 and 638 organisms / 0.04 m2 and belonging to nine biological groups represented by annelids, arthropods, chordates, echinoderms, molluscs, nemerteans, platyhelminths and sipunculids. Biomass values reached 3.751g. The similarity analysis ANOSIM identified no differences in composition and structure of the macrobenthic community temporarily or geographically, indicating the presence of a single continuous community

109-115

Authors: Nilson J. Perea García, Paula A. Sepúlveda-Cano, Andrés G. Yepes-Arias

In order to identify insects that damage dry pet food, ten non-specialized stores (food stores and bulks) that distribute these foods in Santa Marta were evaluated. Samples of dry dogs, cats, rabbits and chickens foods, were inspected at the Entomology Laboratory of Universidad del Magdalena. Seven (7) species were found during this study in 90% of the stores, the beetles predominated. The most frequent species were Tribolium castaneum and Lasioderma serricorne, while most dominant species were T. castaneum and Rhyzopertha dominica. Taxonomic key is provided for identifying the species of Coleoptera associated with dry pet food in Santa Marta.