Journal of Coastal Life Medicine

259-263

Authors: Syed Ariful Haque, Md. Shaheed Reza, Md. Rajib Sharker, Md. Mokhlasur Rahman, Md. Ariful Islam

Objective: To observe the effectiveness of most widely used antibiotic, oxytetracycline (OTC) in reducing the bacterial load in rohu fish under artificial culture condition in the laboratory. Methods: The experiment was conducted in the Faculty Fisheries, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202. The fish were reared in 8 aquaria where fish in 5 aquaria were used for replication of the treatment (experimental group) and fish in remaining 3 aquaria were considered as a control (Control group). OTC was fed to the fish in the experimental aquarium at the rate of 2 g/kg through diet twice daily whereas fish reared under control condition was given feed without antibiotic for 20 d and bacterial content in the aquarium water, gills, skin and intestine of fish were estimated at every alternative day after onset of the experiment. Results: Rearing the fish with OTC treated feed resulted in gradual decrease of bacterial load in the aquarium water, gills, intestine and skin of the fish whereas the content remain unchanged or little increased in the control group. Water quality parameters such as dissolved oxygen, pH and total hardness were within the suitable range in the experimental aquarium but not in control aquaria throughout the experimental period. Conclusions: These results suggest that OTC could be a potential antibiotic to reduce the bacterial load in fish and can be used commercially for maintaining the fish health in aquarium conditions.

270-273

Authors: Milena Polifrone, Miquel Rosell-Fieschi

Objective: To monitor the distribution of Cymodocea nodosa (Ucria) Ascherson in Las Canteras Beach (Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain), comparing the status in 2005 with the distribution observed in 1985 and 1995. Methods: Field observations by selfcontained underwater breathing apparatus diving records and cartographic report. Results: The seagrass meadow originally distributed between the beach and a bar of volcanic rocks, which sheltered it from the strong north-east winds and swells. Since 1985 a gradual reduction of its extent has been observed and more than 80% of the original canopy disappeared in twenty years time, mostly due to the anthropogenic impact and modification of the sedimentary dynamics of the beach. Conclusions: The degradation of this seagrass meadow determinates the loss of the only meadow in the north of the island of Gran Canaria and the absence of a management plan for its conservation.

281-286

Authors: Kumaran Subramanian, Deivasigamani Balaraman, Dhayanithi Nagarajan Balachandran3, Rajasekar Thirunavukarasu, Suresh Gopal, Pugazhvendan Sampath Renuka, Alagappan Kumarappan

Objective: To analyse experimental infection and immune system of shrimp (Penaeus monodon) against Vibrios furnissii (V. furnissii). Methods: Experimental animals were collected and acclimatized by maintaining specific temperature, pH and salinity to avoid mortality. Shrimps were experimentally infected with V. furnissii and their immune responses were monitored. After the infection all the shrimps were monitored for any symptoms, death rate in 0, 12, 24, 36, 48 h. Then haemolymph were collected and tetrahydrocannabinol, phenol oxidase, nitroblue tetrazolium and lysozyme were monitored in every 12 h at the interval of 48 h. Results: Shrimps infected by live V. furnissii had showed gradual increase in tetrahydrocannabinol, phenol oxidase activity, nitro-blue-tetrazolium and lysozyme activity comparing with the killed and control. Conclusions: The live V. furnissii had showed infection in the shrimp immune system. The live V. furnissii shows infection in experimental shrimps comparing with killed V. furnissii. So the V. furnissii in nature cause the infection in shrimp Penaeus monodon immune system. This report could be applied to control of the infection in shrimp hatchery.

297-301

Authors: Shirin Forouzan, Amir Rahimirad, Roya Seyedkhoei, Jafar Asadzadeh, Mahmoud Bahmani

Objective: To monitor antibiotic residues in pasteurized milk in West Azerbaijan province, North West of Iran. Methods: In this study, 848 pasteurized milk samples were collected from factories and tested for the presence of antibiotic residues using the Copan test kit based on the manufacturer’s instructions. Results: Results indicated that 30.14% of samples were contaminated with a variety of antibiotics based on the detection of associated residues and 3.19% of these samples were suspected. Given the current rise of antimicrobial resistance among microbial pathogens, these findings amplify the need to ensure continuous monitoring of pasteurized milk that intended for human consumption. Conclusions: Continuous monitoring of pasteurized milk may improve human health but also limit the development and transmission of antibiotic resistant strains in the environment.

308-312

Authors: Govindarajan Marimuthu, Rajeswary Mohan

Objective: To assess the larvicidal and ovicidal potential of the crude hexane, benzene, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol solvent extracts from the medicinal plant, Pithecellobium dulce (P. dulce) against filariasis vector mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus (Cx. quinquefasciatus). Methods: Twenty five early third instar larvae of Cx. quinquefasciatus were exposed to various concentrations and were assayed in the laboratory by using the protocol of WHO (2005). The larval mortality was observed after 24 h of treatment. The ovicidal activity was determined against Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquito eggs to various concentrations ranging from 100-750 mg/L under the laboratory conditions. Results: The methanol extract of the leaves and seed of P. dulce was the most effective against the larvae with LC 50 and LC90 values 164.12 mg/L, 214.29 mg/L, 289.34 mg/L and 410.18 mg/L being observed after 24 h of exposure. The efficacy of methanol was followed by that of the ethyl acetate, chloroform, benzene and hexane extracts. The mean percent hatchability of the egg rafts were observed after 48 h of treatment. About 100% mortality was observed at 500 mg/L for leaf and 750 mg/L for seed methanol extracts of P. dulce. Conclusions: From the results, it can be concluded that the larvicidal and ovicidal effect of P. dulce against Cx. quinquefasciatus make this plant product promising as an alternative to synthetic insecticide in mosquito control programs.

319-323

Authors: Rohollah Dehghani, Hamid kassiri, Narges Mehrzad, Nilofar Ghasemi

Objective: To investigate the status of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) during 2008 through 2012 in Badrood City. Methods: This is a descriptive-analytical study that was conducted during 2008-2012. The statistical population consisted of all patients, who were under treatment and follow up with the diagnosis of CL through laboratory confirmation (amastigotes view in the lesion smear) and clinical symptoms. The impression smears were prepared from the sides of ulcers of all patients by scraping; then, they were fixed in methanol, stained by standard Geimsa method, and observed exactly under the microscope. For this purpose, a researcher-made questionnaire was completed; after extracting the information, the results were analyzed using the SPSS version 17. Results: Among the number of 499 patients studied, 297 cases (59.5%) were male and the 202 cases (40.4%) were female. Slides prepared from the lesions of these patients had a Leishmania parasite with large vacuole (the features of Leishmania major). The highest cases of disease were related to the year 2012 with 190 patients, and later 2010, 2009, 2008, and 2011 respectively had the highest cases. In total, 26 patients (5.2%) have had the disease history. The highest incidence of the disease was respectively in the months of September (143 cases), August (112 cases) and October (106 cases). The most ulcers (38.08%) were observed on the hand; then the foot and face had the maximum number of the ulcer. Also, in most patients (53.9%) over an ulcer were observed. Conclusions: The results of this study showed an increase in the prevalence of CL during the years 2008 to 2012. It can be said that the main reason for this increase is people's lack of awareness of the disease transmission method. The increased disease process can be controlled through education and appropriate prevention methods.

332-336

Authors: Satinder Kakar, Ramandeep Singh, Alok Semwal

Area of drug delivery is vast, and various advances have been made in the medical field. Besides the versatility in the dosage forms, various orders for the drug release are known, which includes zero order, first order, Higuchi model, Hixon Crowell model and Korsmeyer Peppas model. In vitro dissolution is recognized as an important element in the development of drug. The nature of the drug such as its shape, crystallinity, particle size and solubility reflects the kinetics of the drug. Various models are used to study the dissolution profiles of the new drug substances. Qualitative and quantitative changes in the drug alters the drug release and performance that is action of drug in the body, which is in vivo performance. Various model dependent methods and model independent methods have been taken into consideration for studying the drug release kinetics.