International Journal of Research and Review

9-16

Authors: Aravind C S, Sam Varkey, Binu M K, Shinaz Sadiq, Maneesha U R

Background: Acute appendicitis is a common surgical problem, with complicated appendicitis having significant post operative complications, which contribute significantly to cost of medical care. Methodology: A hospital based retrospective study was conducted in department of paediatric surgery, Thiruvananthapuram. Study population consisted of children treated with complicated appendicitis from January 2016 to June 2021. Results: The study had 30.4% surgical site soft tissue infection (SSI). There was 13.48% incidence of major complication, with laparoscopic and open appendicectomies having similar incidence even though not statistically significant. SSI was more common with appendicular abscess and post ileal appendix. Post operative intra-abdominal abscess is more common with open appendicectomy, generalised peritonitis, post ileal appendix and base/proximal perforation of appendix. Post operative adhesive intestinal obstruction was more common with laparoscopic appendicectomy, appendicular abscess and base/proximal perforation of appendix. Total hospital stay correlates significantly with duration of symptoms on presentation with mean hospital stay of 7.72 days. Conclusion: Complicated appendicitis have high incidence of post operative complications, 30.4% SSI and 13.48% serious complications like intra-abdominal collection and adhesive intestinal obstruction.

28-33

Authors: Vijay Soyal, Deval N Vora, Jinali Makwana

Introduction: Vitiligo, a depigmented skin disorder is characterized by selective loss of melanocytes, which in turn leads to pigment dilution in the affected areas of the skin. The characteristic lesion is a totally amelanotic, non scaly, chalky white macule with distinct margins. If the disease is not progressing for the past one year it is described as stable vitiligo. There are various treatment options available for the treatment of focal stable vitiligo. It can be safely treated with miniature punch grafting as well as platelet rich plasma therapy. Aims and Objectives: Aim of this study is to compare efficacy of miniature punch grafting and platelet rich plasma therapy and to evaluate the outcome of treatment of focal stable vitiligo. Materials and Methods: Total 50 patients were selected and divided into two groups. One group was treated with miniature punch grafting while the other group underwent platelet rich plasma therapy. Pre-treatment and post treatment assessment was done by VASI (Vitiligo area scoring index) score. Result: A total of 25 patients were selected for grafting. Perigraft pigmentation was evident from 3rd week of grafting steadily increasing up to the end point of record i.e 6months. 17 patients showed good response, 4 patients showed average response while 4 patients showed poor or no response at all. Out of the 25 patients taken for platelet rich plasma therapy, 7 patients showed good response, 7 patients showed average response while 11 patients showed poor or no response at all. Conclusion: Miniature punch grafting showed better response as compared to platelet rich plasma therapy but both the therapies have their pros and shortcomings.

6-13

Authors: H. M. Maishanu, M. M. Mainasara, B. L. Aliero, A. D. Isah., S. E. Ojonugwa

The effects of fire on biomass structure and productivity of herbaceous plants of the Biological Sciences Garden, Permanent site, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto (UDUS) were investigated in this study. The experimental site was divided into plots A and B. Plot A was treated with fire (burnt) and plot B was protected from fire (unburnt). The plant samples were hand-clipped in five replicates from each plot after selection by random throws of 20cm2 quadrat and their wet and dry biomass determined using an electric weighing balance. It was found that above ground biomass of the herbaceous plants in the burnt plot were higher than that in the unburnt plot. Significant differences were observed between the plant biomass of the burnt plot and unburnt plot for the interval of June to October sampling period at P<0.05. The Net Primary Production (NPP) values of the above ground biomass in the burnt plot was found to be 0.0414kg/ha compared with 0.0271kg/ha in the unburnt plot (P<0.05). The study also shows grasses and forbs vegetation cover with total count of pin hits on the plant cover as 421 and 284 for burnt plot and the unburnt plots respectively. The study has demonstrated high biomass yield in the burnt plot, indicative of better pasture. With enlightenment and proper control, fire can be used especially in designed grazing areas to provide good nutrition to livestock.

18-21

Authors: Sunil Jayant Kulkarni

Many investigators have expressed urgent need for pollution control measures which are effective and acceptable. Many harmful gases cause different health problems to human beings. Gases such as carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide and hydrogen sulphide can be removed from exhaust gases by different methods. Greenhouse gases allow shortwave radiations to pass through the earth’s atmosphere and heat the land and oceans. The long wave radiation emitted from earth surface cannot pass through atmosphere due to these greenhouse gases. This phenomenon leads to greenhouse effect. Vehicular and industrial pollution is main contributor to the greenhouse gases and global warming. Water vapor plays a very important role in energy transport by convection. Combination of solar radioactive heating and the strength of the greenhouse effect determine the surface temperature of a planet.

26-28

Authors: N. S. Neki, Gagandeep Singh Shergill, Amritpal Singh

Allopurinol is a drug used primarily to treat hyperuricemia and its complications including chronic gout. It causes DRESS (Drug Rash with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms) syndrome as a hypersensitivity reaction as a rare side effect of it. We report a case of 62 year old female presented with complaints of fever, jaundice, dyspnea, and generalized rash after 3 months of allopurinol treatment for hyperuricemia. She was diagnosed as a case of DRESS syndrome. Allopurinol treatment was stopped and steroid treatment was started. Patient was discharged after 4 weeks in a satisfactory condition.

36-41

Authors: Joanita Nakatude Wasswa, Terry Nosa Omorodion, Godwin Ovie Avwioro, Olawale Saheed Asimiyu

The use of plant medicine dates back to ancient times, the nearly all year round availability and the relatively cheaper cost of medicinal plants in sub Saharan Africa makes them more attractive as therapeutic agents when compared to the orthodox medicine. The use of herbal medicine is on the increase globally, hence the increased interest on research on herbal formulations and preparations. Some of these plants are used as condiments and ingredients in food thus referred to as local spices. One of such plants used as a local spice in Nigeria is Piper guineense traditionally called ‘Uziza’ amongst the Igbo tribe, ‘Iyere’ amongst the Yoruba tribe, ‘Etinkene’ amongst the Efik and Ibibio tribe and ‘Ebe-ahinhi akpoke’ amongst the Edo tribe. The leaves and seeds of Piper guineense were initially consumed in the Southern part of Nigeria but overtime its consumption has spread across the entire country even into neighboring countries like Benin republic, Ghana, Liberia, Cameroun amongst others Also, its incorporation in intercontinental dishes and its high demand by Nigerians in foreign countries has promoted its use in countries far and wide. The aim of this research is to detect and demonstrate any histological effect of Piper guineense leaves on the liver of Wistar rats. Specific objectives are: To assess behavioral responsiveness of Wistar rats to the leaves of Piper guineense, to detect physical variation in normal body processes/ activities, to harvest and process liver successfully, to assess histological responsiveness of the liver to the leaves of P. guineense, to determine the amount of P. guineense that causes marked histological changes, to identify and compare histological effects of P. guineense leaves when consumed at different doses. During the course of experimental feeding, it was observed that all rats in the experimental groups responded positively to Piper guineense leaves. There was increased agility, faster consumption and enhanced coordination in the rats. There was also a characteristic aggressiveness amongst certain rats in groups four (4) and five (5). At purchase, the rats weighed between 125-145g. During the acclimatization period which lasted for two (2) weeks, three rats died due to what I termed the “Helicopter Syndrome” which is characterized by loss of appetite, emaciation, weakness, dislocation of neck with head leaning to the right, consistent rolling over and vigorous twirling in circular motion during carriage.

54-75

Authors: Abraham Tsehay Jemberie

Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), a German philosopher, is considered as the father of modern ethics and one of the great philosophers in the history of philosophy. He wanted to establish firm foundation for moral philosophy. He contributed something new to modern ethics which was not attempted by earlier ethicists. He wanted to show by using reason that morality is based on a single supreme universal principle, which is binding to all rational beings. Precisely, Kant wanted to establish the first principle of morality which neglects all consideration of self-interest and even particular human problems. In the Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, Kant claimed that his intention is to seek out and establish the supreme principle of morality, and that supreme principle is the categorical imperative. He puts the supreme principle of morality or the categorical imperative in at least five ways. These are formula of universal law (FUL), formula of universal law (FLN), formula of humanity (FH), formula of humanity (FA), and formula of realm of ends (FRE). However, Kant affirms that there is one canonical and general formulation of the categorical imperative and it is the FUL. For him, the other formulas are not distinct ethical principles; rather they are the reformulations or variant formulations of the single categorical imperative. Kant put this position in his works, The Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals. So, in this paper, I will mainly concentrate on the fundamental doctrine of the Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals. As I have tried to make clear before, Kant’s aim in the Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals is to search for and establish the supreme principle of morality (i.e., categorical imperative). He attempted to do this at the end of the Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals. But, to me, the way he attempted to justify the categorical imperative is problematic. Thus, in this paper, I argue that Kant did not put the categorical imperative or morality on a solid ground.

5-9

Authors: Dr. Vandana KL, Dr. PriyankaJairaj Dalvi

Invasion of bifurcation and/or trifurcation of multi-rooted teeth are the most serious complications of periodontitis, resulting in early and frequent loss of molars than any other teeth type. The current report describes a novel approach of direct application periodontal ligament stem cells using stem cell application in periodontal regeneration technique in regeneration of furcation defect bypassing ex vivo culture. We used soft tissue harboring the periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) adherent to the root of an extracted impacted wisdom tooth along with its cementum and dentin shavings to restore the periodontal furcation defect of another molar of the same patient. The current approach resulted in improvement in clinical parameters, probing pocket depth reduction and gain in clinical attachment loss with negligible changes in gingival marginal position and clinical and radiographic improvement in furcation defect. Stem cell application in periodontal regeneration technique has emerged as a constructive avenue in treatment of periodontal furcation defects. Moreover the clinical feasibility, success and cost effectiveness over currently available techniques are encouraging.

14-18

Authors: Sunil J. Kulkarni

Wood is the most abundant non-toxic, recyclable and biodegradable natural material. The failure to control wood-destroying insects and fungi causes additional forest cutting. Wood preservation allows us to increase the service life of wood. Investigations by some researchers reveal that performance of wood preservation techniques can be changed by chemical modification of wood structure through the formation of adducts and the treatment with nano-materials. Compounds such as Acid Copper Chromate (ACC), Alkaline Copper Quaternary (ACQ), is-(N-cyclohexyldiazeniumdioxy)-copper (Cu-HDO), Borates, Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA),Chromium, Copper Azole (CA),Creosote are used as wood preservatives. Environmental concerns and increasing energy demand calls for effective wood preservation methods.

23-25

Authors: Dr. Rakesh Kumar, Dr. Bhupendra Singh, Dr.Babita, Dr. Naveen Paliwal, Dr Neelam Meena

Cystic hygroma is a benign congenital tumour without any potential to malignancy. Its incidence of 1/6000 live birth commonly located in neck region. It is commonly present in pediatric age group rather than adult. Perioperative anesthetic management of large neck mass is real challenge due to difficulty in airway and hemodynamic management. We present a 3 month old male child admitted in hospital with swelling on right side of neck (10×8×6cm) extending to floor of mouth. . Initially child was put on conservative management. Swelling increases in size lead to push the tongue towards oropharynx causes respiratory distress and hemodynamic instability so emergency surgery was planned. Patient intubated keeping on spontaneous respiration after giving premedication and sevoflurane. Perioperative fluid and blood given according to weight and blood loss. After surgery patient shifted to neonatal ICU and next day patient extubated successfully

29-36

Authors: Ritu Devi, Sunita Manhas, Suvarna Prasad, Shubhangi Sharma, Neeru Bhaskar, Shikhaa Mahajan

Metabolic syndrome is a group of disorders, interconnected factors that increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. It includes high blood pressure (hypertension), large line waistline (central obesity), dyslipidemia (increase triglyceride and low level of high density lipoprotein) and increase level of fasting blood glucose. The insulin resistance plays a paramount role in connecting the different components of metabolic syndrome and adding to the syndrome’s development. In addition increase free fatty acids, increase oxidative stress and alteration in adipokine profile in patients of metabolic syndrome.

47-55

Authors: Dr. Shweta Bulle, Dr. B.D. Bande

Background and Aims: Laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation are associated with an increase in heart rate, systemic blood pressure, pulmonary arterial pressure and capillary wedge pressures. These hemodynamic changes are well tolerated in normotensive individuals, but are of greater significance in patients with coronary artery disease and cerebrovascular disorders, and have been recognized as a potential source of a number of complications. Methods: This randomized study was done to compare and evaluate the efficacy of Lignocaine and Magnesium sulphate to attenuate the cardiovascular response to endotracheal intubation in ASA I patients. This study included 60 patients of ASA grade I aged between 15 and 45 years, scheduled for elective surgery under general anesthesia. Patients were randomized into two groups of 30 each. There was no significant difference in demographic or baseline hemodynamic variables between the two groups. Group L received i.v. Lignocaine in the dose of 1.5mg/kg 3 minutes before induction and Group M received i.v. Magnesium sulphate 40mg/kg over 1 minute just before induction. Results: We found a significant rise in heart rate in both the groups but the rise was significant in Lignocaine group as compared to Magnesium group. (p value < 0.01) There was rise in systolic blood pressure immediately after drug administration in both the groups (p value <0.05). It remained significant at 1 minute after intubation but returned to baseline at 3 minutes, which dropped below baseline at 5 minutes post intubation in group M. In group L significant rise in SBP at 1 and 3 minutes was observed which returned to baseline at 5 minutes post intubation. The rise in SBP was significantly higher in group L as compared to group M (p value <0.05). The rise in DBP was observed in both the groups upto 3 minutes after intubation (p value <0.01) which further dropped below baseline in either groups (p value < 0.05). The progressive rise was significant in group L as compared to group M (p value < 0.01) Conclusion: Magnesium sulphate provides fairly good and sustained control over rise in HR, SBP and DBP during laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation in ASA grade I patients as compared to Lignocaine.

63-67

Authors: Dr. Ghanshyam Swami, Dr. Kusum Devpura, Dr. Varun Meena, Dr. Luvdeep Dogra

Background: Febrile seizure is the most common convulsive event in children younger than 60 months and often recurs within the first twenty four hours. It has been observed that children with recurrent febrile seizure have lower serum sodium levels. Objective: To ascertain the role of serum sodium level as a predictor of seizure recurrence within the same febrile illness. Materials & Methods: 60 children admitted for febrile seizure between 6 months to 60 months were included in the study. An age and sex matched group of 60 children with fever but no convulsions were the controls. Serum sodium levels were evaluated in all children. Children with seizures were further divided in two groups based on serum sodium level into Group A with serum sodium level <135 mEq/L and Group B with serum sodium level >135 mEq/L. Both these group were followed for next 24 hour for recurrence of seizure. Results: Although we did not found any significant difference in the mean serum sodium levels between children with febrile seizures and controls (138.73 + 5.45 mEq/L & 139.73 + 4.65 mEq/L respectively) with p value >0.05 but there were significantly higher mean number of seizures (2.17 + 0.95) in cases having serum sodium level less than 135 mEq/L than cases having serum sodium level more than 135 mEq/l (1.45+ 0.82) within the case group with p value <0.01. Conclusion: Serum sodium level can assist in predicting the risk of recurrence within the same febrile episode although there appear to be no significant association of low serum sodium level and its predisposition to occurrence of initial febrile seizure episode.

73-75

Authors: Sunil Jayant Kulkarni

The treatment of solid waste can be carried out by various methods like sanitary landfill, composting and incineration. Aerobic and anaerobic digestion methods have their own advantages and disadvantages. Aerobic method needs diffusion of air through waste. Also sizeable amount of sludge is produced in aerobic method. Aerobic methods are most common in the waste treatment because of simplicity and effective treatment. The studies reveal that it is important to achieve an optimal system for processing organic waste.

7-9

Authors: Sunil J. Kulkarni

The gross domestic product (GDP) is one of the primary indicators used to measure the condition of a country's economy. It can be estimated by three methods namely output method, input method and expenditure method. The economic growth has been driven by the expansion of services that have been growing consistently faster than other sectors. FDI in I.T. sector is unavoidable phenomenon in modern economy. The government needs to have stricter control on the FDI and monitor it regularly. FDI provided a sound base for economic growth and development. A globalized economy demands efficiency in production.

14-18

Authors: Sunil J. Kulkarni

Water reuse and recycle is becoming important for conservation of water resources. Primary, secondary and tertiary treatments with physical, biological and chemical techniques are conventionally used for treatment. The physico-chemical treatments are widely used for water treatment and removal of organic matter. Use of membrane separation can be done for water purification. Many investigators have explored possibility of use of membrane separation for wastewater and domestic water treatment. The membranes are prone to contaminate and undergo fouling. The presence of natural organic matter affects the membrane performance. The current review is aimed at reviewing research and studies on membrane separation for organic matter removal.

31-48

Authors: Abdu Gambo, Seow Ta Wee, Sulzakimin Mohamed

Complaints of arms neck and shoulders (CANS) pains are common issues among the typists, secretaries, personal assistants, computer users and other related clerical activities in the governmental offices in Nigeria. This issue of work related musculo-skeletal complaints or disorders has a devastating, negative impacts on the overall workers’ output and the economy in general as a result of incessant absenteeism and loss of workers’ productivity. Previous reports have shown that, providing office ergonomic facilities which gives comfort and ease the task for the workers is not enough to tackle the epidemic of work related musculo-skeletal disorders among the workers. However, workers need to be trained and educated on the use of these ergonomic facilities, correct work postures and other issues of work place safety and health on a sustained basis. The main objective of this study is to investigate the level of office ergonomic awareness among the secretaries, typists, personal assistants, computer users and other related office activities in Katsina State Local Government offices in Nigeria, so as to make a case for effective intervention through creating ergonomic awareness as a sustainable measure towards reducing musculo-skeletal complaints among the workers. The methodology used in this study is questionnaire approach as a self-report instrument, using certain aspects of “Cornel Musculo-Skeletal Disorder Survey Questionnaire” (CMDQ), based on 5-Likert Scales opinion rating. This was followed by unobtrusive observation of the working postures of the questionnaire respondents in order to support and validate the findings of the questionnaire method. Descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation was used in analysing the questionnaire responses, using SPSS version 22. Interpretive analysis was used to interpret the observational data. The result of this study from both the questionnaire and the observation shows that, office workers in the above mentioned categories in Katsina Local Government offices in Nigeria have a poor habit of work posture as result of low level of office ergonomic awareness. It is therefore concluded that in order to tackle the problem of work related musculo-skeletal disorders among the staff of Katsina State Local Government offices, there is a strong need to create office ergonomic awareness among them for a sustainable and safe office work environment.

52-55

Authors: Kalyani Mahore, Hoogar M.B, Reeta Dhar, Atul Jain, Evith Pereira

Introduction: Epithelial cyst of spleen is infrequent and around 800 cases found published in literature till date. Case Report: The case being discussed here occurred in a male, 12 years, who presented with pain in left upper abdomen since one month associated with fever. Image screening studies with CT showed a hypoattenuating, well-defined intrasplenic lesion measuring 11x10x7 cm, with sharply demarcating splenic parenchyma. The patient had vague history having some serological examination for hydatid disease which was found to be positive of IgG antibodies for hydatid disease few months back. After total splenectomy, histopathological examination of splenic cyst showed a cystic lesion lined by flattened to attenuated cuboidal cells with focal areas of sloughing of the lining epithelium at places. Conclusion: The diagnosis of primary epithelial cyst of spleen was highly significant in the fact that hydatid cyst of spleen has serious implications for the diagnosis and outcome.

60-63

Authors: Dr. Sanchari Saha, Dr. M.B.Hoogar, Dr. D.B.Borkar, Dr. Reeta Dhar, Dr. Vaidehee Naik

Sino-nasal region is one of the most common sites of infections by various microbial agents including fungal infections. Mycoses of sinonasal region are very common, which are caused by Mucor, Aspergillus and other species including Rhinosporidium. Rhinosporidiosis and its causative organism Rhinosporidium seeberi have been known for over a hundred years, albeit various forms of clinical presentation of rhinosporidiosis still remain an enigma. Rhinosporidiosis is a rare infective chronic granulomatous lesion caused by Rhinosporidium seeberi, which is endemic in some part of Asia (India), although sporadic cases are seen in America, Europe, Africa. The lesion presents as a soft tissue polypoidalmass commonly affecting the mucous membrane of the nasopharynx, conjunctiva and palate. Rarely it can be seen in urethra. The organism is difficult to culture and the diagnosis is based on microscopy and histopathological examination of the lesion. We report a case of nasal rhinosporidiosis in a 50-year old milk man hailing from interiors of Maharashtra, India.

68-72

Authors: Shyamala. S, Arun Kumar VN, Karthi

Eye disease (ED) is a common and chronic condition, which is considered a major health concern internationally. It causes eye discomfort and pain; it limits vision and reduces quality of life. Those with dry eye are two to three times more likely to report problems with everyday activities such as reading, performing professional work, computer use, watching television, and daytime or night time driving etc. ophthalmic exercise reduces the risk of eye disease. Ophthalmic exercise is essential for the good vision of a person. However need of knowledge and attitude may lead to reduce the eye problem. proper ophthalmic exercise and adequate vision condition play a major role in reduce the eye problem with developing countries. Hence the incidence of eye disease increasing. it is mainly due to lack of awareness about importance of comprehensive eye examination, use of proper lighting, minimize glare, failure to adjust your computer display setting, failure to blink more often while working infront of computer, poor knowledge about eye exercise, computer eye wear etc and lack of knowledge regarding prevention of eye disorder.

87-91

Authors: ÜnsalTazegül

The aim of this study is to introduce the relationship between The Physically Disabled Athletes’ Positive Thinking and Their Bodies Admiration. Total 40 athletes, who has participated to the study voluntarily. Positive Thinking Scale (Pozitif Düşünme Ölçeği), of which validity and reliability has been done by Akın and his friends in 2015 and Body Admiration Scaleng Scale (Bedeni Beğenme Ölçeği), of which validty and reliability has been done by Anlı and his friends in 2015, have been used as data collection tool in this study. SPSS 20 Packet Programme has been used for analysing the collected datas. “Kolmogorov-Smirnov” single sample test has been applied to learn whether the datas have a normal distribution or not. “Anova-Homogenety of Variance” Test has been applied to detect the datas homogeneity and It has been found out that Datas have normal and homogeneous distribution. Descriptive Statistic and Persoan Correlation Analysis have been applied for analysing the datas. At the end of the correlation analysis, It has been detected that there is a positivewaycorrelationbetweenpositivethinkingandpsychologicaldurability.

99-102

Authors: Dr. Evith Pereira, Dr. Shilpi Sahu, Dr. Manisha Tambekar, Dr.Reeta Dhar, Dr. Kalyani Mahore

Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans (DFSP) is a relatively uncommon soft tissue neoplasm with intermediate to low grade malignancy which rarely metastasizes but has a higher proclivity for local recurrence. The myxoid variant of DFSP is rare which often presents with diagnostic challenge clinically and histopathologically. We herein report a highly recurrent, locally aggressive DFSP that failed twice surgically and was diagnosed as myxoid variant of DFSP on histopathology and immunohistochemically.

109-113

Authors: Akash Raj D P, Mahesh T M

The paper was aimed to assess the food experience and food security in tribal areas of Mysuru district. Three taluks of the Mysuru district were selected for the study; H D Kote, Periyapatna and Hunsur. Primary survey of 500 households was carried with the set of different questions such as: a) household cannot afford balanced meals, b) food purchased does not last and no money for more food, c) household cuts meal size, d) household skips meal and e) one or more family members remain hungry all the day or night. Food security was assessed by set of questions like; a) Entitlement provided by FPS is enough or not; b) only a single meal in a day; c) households eat meals without vegetable, d) cereals, pulses and vegetables are not always available, e) members get less than the amount satisfying hunger. The survey revealed that 64.8% households often do not afford balanced meals; 53.6% of the households do not have money for more food to purchase and the purchased food does not last long; 70% of the population cuts meal size, 51% population skip meals and the 44% of the families have members hungry all day or night. The survey revealed that selected tribes experience inadequate food in their day to day life and hence causes severe food insecurity.

126-135

Authors: Ume, S I, Ezeano, C I, Nwaneri, T.C, Eluagu, C

Economics of rabbit production in IVO Local Government Area of Ebonyi State, Nigeria was studied using sixty farmers that were randomly selected using multi stage random sampling technique. Percentage response, Net farm income and ordinary least square regression analyses were used to address the objectives of the study. The result showed that 78.33% of the respondents were male farmers, while the females accounted for 21.67% . In addition, 61.7% of the respondents were below the age of 41years, while 21.67% were above 41 years. 76% of the sampled farmers were married and 15% were single. Furthermore, 83.3% of the respondents were educated, while 8.3% had no formal education. Majority of the rabbit farmers (93.3%) had rearing experience of below 11 years and 6.7% had above 11 years. The determinant factors to rabbit farmers’ output were rearing experience, flock size and feed consumed Result of cost and returns showed that pig production is a profitable venture with net farm income of N10, 500 and return to scale of 1.089. The major constraints to rabbit production in the study area were lack of capital, feed and feeding, diseases problem and marketing problem. The study recommended on the need to increase farmers’ access to credit facilities, good marketing structure and accessibility to improved rabbit breed.

6-11

Authors: Sunil J. Kulkarni

Water scarcity is a major problem faced by the world. Increasing demand of water because of growing population and rapid industrialization is unavoidable. Proper and sensible use of available water resources and recycling of water in domestic and industrial applications can help to reduce water demand. Rainwater harvesting (RWH) can solve the water problem to considerable extent. Roof top RWH in domestic household structure can fulfill more than 50 percent water demand. The educational and business complexes are also implementing RWH successfully. It is envisaged to make the RWH technologies more effective and economical. Many times initial investment becomes limiting factor in adopting RWH technology. So technological up gradation and awareness among people based on long term benefits of RWH can drive more people to adopt RWH. The current review summarizes research, studies and surveys carried out to study, analyze and implement RWH.

16-20

Authors: Sunil J. Kulkarni

Chemical process industry is evolving day by day. One of the key aspects of processes is optimization and process control. Various control objectives such as optimizing temperature, pressure, conversion, flow, level are met by using different types of control systems. Feedback, feed forward and combination act as a control strategy. Various control systems such as proportional (P), proportional integral (PI), and proportional integral derivative control systems can be used according to requirements. Nowadays Fuzzy logic control system is considered promising in many applications because of its advantages. The current review summarizes research and studies on control systems in chemical industries.

30-34

Authors: Akanksha Mathur, Nimit Goswami, Prashant Shah, Niyati Trivedi

Objective: Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are inevitable consequences of drug therapy as no pharmacotherapeutic agent is completely free from noxious and unintended effects. However, ADR reporting in India is inadequate. Developing awareness in patients and healthcare professionals (HCPs) will help in reducing the ADRs, its suffering and socioeconomic impact. Hence, the present study was carried out in various clinical departments of a tertiary care teaching hospital with the main objective to assess the ADR patterns in outpatient and inpatient of the hospital and also to assess the causality, severity, and preventability of these ADRs. Materials and Methods: A prospective study was conducted over 2 years. Spontaneous type of reporting method was used. The WHO definition of ADR was adopted. All the patients reported to have ADR were included in the study. The study plan included analysis and assessment of spectrum of ADRs reported based on causality, severity and preventability factors. Results: A total of 225 ADRs were reported and evaluated. 55.11% were males and 44.88% females. The most common drug group causing ADRs was antitubercular (26.66%) followed by antibacterial (23.11%) and antiepileptic agents (17.33%). Skin (45.77%) was the most common organ system involved followed by central nervous system (19.11%) and gastrointestinal system (10.22%).As per WHO causality assessment, 50.66% of ADRs were possible and 48.88% were probable. Conclusion: The clinical spectrum of ADRs ranged from the more common mild reactions to life threatening reactions and disability. The predominant causative drug was antitubercular agents. The majority of ADRs were possible in causality assessment, mild in severity and not preventable.

40-42

Authors: Bashir B. M, Saddiku M. S, S. P Agbo, S. A Maiyaki, A. M Koko

Adenomatous Polyposis is a rare disease in Africa, it occur more common in developed countries. The most common symptoms are bloody rectal drainage, abdominal pains, and diarrhea which can mimic other intestinal conditions. Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP) is pre-cancerous with 100% risk of malignancy. It requires early detection and treatment. We are reporting an interesting case of a young woman presenting with chronic diarrhea, and was diagnosed to have Adenomatous Polyposis.

46-53

Authors: Shweta Malhotra, Roselin P

Approximately 700 million tons of organic waste such as food waste, livestock manure, vegetable waste and wastewater sludge is produced in India each year. Only 0.5% of these wastes are appropriated as inputs for various processes while the rest is regarded as landfills or dumped. Laccases are multicopper enzymes belonging to the group of blue oxidases. Laccase is widely distributed in higher plants and fungi isolated from soil litter, humus and wood. Potato dextrose media and standard media were used for the production of laccase and the same were incorporated with bio-waste- cauliflower waste and wood apple waste. The production was carried out at 120rpm at 280C for 5 days. The concentration of protein, enzyme activity and % dye decolorization was measured. From this study we can conclude that media incorporated with bio-waste form potential substrates for production of laccases. Out of the two bio wastes used cauliflower waste and wood apple waste, media incorporated with cauliflower waste showed maximum concentration of protein, enzyme activity and % decolorization of dye. Media incorporated with both cauliflower waste and wood apple waste also showed a fairly good amount of protein, enzyme activity and % dye decolorization. The process with optimized fermentation parameters could be used for scaling up of the process to a pilot scale or commercial fermenter level.

58-64

Authors: Moumita Dey, Shaikat Chandra Dey

This review shows that deficiency of Calcium (Ca) and vitamin D is prevalent in Bangladesh. During the past two decades, rickets has been considered as a public health problem in Bangladesh with 8%of children clinically affected in some areas. In Bangladesh rickets occurs mainly due to the deficiency of Ca and literature survey has proved that Ca supplement is capable of reducing the severity of this disease. The female population of Bangladesh have been found to be vulnerable to low bone density, osteopenia, hypovitaminosis D etc. due to the deficiencies of these two essential micronutrients. Low dietary intake of Ca and vitamin D, lifestyle, clothing, use of sunscreens, home-bound nature of female population has contributed to the deficiency situation. Hypovitaminosis D has been found as a common phenomenon in female population.