Journal of ETA Maritime Science

1-2

Authors: Selçuk NAS

The year 2020 has been a difficult year for the maritime industry as much as it has been for all the world’s industries. The Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused changes in, and even the transformations of, many common maritime industry processes. We have seen the certifying of ships using remote inspection methods. We have seen the delivery of freight bill of lading to ships with the use of drones, signed and retrieved. We have witnessed the unprecedented isolation of seafarers who may not go ashore as authorities adopt the health safety policy of not entering ships. Such changes and transformations in 2020 are summarized below in terms of the affected main parties. Seafarers. This has been the group most hit by the effects of the global restrictions imposed in the effort to contain the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. IMO has declared seafarers as the key workers of the world in 2020 because despite the serious COVID-19-related difficulties and threats they faced, seafarers bravely continued to work to carry 85% of the cargo that humanity needed. Despite all these, however, the public has failed to perceive the important role played by seafarers in this pandemic and to accordingly bestow upon them the respect they deserve. While they face each new day with new rules, regulations, and restrictions, the world has largely left them unsupported and vulnerable to the disproportionate practices adopted by authorities. During this pandemic, seafarers have to contend with unjustifiable regulations, such as visa restrictions and flight bans that imprison them to their ships beyond the legal contract periods of convention. Ship operators. During this pandemic, ship operators have also been adversely affected. In the midst of the discussions on how to implement the IMO Low Sulfur Regulation at the beginning of 2020, the sudden drop in oil prices combined with the pandemic voided the proposed Scrubber solutions, leading to the lifting of restrictions on ships to directly use low-sulfur fuels. This has resulted in the imposition of various measures designed to address the corrosion that developed from the use of chemicals designed to reduce sulfur content in fuel. Ship owners. Presently, ship owners who are concerned about the commercial life of their existing ships must deal with Energy Efficiency Existing Ship Index (EEXI) values. Investors who want to order new ships will have to contend for a while with the uncertainties relating to new technological innovations and new fuel types that are designed to reach the target values of the IMO Green House Gas Strategy. Maritime education. In 2020, a wave of “distance education” transformation hit maritime education following the implementation of pandemic-related constraints. These changes considerably affected conventional education methodologies, with lecturers needing to utilize very new remote access technologies in order to reach their students. Large capital infrastructures of maritime education institutions fell into disuse. Simulator-based training infrastructures were transformed and opened to remote access for the use of students. New solution strategies were developed. On the other hand, students could not complete their internship on board ship period because ships were inaccessible, which has delayed their graduation. Under such difficult circumstances, the UK Hydrographic Office extended invaluable support to world maritime education: the British executive agency made available their digital nautical publications to various maritime education institutions. JEMS. 2020 proved to be a successful year for JEMS such that new targets have been set. Firstly, we announced that the ETA Marine Science Journal (JEMS) was selected for inclusion in the Clarivate Analytics’ platform Web of Science - Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) database. Herein, we would like to thank the Web of Science Editors and the Journal Onboarding Team for their support. Secondly, we forged an agreement to obtain professional support from Galenos Publishing House with the assistance of our official publisher, the UCTEA Chamber of Marine Engineers. The difference this professional support makes is already apparent with the publication of the first issue for 2021. Finally, we are pleased to introduce JEMS 9 (1) to our valued followers. This issue contains valuable and qualified research studies that would hopefully contribute to the betterment of the maritime industry. I would like to extend my gratitude to this issue’s authors, our reviewers, our editorial board, our section editors and associate editors who ensure quality by diligently adhering to our publication policies. We would like to thank LookUs Scientific and Galenos Publishing House for putting in great efforts in the preparation of this issue.

13-21

Authors: Ünal ÖZDEMİR

Future planning is difficult in several industries, including the maritime sector, especially with the current pandemic because of numerous active dynamic factors. Thus, this study aimed to determine the freight demand estimates based on the Twenty-foot Equivalent Unit-based monthly number of containers handled in Turkish ports by comparing the prediction accuracy and reliability of artificial neural network (ANN) models with various algorithms using the “exponential smoothing” and “Box-Jenkins” time series methods. The monthly container volume handled in Turkish ports between January 2005 and December 2018 was used, and augmented Dickey-Fuller tests were conducted with the EViews 5 software. Results from several tests revealed that the 12-time delay ANN model, which was developed with the original series, provided the highest accuracy. In this study, the demand forecasts for the container volume that would be handled in Turkish ports were conducted for the year 2022 with the developed model, and a methodological approach was presented for the forecast models in different maritime industry fields.

31-40

Authors: Meriç KARAHALİL, Burcu ÖZSOY

Polar regions face increasing challenges resulting from the interactions between global climate change, human activities, and economic and political pressures. As the sea ice extent trends diminish, maritime operations have started increasing in these regions. In this respect, an international concern has arisen for the shrinking of sea ice, preserving the environment, and passengers’ and seafarers’ safety. The International Maritime Organization has enforced the Polar Code (PC) for the ships navigating in these challenging Arctic and Antarctic waters. Polar regions are similar in some aspects but exhibit significant differences in geographical conditions, maritime activities, and legal status. Therefore, the PC that applies to both regions should be reconsidered, accounting for the differences between the areas for further development. This study considers the Arctic and Antarctic geographical differences relevant to the PC’s scope. The emphasis is placed on the changes regarding the sea ice extent and sea ice condition differences in the two regions, which are essential in maritime safety. This study also addresses the aspects of the PC that need improvement.

51-63

Authors: Refik CANIMOĞLU, Umut YILDIRIM, Gani Mustafa İNEGÖL

Bulk carriers and general cargo vessels have the largest number and tonnage among different types of ship fleets. According to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development data in 2019, the tonnage of the global bulk carrier and general cargo vessel is 842,438,000 and 74,000,000 metric tons, respectively. The main cargo weight measurement method for bulk carriers and general cargo vessels is the draught survey calculation. In this study, a fuzzy analytic hierarchy process questionnaire was prepared based on previous studies and experts’ opinions. Responses from the experts were consolidated to determine the priority vector of the criteria of draught survey error sources. Expert evaluations showed that the major reasons of draught survey inconsistencies are problems occurring at draught reading and ballast measurement stages. Accordingly, the most effective alternatives to minimize the errors were found to be training and documentation, which are closely related to education. This study aims to determine the draught survey error causes and their priorities along with different means to reduce the errors from the experts’ opinions. This study will contribute to the literature by shedding light on draught survey errors in which studies in the academic literature are very limited.

213-213

Authors: Selçuk NAS

We are pleased to introduce JEMS 8(4) to our valuable followers. There are valuable and endeavored studies in this issue of the journal. We hope that these studies will contribute to the maritime industry. I would like to mention my gratitude to authors who sent their valuable studies for this issue, to our reviewers, to our editorial board, to our section editors, to our foreign language editors who provide quality publications by following our publication policies diligently and also to layout editors who spent great efforts in the preparation of this issue. Your Sincerely.

242-251

Authors: Thaddeus Chidiebere Nwaoha, Sidum Adumene

The need to understand the associated risks of pressurized vessels and their consequences onboard ship is imperative. The handling and storage of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) mostly result in catastrophic accident with associated consequences. To quantify these consequences in terms of death and degree of burn depends on the tank structures and pressure control mechanism onboard LNG carriers in a harbor. In this research, the result of the potential risks and damage consequences of the LNG fire accident in terms of the degree of burns and fatality is presented. The probability of death, first and second degree of burn injuries are assessed using consequence modelling technique, while the pool fire was modelled using the Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion (BLEVE) approach. The result shows that at 30 meters from the flame radius, the probabilities for first-degree burn, second-degree burn, and death decrease, respectively. A sensitivity analysis revealed that at the initial heat flux and closer distance of 5m to 10m from the flame radius at the point of the accident, the death rate, first degree, and second-degree burns increase significantly. Therefore, installing a safety system and best practices that will mitigate these risks to as low as reasonably possible should be incorporated into the system design.

274-285

Authors: Yusuf Genç, Murat Ozkok

As well known, ships which have complex production processes are subject to various tests made on every stage in many fields from the beginning to the end of the production. After the tests are completed successfully, the ship is delivered to the ship-owner. “Sea trial” being the last stage of these tests, is examined in detail in this study. The purpose of this study is to plan the tests performed in the sea trial by the means of computer programs and to suggest shorter completion period for the tests. Thus, reducing the total cost of the cruising. Moreover, shortening the duration of the cruise will be a factor that can speed up the delivery of the ship. For this purpose, the tests and processes performed during the sea trial are listed. A cruise process flow diagram including all the tests applied under normal conditions was created, and the data were entered into the SIMIO simulation program. As a result, it was determined that the total cruising time was 28,0989 hours. After that, a new flow diagram was created by making some improvements in the current testing process, and a new simulation model was built up. In the new simulation model, total time spent to complete the tests were 25,3567 hours, so the testing time was shortened by 2.75 (9,76%) hours.

302-308

Authors: Ahmet Yaşar CANCA, Görkem Kökkülünk

Sulphur 2020 regulation as a reduction of sulphur emissions has been caused a big challenge via using new fuels in the maritime industry. Consistent changes in the chemical and physical properties of these new fuels make classical maintenance methods as brake down or planned inadequate and endanger operational and navigational safety on ships. Within this framework, ship maintenance systems need to be reevaluated in accordance with the new marine fuels. In this study, firstly impacts of new marine fuels on ships have been evaluated by means of a literature review. Furthermore, repair and maintenance systems have been presented that are currently used on board ships. Subsequently, advantages of a predictive maintenance system that will reduce risk by constantly monitoring the potential critical characteristics of VLSFO over other maintenance systems have been discussed. Then, assessments of compliance fuel have been done in accordancewith fuel properties, problems and corrective actions. Lastly, discussions and suggestions have been provided to the ship owners and technical managements.

133-133

Authors: Selçuk NAS

Journal of ETA Maritime Science (JEMS), published by UCTEA Chamber of Marine Engineers, started its academic career in 2013. It first indexed in the DOAJ in 2014 and proved its quality. Later in 2016, it entered into the “Index Copernicus” citation index. In the same year, it was entitled to enter into TUBITAK TR indexes. Finally, we are pleased to inform you that “Journal of ETA Maritime Science (JEMS)”, published by UCTEA Chamber of Marine Engineers, has been selected for coverage in Clarivate Analytics products and services of WoS. JEMS will be indexed and abstracted in Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI). There is an Editorial Board behind this short story of JEMS’s full of success. This board members consist of highly qualified academics from different nationalities and fields, working with great devotions all around the world. In addition, the Associate Editors of JEMS, consisting of young academicians who prepare JEMS for publication four times in a year, are voluntary servants of the JEMS. Besides, the Authors who generate the journal's intellectual capital by sharing their valuable researches in JEMS have a great share in these successes. The entry of JEMS into the Web of Science Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) has welcomed by the Board of UCTEA Chamber of Marine Engineers. This success will increase the attractiveness of JEMS and enable the selection of the best quality articles among many more quality articles. In this issue, we present to your attention two remarkable articles highlighting the issue of “women and sea”. In addition, we present an impressive article about the scope and academic perspective of polar research prepared by Prof. Dr. Ersan Basar in the academic perspective section of our journal. We also thank him for the cover photo of this issue.

150-160

Authors: Donatus. E. ONWUEGBUCHUNAM, Moses. O. APONJOLOSUN, Sodiq. O. BUHARI, Dotun OJO

This paper assessed the performance of jetty operations in Warri Refining and Petrochemical Company (WRPC). Primary data for the study consisted of ship turn round times, volume of cargo and number of vessels handled at the jetties for years 2004 to 2018. These variables served as key performance assessment criteria. In addition, copies of questionnaires on postulated factors affecting terminal performance were administered to a random sample of WRPC staff. Our findings showed that the jetties were being operated at less than optimum level. Trend analysis of the key performance indicators showed existence of continuous decline in operational performance of WRPC over the years covered in the study. Significant factors accounting for this performance outcome were found to include: inadequate berthing facilities, shortage of manpower supply, pipeline vandalisation, inadequate maintenance of jetty facilities and poor documentation process. The study recommended deployment of trained workforce to jetty operations, maintenance of berthing facilities, adequate funding and improved documentation of processes during jetty operations.

178-193

Authors: Oktay YILMAZ

Crossflow over cylindrical structures has been extensively studied by both academia and industry in various fields. It is responsible for in-line and transverse vibrations of marine risers. Flow-induced structural vibrations may end up with the failure of these tubular systems in oceans and seas. First experimental studies in literature signified that longitudinally grooved cylinders inspired by Saguaro trees may offer reductions both in drag and lift forces. In the present study, the performance of 2 dimensional (2D) unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) simulations is tested in predicting hydrodynamic force coefficients of cylinders. First, CFD runs are conducted on a smooth cylinder and a cactus-like cylinder in literature. Then flow over 8-, 10-, and 12-grooved cylinders with a diameter of 0,5 m are solved to analyze flow features in detail and evaluate the capability of 2D URANS solver for the problem at hand. k-ω SST turbulence model is employed in URANS solver. It is shown that as the number of grooves increases, mean drag slightly decreases and amplitude of drag decreases by 29%. Separation angle is significantly improved with a number of grooves from 92o to 120o. However, the amplitude of lift force increases with the number of grooves with reference to 2D CFD simulations.

210-212

Authors: Ersan BAŞAR

85-85

Authors: Selçuk NAS

We are pleased to introduce JEMS 8(2) to our valuable followers. There are valuable and endeavored studies in this issue of the journal. We hope that these studies will contribute to the maritime industry. I would like to mention my gratitude to authors who sent their valuable studies for this issue, to our reviewers, to our editorial board, to our section editors, to our foreign language editors who provide quality publications by following our publication policies diligently and also to layout editors who spent great efforts in the preparation of this issue. Your Sincerely.

98-113

Authors: Burak GÖKSU, Kadir Emrah ERGİNER

Maintenance practices are considered as the means of providing safety and security to environment and quality service, and despite increasing the costs for companies with certain increments, they contribute to their reputation and reliability. Maintenance planning of ships consists of setting priorities and planning the efficient use of the sources. One of the main objectives of this study is to bring up more profits from commercial activities by optimizing the availability of vessels. Operational capacity is ensured by adopting a systematic and proper maintenance policy that increases effectiveness and efficiency by reducing downtime. To reach at such a target, recent failure data is analyzed and through this analysis certain procedures are developed for spare parts availability and these procedures are utilized in maintenance applications. This study aims to provide an additional feature for predictive maintenance software for the analysis of the upcoming conditions of the main engine systems. In this study, the history of failure in the critical nine main engine related subsystems have been analyzed by artificial neural network method, which is consistent with condition-based maintenance applications and subsequently helps to bring out the potential breakdowns in the recorded history of failure.

1

Authors: Selçuk NAS

We are pleased to introduce JEMS 8(1) to our valuable followers. There are valuable and endeavored studies in this issue of the journal. We hope that these studies will contribute to the maritime industry. I would like to mention my gratitude to authors who sent their valuable studies for this issue, to our reviewers, to our editorial board, to our section editors, to our foreign language editors who provide quality publications by following our publication policies diligently and also to layout editors who spent great efforts in the preparation of this issue. Your Sincerely

10-21

Authors: Hüseyin ELÇİÇEK, Bülent GÜZEL

Over the last decade, UV disinfection technology has been widely employed in the disinfection of nonnative species in wastewater and process water treatment. In this study, we assessed the feasibility of the adoption of a Taylor-Couette UV reactor in disinfection of unwanted species commonly found in ballast water. With this purpose, glycerol solutions were used in a Taylor Couette reactor with two different radius ratios. The observed flow structures and the critical transition values were simultaneously compared with each other and literature. Emergent flow structures in TC reactors provide considerable improvement in axial and radial mixing of particles and increasing the efficiency of the disinfection of E. coli. The obtained results show the possibility of utilizing the Taylor-Couette UV reactors as an alternative method in inactivation of non-native species in the ballast water.

38-52

Authors: Kubilay BAYRAMOĞLU, Mustafa NURAN

Fossil-based fuels have been decreasing all over the world and the energy requirements of power generation systems are increasing. Diesel engines are one of the most common and efficient power generation systems. However, national and international organizations impose various restrictions to reduce emissions from diesel engines. Reducing emissions and improving performance in diesel engines are one of the most common areas of work. Improvement of performance and emission parameters is possible with changes in alternative fuels, engine geometry and fuel injection systems. In this study, the effects of different injection timing and injection duration on diesel engine performance and exhaust gas emissions have been investigated with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. The numerical study has been carried out on a 4-stroke, single cylinder test engine and the results have been compared with the experimental results obtained from the literature. As a result of the study, combustion chamber speed profiles, fuel mass change, temperature, pressure, chemical heat release rate has been determined for the standard operating conditions. Parametric study has been performed for different injection timing and injection duration of engine. For each case, performance and emissions parameters have been determined. Analysis results has compared, and the most suitable injection parameters has been introduced.

66-84

Authors: Mehmet DOYMUŞ, Gül DENKTAŞ ŞAKAR

IMO 2020 regulations force maritime industry to look for alternative fuels for compliance. LNG is a promising option as a fuel considering today's emission control regulations and for measures to be adopted in the future. However, supply chain development for small-scale LNG is not at the expected level. The study examines the development of LNG bunkering supply chain based on different perspectives of stakeholders. The research explores the challenges regarding LNG bunkering development and aims to provide suggestions to overcome these challenges. Semi-structured interviews were conducted through purpose sampling including various representatives of LNG bunkering supply chain. The study identifies barriers in LNG bunkering development, categorizes some key approaches and links challenges from the view point of relevant stakeholders for improvement in supply chain. The research findings indicate that collaboration of stakeholders is the main driver for LNG bunkering development, public opinion, standardisation and transparency are the other outstanding factors to improve LNG bunkering supply chain.