Journal of Coastal Life Medicine

617-624

Authors: Liliana Noemi S ánchez Campos, Fernando D íaz Herrera, Ana Denisse Re Araujo, Ricardo Alberto Gonzalez S ánchez, Marcial Leonardo Lizárraga Partida, Manuel de Jes ús Acosta Ruiz, Alexei Fedorovish Licea Navarro

Objective: To examine the immune responses of Litopenaeus vannamei after different treatments with a hot water extract of Macrocystis pyrifera (M. pyrifera) and a subsequent challenge with Vibrio campbellii (V. campbellii). Methods: A total of 184 adult white shrimp that were infected with V. campbellii (1伊106 CFU/ shrimp) were immunostimulate by the hot-water extract from M. pyrifera via either injection (10 µg) or immersion (350 mg/L), the experimental controls were injected with either saline solution or V. campbellii (1伊106 CFU/shrimp). The bacterial DNA depuration rate, antimicrobial activity and total hemocyte count were evaluated in hemolymph samples at 2, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h postinfection. Results: Injected shrimp (10 µg M. pyrifera extract) demonstrated the best clearance of bacterial infection, with 82% survival at 72 h post-infection (cellular response). Hemolymph from the immersed organisms had the best antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli growth; specifically, the most efficient antimicrobial activity was observed at 24 h post-infection. Both types of immunostimulated shrimp had similar total hemocyte counts at 24 h post-infection (1.63- 1.59 million/mL); however, after 72 h, injected shrimp had higher total hemocyte counts than immersed animals (2.59 v.s. 0.56 million/mL). Conclusions: The injection of the M. pyrifera hot-water extract facilitated a more efficient response to V. campbellii infection due to the stimulation of the hemocytes of the shrimp. In other words, the cellular immune response was more efficient to eliminate bacterial infection than the humoral response in shrimp.

679-683

Authors: Alexander Vdovin, Dmitry Antonenko

Objective: To determine the correlation between fat content and features of generative growth of arabesque greenling Pleurogrammus azonus. Methods: The samples were collected by bottom trawl during trawl surveys of research vessel MRS-055 conducted by TINRO-Center in Peter the Great Bay (Sea of Japan). A total of 332 individuals of arabesque greenling were analyzed. Fat content was determined by the standard method of extraction by sulfuric ether from the dry rest. Results: The most part of deposit fat of arabesque greenling is concentrated in muscles and hypodermis: 86.2%-97.0% (mean value 92.3%) of the total deposited fat mass. The liver fat was 1.1%-7.7% (mean value 4.8%) and the internal fat was 0.9%-5.2% (mean value 2.8%) of the total mass. Decreasing of the muscles fat was observed at sudden changes of qualitative and quantitative characteristics of sexual products, and for immature fish the relation between accumulation of fat in muscles and generative growth was not found. Conclusions: Dynamics of fat in liver corresponds closely with the processes of generative growth, and increasing of gonads weight causes decreasing of liver fat content, both for mature and immature fish.

689-693

Authors: Cumhur Avşar, İsmet Berber

Objective: To investigate plasmid DNA profiles and the antibiotic resistance of a total of 41 strains of Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolated from seawater and mussel collected from 15 different sampling stations in Sinop, Turkey. Methods: Most probable number technique was used for detection of E. coli. Antibiotic susceptibilities of the isolates were determined by the disc diffusion method. Plasmid DNA of the strains was extracted by the alkaline lyses procedure. Results: According to morphological and physiological properties, it was determined that the isolates belonged to E. coli species. Antibiotic susceptibility of the strains was determined against seven standard drugs using disc diffusion method. All isolates were resistant to bacitracin (100%), novobiocin (100%), ampicillin (12.5%), tetracycline (7.5%), ceftazidime (5%) and imipenem (2.5%), respectively, whereas the strains were susceptible to polymyxin B (100%). The multiple antibiotic resistance values for the strains were found in range from 0.28 to 0.57. In addition, plasmid DNA analyses results confirmed that 22 strains harbored a single or more than two plasmids sized approximately between 24.500 to 1.618 bp. The high-size plasmid (14.700 bp) was observed as common in 21 of all strains. Conclusions: As a result, our study indicated that the presence of antibiotic resistant E. coli strains in seawater and mussel might be potential risk for public health issue.

699-703

Authors: Mohammad Amzad Hossain, Tahiya Hilal Ali Alabri, Amira Hamood Salim Al Musalami, Md. Sohail Akhtar, Sadri Said

Objective: To select best extraction method for the isolated antioxidant compounds from the stems of Adenium obesum. Methods: Two methods used for the extraction are Soxhlet and maceration methods. Methanol solvent was used for both extraction method. The methanol crude extract was defatted with water and extracted successively with hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and butanol solvents. The antioxidant potential for all crude extracts were determined by using 1, 1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl method. Results: The percentage of extraction yield by Soxhlet method is higher compared to maceration method. The antioxidant potential for methanol and its derived fractions by Soxhlet extractor method was highest in ethyl acetate and lowest in hexane crude extracts and found in the order of ethyl acetate>butanol>water>chloroform>methanol>hexane. However, the antioxidant potential for methanol and its derived fractions by maceration method was highest in butanol and lowest in hexane followed in the order of butanol>methanol>chloroform>water>ethyl acetate>hexane. Conclusions: The results showed that isolate antioxidant compounds effected on the extraction method and condition of extraction.

714-720

Authors: Rahat Ejaz, Usman A. Ashfaq, Sobia Idrees

Objective: To determine resistance patterns of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) isolated from different areas of Pakistan and to identify antimicrobial agents against multi-drug resistant S. aureus strains. Methods: A total of 67 samples (sewerage, nasal and milk) were collected from different farm areas of Pakistan to identify local strains of S. aureus. Sixteen out of 67 samples were positive for S. aureus. Only 6 out of 16 S. aureus strains showed resistance to antibiotics. Then the antibacterial effect of 29 medicinal plants was evaluated on these S. aureus isolates and a standard S. aureus strain ATCC 25923. The solvents used for the extraction of plants were acetone, dimethyl sulfoxide and methanol. The in vitro antibacterial activity was performed using agar disc diffusion method. Moreover, minimum inhibitory concentration of effective medicinal plant extracts was identified through micro-dilution method to find out their 50% inhibitory concentration. Results: Plant extracts of 5 medicinal plants (Psidium guajava, Nigella sativa, Piper nigrum, Valeriana jatamansi, and Cucurbita pepo) exhibited antibacterial activity against locally isolated multidrug resistant strains of S. aureus. The minimum inhibitory concentration of these extracts was ranged from 0.328 to 5.000 mg/mL. Conclusions: Plant extracts of Psidium guajava, Piper nigrum seed, Valeriana jatamansi, Cucurbita pepo and Nigella sativa showed significant in vitro antibacterial activity and thus, such findings may serve as valuable contribution in the treatment of infection and may contribute to the development of potential antimicrobial agents against multi drug resistant strains of S. aureus.

727-731

Authors: Mohan Rajeswary, Marimuthu Govindarajan

Objective: To evaluate the adulticidal activity and toxicity of different solvent crude extracts of Delonix elata (D. elata) against filariasis vector mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus (Cx. quinquefasciatus). Methods: The adulticidal activities of crude hexane, benzene, ethyl acetate, chloroform and methanol leaf and seed extracts of D. elata were assayed for their toxicity against vector mosquito Cx. quinquefasciatus. Bioassay was carried out by WHO method for determination of adulticidal activity against mosquitoes. The adult mortality was observed after 24 h of exposure. Results: All extracts showed moderate adulticidal effects; however, the highest adult mortality was found in methanol extract of D. elata leaf against the adults of Cx. quinquefasciatus with the LC 50 and LC90 values at 197.28 and 347.45mg/L, respectively. Conclusions: These results suggest that the leaf solvent plant extracts have the potential to be used as an ideal eco-friendly approach for the control of mosquitoes. This study provides first report on the mosquito adulticidal activity of D. elata plant extracts against filariasis vector mosquito, Cx. quinquefasciatus.

738-745

Authors: Devaraj Ezhilarasan, Etienne Sokal, Sivanesan Karthikeyan, Mustapha Najimi

Hepatic fibrosis occurs as a wound-healing process after several forms of chronic hepatic injury. Activation and proliferation of hepatic stellate cells play pivotal role in the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis. Many researchers, from the therapeutic perspective, have focused their attention on searching for novel agents with inhibitory effects on hepatic stellate cells proliferation and activation to prevent hepatic fibrogenesis and a number of plant derived antioxidants have been tested as anti-fibrogenic agents, they generally suppress proliferation and collagen synthesis. Plants remain an imperative source of novel drugs, novel drug leads and new chemical entities. The plant based drug discovery resulted primarily in the development of antioxidant, anticancer and other anti-infectious agents and continues to contribute to the new leads in clinical trials. This review summarizes some of those most important plant derived anti-fibrotic drugs and their beneficial effects on experimentally induced hepatic fibrosis in vitro and in vivo. The plant derived antioxidant compounds described herein are curcumin, silymarin, silibinin, baicalein, resveratrol, salvianolic acids, tetrandine, quercetin and berberine. Studies from ours and as demonstrated by pervious workers much information has been accumulated over the past two decades through in vivo and in vitro. In light of those studies, it has been confirmed that plants derived antioxidants, particularly flavanoids, show a significant influence to block hepatic fibrosis regardless of any etiology. This review outlines recent progress in the use of plant derived drugs against experimentally induced liver fibrosis by in vitro and in vivo studies and summarizes the possible mechanisms anti-fibrotic effects of these compounds.