Journal of Coastal Life Medicine

762-768

Authors: Elaheh Amini, Mohammad Nabiuni, Javad Baharara, Kazem Parivar, Javad Asili

Objective: To isolate and characterize the saponin from Persian Gulf brittle star (Ophiocoma erinaceus) and to evaluate its hemolytic and cytotoxic potential. Methods: In an attempt to prepare saponin from brittle star, collected samples were minced and extracted with ethanol, dichloromethane, n-buthanol. Then, concentrated n-butanol extract were loaded on HP-20 resin and washed with dionized water, 80% ethanol and 100% ethanol respectively. Subsequently, detection of saponin was performed by foaming property, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and hemolytic analysis on thin layer chromatography. The cytotoxic activity on HeLa cells was evaluated through 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5- diphenyltetrazoliumbromide (MTT) assay and under invert microscopy. Results: The existence of saponin in Ophiocoma erinaceus were approved by phytochemical method. The presence of C-H bond, C-O-C and OH in fourier transform infrared spectrum of fraction 80% ethanol is characteristic feature in the many of saponin compounds. Hemolytic assay revealed HD 50 value was 500 µg/mL. MTT assay exhibited that saponin extracted in IC50 value of 25 µg/mL inducsd potent cytotoxic activity against HeLa cells in 24 h and 12.5 µg/mL in 48 h, meanwhile in lower concentration did not have considerable effect against HeLa cells. Conclusions: These findings showed that only 80% ethanol fraction Persian Gulf brittle star contained saponin like compounds with hemolytic activity which can be detected simply by phytochemical that can be appreciable for future anticancer research.

773-783

Authors: Karuppiah Nanthini devi, Thipramalai Thankappan Ajith Kumar, Thangavel Balasubramanian

Objective: To screen seaweed Sargassum wightii (S. wightii) for bioactive natural substance against marine ornamental fish bacterial pathogens, and also study the antioxidant properties, brine shrimp toxicity effect. Methods: Crude extract was made using three solvents (acetone, ethanol and methanol) and screened for antibacterial activity and purified by column chromatography, purified fractions obtained were tested for the activity. The 1st fraction of acetone extract showed maximum activity, this was again subjected for purification and obtained three sub-fractions also tested for the activity. Total phenols and flavonoid contents, reducing power, free radical scavenging activities (DPPH and H2O2) and brine shrimp toxicity were also studied using purified acetone extract followed by standard methods. Results: The purified acetone extract showed maximum activity against eight pathogens among ten. GC-MS results revealed two major compounds such as 24-methylene cholesterol (79.9%) and methyl oleate (30.3%) which presented in higher percentage in purified extract and had highest phenols and flavonoid contents, reducing power, free radical scavenging activities, and also showed less toxicity effect. In he present study, the purified extract of S. wightii had potential antibacterial activity against Aeromonas hydrophila [(22.25依0.35) mm] and minimum activity against Streptococcus sp. [(10.00依0.00) mm]. The purified extract of S. wightii also had potential total antioxidant activity of (3.87依0.04) µg at 100 µg/mL concentration and the lowest activity was exhibited (1.52依0.01) µg at 25 µg/mL. Conclusions: The present study concluded that the brown seaweed, S. wightii has potential antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, which can be used in aquaculture industry for treated bacterial diseases in infected fishes.

791-798

Authors: Emiliano Felici, Alicia Molina, Cesar Almeida, Martin Fernández Baldo, Fanny Zirulnik, María Roxana Gomez

Objective: To analyze the effect of Cadmium (Cd) on the metabolism of reduced glutathione (GSH) in roots and leaves of Glycine max L. Methods: A capillary electrophoresis methodology was optimized to determinate simultaneously GSH and reduced and oxidized GSH in a precise and accurate way. The functional role of the genes involved in GSH cellular metabolism (γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase), GSH synthetase and glutathione reductase (GR) was evaluated. Finally, the activities of antioxidant enzymes as GR and superoxide dismutases were determinate. Results: The studies of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase and GSH synthetase gene expression showed an increase and GR showed a decrease in Cd-treated plants. GR and superoxide dismutases activities increased at 24 h and 6 h respectively in roots under Cd exposure. GSH content was higher and showed a significant increase in roots and leaves at 6 h and 24 h of treatment. Conclusions: The results of the present study showed a better understanding in signaling pathway by alterations in antioxidant mechanisms by Cd in soybean seedlings.

805-810

Authors: Mohammad Amzad Hossain, Aqeela Said Hamed AL Orimi, AfafMohammed Weli, Qasim Al-Riyami, Jamal Nasser AlSabahi

Objective: To determine free radical scavenging activity and active chemical ingredients of different plant crude extracts of Mentha piperita (M. piperita). Methods: The dried powder leaves of M. piperita were extracted with polar organic solvent by Soxhlet extractor. The crude extract and its fractions of hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and butanol crude extracts were prepared. The antioxidant activity of different crude extracts from M. piperita was carried out by DPPH method with minor modification, and the active chemical ingredients of different plant crude extracts of M. piperita were analyzed by gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results: Qualitative analysis of different polarities crude extracts by GC-MS found different types of active organic compounds. The antioxidant activity of different crude extracts were found to be in the order of chloroform extract> butanol extract> ethyl acetate extract> hexane extract> methanol extract. Majority identified compounds in the plant crude extracts by GC-MS were biologically active. Conclusions: Therefore, the isolation, purification, identification and characterization of bioactive compounds from various crude extracts of M. piperita might have ecological significance.

817-823

Authors: Amira Taman, Samar El-Beshbishi, Nora El-Tantawy, Amira El-Hawary, Manar Azab

Objective: To evaluate the effect of ivermectin on mice experimentally infected with Schistosoma mansoni. Methods: Ivermectin was given to mice 42 days p.o. in two treatment regimens: a single dose of 25 mg/kg or the same dose for two consecutive days. Results: In both regimens, there were significant reductions in female worms, hepatic tissue egg count and early immature ova, in addition to significant reductions in the count and size of hepatic granuloma. The same dose for two consecutive days resulted in significant reductions in male, total worms, and intestinal tissue egg load. In both regimens, scanning electron microscopy revealed tegumental alternations as bleb formation, erosion and necrosis more evident with the double dose. In addition, high dose showed extensive erosions of male worms with destruction of the gynaecophoric canal. In females, marked destruction of the tegumental surface was extending to both ventral and oral suckers. Conclusions: Ivermectin has promising anti-schistosomal effects. However, further research is needed to test the effect of ivermectin on schistosomiasis especially in combination with other antischistosomal agents, to avoid any possible resistance from monotherapy.

826-840

Authors: Mahendra S. Khyade, Nityanand P. Vaikos

Different parts of Wrightia tinctoria R. Br. (Apocynaceae) (W. tinctoria), have been extensively used in Indian systems of medicine such as Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani for the treatment of jaundice, malaria, psoriasis and many other ailments. The present review has been primed to describe the existing data on the information on the traditional uses, botany, pharmacognosy, phytochemical constituents, pharmacological activities and toxicology of W. tinctoria. The information was gathered via electronic search (using Google Scholar, NOPR, Pubmed, Elsevier, Medline Plus and Web of Science) and library search for the books on traditional medicine as well as the articles published in peer-reviewed journals. The plant is rich in compounds containing alkaloids, saponins, indoxy yielding O-glycoside(s), phenolics, flavonoids, isatin tryptanthrin, anthranillate, rutin, β-isatin, tryptophan, indigotin, indirubin, wrightial and sterols. The vast number of literature found in database revealed that the extracts of different parts of W. tinctoria showed significant pharmacological actions. Clinical studies indicated a broad range of applications in the treatment of psoriasis and other skin diseases. We suggest that there is a need for further investigations to isolate active principles that confer pharmacological action. Therefore, identification of such active compound is useful for producing safer drugs in the treatments of various ailments.