International Journal of Research and Review

1-5

Authors: Hailemariam Solomon, Dagne Wegary

Rice is among one of the three major food crops of the world and also a stable food for majority of African countries. In Ethiopia rice is becoming more popular and considered as a strategic crop and believed to assure food security. Rice research in Ethiopia is focused on evaluating the rice genotypes based on their growing ecosystems in relation to biotic and abiotic factors and hence more upland rice varieties have been generated than for lowland ecosystem. Additionally, the rice genotypes have been evaluated based on their growing ecosystems and not so far the upland rice genotypes were studied under lowland condition. Hence, the objective of the study was to show phenotypic correlation and direct and indirect cause of yield and yield components of upland rice genotypes under lowland condition. Ten different upland rice genotypes were evaluated under lowland condition at Assosa and Woreta Agricultural research centers in 2014. Correlation of traits revealed that grain yield exhibited significant and positive correlation with plant height (r =0.430) and harvest index (r =0.390). Days to heading (r=0.760), days to maturity (r= 0.680), and plant height (r=0.660) exhibited positive and highly significant association with above ground biomass. Panicle length (r=0.500) exhibited significant and positive correlation with above ground biomass. Days to heading (r=0.765) showed positive and significant associations with days to maturity. Harvest index (r=-0.600) had negative and significant correlation with above ground biomass. Days to heading (r=-0.510) and plant height (r=-0.388) exhibited negative and significant associations with harvest index. Path coefficient analysis revealed that the highest and positive direct effect on grain yield exhibited by harvest index (0.667) followed by panicle length (0.466), above ground biomass (0.381), plant height (0.356) and thousand grain weight (0.025). Negative direct effect exhibited by days to heading (-0.170), days to maturity (-0.192) and number of filled grain (-0.194). Days to heading (+0.289) exhibited highest positive indirect effect followed by days to maturity (+0.259), plant height (+0.251), panicle length (+0.190), and thousand grain weight (+0.129) on grain yield via above ground biomass. So that the above mentioned traits were identified and they are the most contributing factors for the improvement of rice grain yield. Hence, those traits have to be taken in to consideration in rice breeding program for further improvement of rice production and productivity.

12-19

Authors: Ikporo Stephen C.

The world is quickly developing into a virtual environment known as cyberspace, where individuals can communicate with one another, or search for knowledge to broaden their horizons. However, some individuals use this cyberspace for their own devious actions, targeting unsuspecting individuals for their own enjoyment or profit. Cyber-attacks on computer and network system have continued to threaten the global information infrastructure, targeting data files, services, network or even service port. The most dangerous aspect of these attacks is how sophisticated they have become in recent times, thereby almost defiling all countermeasures always employed to detect and prevent them. Modern approach of cyber-attack detection is an advanced scientific technique deployed to prevent these sophisticated attacks on cyber networks which had become a serious threat to our network and cyberspace. There are some existing approaches used in detecting cyber-attacks on computers and networks such as signature recognition and anomaly detection and others. In this paper, a new approach to cyber-attack detection has been proposed so as to detect any type of cyber-attack. This approach uses attack-norm separation techniques for scientific discovery of data, features and characteristic of cyber signal and noise. Attack profiling and analytical discovery techniques are used to generalize the data, features and characteristics that exist in cyber-attack and norm data. Well established signal detection models are also leveraged in the physical space. It’s significant to the society is that it will enables us to take the least amount of relevant data necessary to achieve detection accuracy and efficiency.

26-30

Authors: Nalubega Shamim, Loum Janani, Tusimiire Yvonne

The study sought alternative eco-safe materials for production of handmade paper from rice straws. The rice straw fibers were pulped using selected eco-friendly materials viz; wood ash, soda ash (magadi), urea, potassium hydroxide and marcel soap each at concentrations of 4%, 6%, 8%, 10% and 12%).Starch and rosin were used as sizing agents. Selected paper properties namely; grammage, water absorbency, and tensile breaking strength were determined for each sample produced. Wood ash and marcel soap registered high grammage of 182gm-2 and 180 gm-2 respectively at 12% w/w. Urea, soda ash, and potassium hydroxide registered lower grammage. Marcel soap produced paper samples with the lowest Cobb value of 356 gm2 followed by wood ash at 360gm2 at the maximum concentrations. At the concentration of 12%, wood ash and marcel soap registered superior tensile breaking strengths of 1,520N and 1,518N respectively and the weakest breaking strength of 1,116N was recorded by urea at the same concentration.

36-40

Authors: Sunil J. Kulkarni

Profitability can be measured by various profitability methods such as ROR (rate of return), NPV (net present worth), IRR (internal rate of return), capitalized cost, payback period etc. The fixed and working capital contributes to total capital investment. The high rate of return needs lower operational cost. This reduces the inventory and decreases liquidity. There has to be optimization of the various factors for healthy and long term viable operation of industry. The chemical, pharmaceutical, oil, paint and plastic industries across the world are facing different kind of economical problems. These problems are related to competition, environmental regulations, government licensing system and social and geographical issues as well as political constraints. This paper reviews the profitability and liquidity analysis carried out by various investigators.

45-49

Authors: Kasturi Mishra, Hadibandhu Pattnaik

A map has a fixed point at P. If fixed point theorems have useful applications in analysis. Some of the iterative methods which have been studied are related to S. Banach, W.R. Mann, J. Riemermann, W.G. Dastonand a host of other mathematics. Studies by Prof. S. Ishikawa and Prof. B.E. Rhoads, throw new light on the iteration process of W.R. Mann, Prof. Ishikawa studied by the following iteration process. For a subset E of an Ailbert space H, if and only if the sequence generated by Where (cn) are real sequence in [0, 1].

56-60

Authors: Aparna Chincholkar, Ranjit Wagh

Background: Prescribing is an indispensible skill for doctors in nearly all medical specialties. Teaching medical students to choose and prescribe drugs in a rational, safe, and effective manner is a major challenge for medical schools. II MBBS Pharmacology practical curriculum intends to teach the students prescription writing and also to criticize and comment on the fixed-dose combinations (FDCs). The present study was undertaken to assess the effect of an assignment-based intervention on learning outcome of II MBBS students in the area of prescription writing and criticism-commenting on FDCs. Materials and Methods: An interventional prospective study was done pertaining to learning of prescription writing and criticism-commenting on FDCs. The participants were II MBBS students in a medical college in India. Group 1 was the 2014-15 batch (n=103), who were taught by the traditional method. Group 2 was the 2015-16 batch (n=147), who were subjected to an intervention by asking them to learn by assignment-based method. This was done by students themselves studying and writing the taught prescriptions and criticisms on FDCs in an assignment book and getting these exercises duly checked. The marks of II term-end examination in the heads of prescription writing and criticism-commenting on FDCs were compared for both the groups to assess the effect of intervention. Results: The mean scores obtained on prescription writing by Group 1 and Group 2 was 3.06±1.12 and 3.33±0.85 respectively. The mean scores obtained on criticism-commenting on FDCs were 1.9±1.04 and 2.5±1.02 respectively. Conclusion: Higher scores obtained by Group 2 suggested that the assignment-based method was found to be an effective intervention for learning prescription writing and criticism-commenting on FDCs, therefore the techniques based on self-learning would be useful to improve the learning outcomes.

65-69

Authors: Anu Grover

Back ground of the study: Childbirth is one of the most painful events that a women is likely to experience, the multidimensional aspect and intensity of which far exceeds disease conditions .Labor pain is the rhythmic pain of increasing severity and frequency due to contraction of the uterus at childbirth.1 Even though, delivery is a natural phenomenon, it has been demonstrated that the accompanying pain is considered severe or extreme in more than half of the cases. The complain about the backache is one of the most common complaints we are getting from the intranatal mothers during the labor. Over the past 20 years there has been an enormous increase in the use of complementary therapy in health care; especially within the hospice movement. The number of people using complementary therapies has seen a dramatic increase in recent years (42%-57.4%). Aims: The present study aim to know (evaluate) the effectiveness of back massage or hot application on back pain during the active phase of labor among the intranatal women admitted in Gian Sagar Medical College and Hospital, Ram Nagar, Rajpura, Patiala. Material and Methods: An evaluative approach with post test only design was used for the present study. Sample consisted of 40 intranatal women with back pain (20 hot application group and 20 back massage group), who met the inclusion & exclusion criteria. Assessment was done in terms of confirmation of back pain & intensity of pain by using NRS. Data were analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics. Result: There was a significant difference on pain score between subjects of back massage group and hot application group. Hence back massage was more effective than that of hot application. Conclusion: There was significant difference found in back massage and hot application i.e. back massage was found to be significantly more effective on back pain as compared to hot application.

74-80

Authors: Jane Situma, Brenda Ahoya

The first two years of life provide a critical window of opportunity for ensuring children’s appropriate growth and development. However, the complementary feeding period is the peak incidence of growth faltering, micronutrient deficiencies and infectious illnesses. The aim of the study was to assess the nutritional knowledge of local food vendors on complementary foods. The study was conducted in major markets of Vihiga County, Kenya using a questionnaire and observations. A total of 36 vendors were sampled from seven markets. The vendors were selling cereals, legumes, nuts, roots and tubers. The main food made from the products sold is porridge. 50% of the vendors prepare flour mixtures for sale to the clients and 77.8% of them advise their clients on preparations. Those who admitted having no knowledge of the benefits of the foods were 8.3% while 66.7% could mention the benefits of the foods they were selling. There were differences in knowledge on proportions, mixtures and preparations used by various vendors. There is need to educate consumers on updated nutrition education that gives information on nutrients and their importance while pointing out the recommended food sources