Journal of Coastal Life Medicine

253-258

Authors: Md. Yeamin Hossain, Md. Foyzul Hassan Fahad, Md. Mosaddequr Rahman, Nipa Chaki, Saleha Jasmine, Zoarder Faruque Ahmed, Jun Ohtomi

Objective: To investigate biometrics of the Rhinomugil corsula (Hamilton, 1822) (R. corsula), including length-weight relationships (LWRs), condition factors (Allometric, KA; Fulton’s, KF; Relative, KR; Relative weight, WR), and sex ratio and length-frequency distributions in the Ganges (Padma River), Northwestern Bangladesh. Methods: Monthly sampling was conducted using traditional fishing gears during June to August 2012. Total length was measured to the nearest 0.01 cm using digital slide calipers, and total body weight was measured using an electronic balance with 0.01 g accuracy. The LWR was calculated using the expression: W= a×Lb , where the W is the body weight , L is the total length , a and b are the parameters of the regression. Results: A total of 350 specimens ranging from 8.59-15.71 cm in total length and 9.57-32.59 g in body weight were analyzed during this study. The overall sex ratio was not significantly different from the expected value of 1:1 (χ2 =2.57, P>0.05), but there was significant difference in the length-frequency distributions between the sexes (P=0.03). The allometric coefficient b for the LWR indicated negative allometric growth (b≈3.00) in males, female and combined sexes. Results further indicated that KF was not significantly different between the sexes (P=0.57). However, the mean WR of R. corsula showed significant differences from 100 for males (P=0.03) and females (P<0.001) in this study, indicating the imbalance habitat with food availability relative to the presence of predators. Conclusions: This study reported the first description of biometric relationships for R. corsula, which would be useful for the sustainable conservation of this rear fishery in Bangladesh and also neighboring countries.

265-272

Authors: Leesa Priyadarsani, Thangapalam Jawahar Abraham

Objective: To study the ecology of antibiotic resistant bacteria with emphasis on sucrose negative vibrios in water and sediments samples of traditional shrimp farming system (bhery) in West Bengal, India. Methods: The vibrios were isolated from traditional shrimp farm samples on thiosulphate citrate bile salt sucrose agar and sucrose negative bacterial strains were used as biomarkers to assess the frequency of antibiotic resistance. Results: The incoming water brought presumptive vibrios ranging from 5.50×10 1 to 1.00×10 3 mL in to the bhery, and there appeared to build up vibrios in the culture system with days of culture, as there was about 9 fold increase in vibrios. The levels of vibrios were observed to be moderately higher in outlet water and ranged between 4.15×10 2 and 4.15×10 3 mL. The counts of vibrios in pond sediment was found to be 1.00×10 2 –4.90×10 3 g; while in inlet (2.00×10 2 –4.20×10 4 g) and outlet (3.00×10 2 –6.85×10 3 g) their levels were observed to be higher than the pond sediment. Thirteen different Vibrio species were encountered in traditional shrimp culture system and all vibrios were sensitive to chloramphenicol, followed by ciprofloxacin and gatifloxacin (98.24%), gentamicin (95.61%) and other antibiotics. The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR), i.e., resistance to at least two antibiotics, was noticed among 43.85% of the sucrose negative vibrios and 41.86% of the sucrose negative non-vibrios. All vibrios harveyi strains exhibited MAR. Although no antibiotic was used in the bhery, the prevalence of MAR in 44% of the sucrose negative vibrios and non- vibrios is a cause of concern. The MAR index was higher in inlet water and sediment samples. The MAR observed in biomarker strains of pond water and sediment (40%) was comparable to those of inlet samples, thus confirming the fact that incoming water was the major source of antibiotic resistant bacteria. Conclusions: It seems that the shrimp culture in bhery does not favour the proliferation and spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria.

278-281

Authors: Pazhanivel Bharadhirajan, Ayyaru Gopalakrishnan, Kuzhanthaivel Raja, Sambantham Murugan, Ramalingam Vijayakumar, Mohammad M. Rahman

Objective: To study the prevalence and mean intensity of copepod parasite Lernaeenicus polynemi infestation on Eleutheronema tetradactylum from Pazayar, Tamil Nadu, southeast coast of India. Methods: The fish was collected from Pazhayar landing centre from January to December 2012 and their biometric measurements were examined. Toal number of infected fish and total number of parasites were recorded. Results: Higher prevalence and mean intensity of infestation of 35.23% and 3.1 were respectively reported during monsoon season of 2012. The parasitic infestations were scattered over the entire body of the host and targeted the different internal organs such as liver and the dorsal aorta. The highest intensity was reported to be 66 parasites in a single host. Conclusions: Due to the heavy parasitic attack the fish will suffer and its economical value or the marketability may reduce.

287-292

Authors: Naina Raghavjibhai Ghadiya, Nilesh Jethalal Faldu, Parthika Ashvinbhai nadpara, Ketan Parsottambhai Dadhania

Objective: To investigate the potentials of the stem of Cissus quadrangularis (C. quadrangularis) in the control of anxiety and related motor coordination effects in mice using experimental models. Methods: The methanol extract of the stem of C. quadrangularis was studied in mice using elevated plus maze, hole board, open field and stair case tests. Acute toxicity and phytochemical analysis were also carried out. Results: The methanol extract (100, 200, 300 and 400 mg/kg) exhibited significant anxiolytic effects, as evident by significant (P<0.05) increase in the number of crossings at 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg dose and number of rearing at 200, 300 and 400 mg/kg dose in open field behavior test. Time spent in the open arms and number of entrances in the open arms increased significantly (P<0.05, P<0.01) at the dose of 200 and 300 mg/kg in elevated plus maze test. Post hoc analysis showed that C. quadrangularis at the dose of 200 and 300 mg/kg significantly (P<0.05) increased the number of steps taken and number of head dips. Significant (P<0.05) reduction in time duration on the bar and number of rearing were observed at the dose of 200, 300 and 400 mg/kg. The acute toxicity test revealed an oral LD50 above 5 000 mg/kg, while phytochemical studies showed the presence of phytosterols, terpenoids, saponins, flavanoids, tannins, carbohydrates and aminoacids. Conclusions: The stem extracts of C. quadrangularis is anxiolytic in nature, which contribute to its use in traditional medicine as anxiolytic.

300-308

Authors: Repon Kumer Saha, Naveed Mahmood Zaman, Priyanka Roy

Objective: To establish the health benefits of Syzgium cumin to discover functional components present in the seeds, fruit pulps and fresh juice of this fruit grown in Bangladesh. Methods: Thin layer chromatography and ultra-violet spectroscopy were used to detect the presence of various types of compound in seeds and juice. Antioxidant effects were measured by DPPH scavenging assay and total reducing assay. Receptor binding activities was performed by hemagglutination inhibition assay. Anti-inflammatory assay and hydrogen peroxide induced hemolysis assay was also investigated. Disc diffusion assay was performed to show the antibacterial effect using Gram positive, Gram negative strains of bacteria and fungi. Results: Methanolic extract of the seeds showed stronger antioxidant, hydrogen peroxide induced hemolysis activities, hemagglutination inhibition activities and membrane stabilization activities than those of fresh juice. However, fresh juice showed stronger antibacterial and antifungal activities than those of methanolic seed extract. The seed contains higher amount of polyphenols and flavanoids than those of fruit juice. Conclusions: Therefore, fruit juice, fruit pulp and seed of Syzygium cumini contain medicinal active components in different ratios.

315-321

Authors: Sukalyani Debnath, Diganta Dey, Sudipta Hazra, Subhalakshmi Ghosh, Ratnamala Ray, Banasri Hazra

Objective: To evaluate antimicrobial activity of Terminalia arjuna (T. arjuna) bark against clinical strains of multi-drug resistant bacteria, and Candida spp. isolated from patients, as well as the corresponding reference strains. Methods: The antimicrobial activity of water, methanol and chloroform extracts of T. arjuna bark were evaluated by agar-well diffusion method, followed by determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) by broth micro-dilution method. The clinical isolates were studied for antibacterial susceptibility by Kirby and Bauer disk diffusion technique. Results: The water and methanolic extracts of T. arjuna bark produced significant zones of inhibition against twenty-two tested bacteria including eight uropathogens. MIC values against the bacteria were found in the range of 0.16 to 2.56 mg/mL. The chloroform extract did not exhibit antibacterial activity. The polar extracts of T. arjuna also demonstrated strong antifungal effect against eight species of Candida, with MIC between 0.16 and 0.64 mg/mL. The antimicrobial efficacy of the polar extracts was found to be commensurate with high polyphenol content in contrast to the non-polar (chloroform fraction). Conclusions: This study has revealed the therapeutic prospect of T. arjuna bark for the treatment of microbial diseases. The polar fraction of the bark could be used for development of novel antimicrobial agents, particularly against urinary tract infections, and candidiasis/candidaemia.

326

Authors: Beuy Joob, Viroj Wiwanitkit

No abstract

330-336

Authors: Mayank Kumar, Shashi Alok, Sanjay Kumar Jain, Amita Verma, Alok Mahor, Monika Sabharwal

Traditional system of medicine consists of large number of plants with various medicinal and pharmacological importances and hence represents a priceless tank of new bioactive molecules. Coccinia indica belongs to the family Cucurbitaceae. It is a rapidly growing, perennial climber or trailing vine. Traditionally different parts of this plant namely the roots, leaves and fruits are used in folklore medicine for several purposes like jaundice, diabetes, wound healing, ulcers, stomach ache, skin disease, fever, asthma, cough. The leaf and its constituents have been reported to possess hypoglycaemic, hypolipidemic and antioxidant properties. This review provides adequate information to develop suitable therapeutics out of these plant parts.

169-174

Authors: Muthuramalingam Uthaya Siva, Mohideen Abdul Badhul Haq, Deivasigamani Selvam, Ganesan Dinesh Babu, Rathinam Bakyaraj

Objective: To investigate functional groups of toxic spines in stingray by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis. Methods: The venom extract of Himantura gerrardi, Himantura imbricata and Pastinachus sephen were centrifuged at 6 000 r/min for 10 min. The supernatant was collected and preserved separately in methanol, ethanol, chloroform, acetone (1:2) and then soaked in the mentioned solvents for 48 h. Then extracts were filtered and used for Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis. Results: The results identified that the presence of free amino acids and protein having β-sheet and random coiled secondary structure. The presence of O-H stretch, C=O stretch, C-H stretch, N-H deformation, O-H deformation and C-O stretch in the sample aligned with standard bovine serum albumin. The influence of functional groups within the molecule was because of the impact of preferred spatial orientation, chemical and physical interaction on the molecule. In conclusion, compared to bovine serum albumin, Himantura imbricata consists of two C=O stretch, are involved in the hydrogen bonding that takes place between the different elements of secondary structure. Conclusions: The venom of poisonous animals has been extensively studied, since standard medicine not available for treatment against injuries causing stingray. Therefore, it's the baseline study, to motivate further process and produce effective antibiotics.

181-185

Authors: Pasiyappazham Ramasamy, Deepa Padmakumari Krishnan Thampi, Gurusamy Chelladurai, Natarajan Gautham, Sasirekhamani Mohanraj, Jeyaraj Mohanraj

Objective: To screen the antibacterial drugs from different solvent extracts of tissue and egg of marine gastropods Chicoreus ramosus against clinically isolated human pathogenic bacteria. Methods: Different solvent extracts of Chicoreus ramosus was screened for their activity against Vibrio parehaemolyticus (J13300), Aeromonus hydrophilla (IDH1585), Salmonella typhi (C6953), Salmonella paratyphi A (C6915), Vibrio cholerae (IDH5439) and Escherichia coli (H10407) using standard well diffusion method and its minimum inhibitory concentration. Results: The study revealed that the acetone and chloroform extract of both the tissues and egg inhibited the growth of the tested pathogenic bacterial strains. The minimum inhibitory concentration of both the extract ranged from 4 to 12 mg/mL. Conclusions: These results suggest that marine gastropods tissue and egg extract contains comparatively good antibacterial activity.

193-198

Authors: Tam Siow Foon, Lian Ai Ai, Palaniselvam Kuppusamy, Mashitah M.Yusoff, Natanamurugaraj Govindan

Objective: To determine the antioxidant activity of two edible marine seaweeds Eucheuma cottonii and Padina sp.. Methods: The two extraction methods such as conventional and soxhlet extraction were used to isolate the secondary metabolites using methanol as a solvent medium. Total phenolic content of crude seaweeds extract were analysed by standard FC method. The different antioxidant assays DPPH, ferric reducing antioxidant power and β-carotene bleaching assays confirmed the antioxidant activities. Results: DPPH and ferric reducing antioxidant power assays showed the positive correlation with expressed higher total phenolic content in the seaweeds extract. Also β-carotene bleaching assay lower activity compare with BHT as reference control. Additionally IR spectra showed the phenolic related functional groups are present in the solvent extract. The phenolic related compounds are mainly responsible for higher rate of antioxidant activity. Conclusions: The methanolic extracts of Padina sp. showed better radical scavenging and higher phenolic contents than the Eucheuma cottonii. And also the soxhlet extraction showed higher yield and better radical scavenging activity compared to conventional method. Moreover the studies confirmed both seaweeds are an effective candidate for the control the free radical scavenging activity.

205-209

Authors: Nurul Farhana Rosly, Rabeah Adawiyah Abdul Razak, Palaniselvam Kuppusamy, Mashitah M. Yusoff, Natanamurugaraj Govindan

Objective: To the effect of salinity stress on the production of microalgae (Lyngbya sp.) and chlorophyll pigments in the growth medium. Methods: Stress was investigated by using green algae strains Lyngbya sp. in response to change bioactive compounds without any modification of cell growth and biomass production rate. The different stress conditions like 10%-40% were analyzed. Results: During the stress condition, various biochemical and microbiological assays were monitored. The photochemical composition was evaluated by GC-MS studies. The studies expressed that 30% higher salinity stress was suitable for high phytochemical production rate including chlorophyll content. Conclusions: Our study indicates the wide range of salinity stress to enhance the growth on microalgae culture and enhance the production of major secondary metabolites.

217-224

Authors: Nagarajan Balachandran Dhayanithi, Thipramalai Thankappan Ajith Kumar, Thangavelu Balasubramanian, Kapila Tissera

Objective: To ascertain the feasibility of using sustainable natural resources in maintaining disease free fish in such establishments. Methods: The infected marine ornamental fishes were collected from the hatchery condition and causative bacteria were identified by morphology and biochemical techniques. The antibacterial activity and disease resistant capability of mangrove plant leaf extract were investigated against fish pathogens. Results: Based on the in vitro assay, methanol extract of Avicennia marina was exhibited good inhibition activity at the concentration of 220, 200, 175 and 150 µg/mL against Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Vibrio anguillarum respectively. The experimental trial reveals feeding marine ornamental fish with feed incorporated with a methanol leaf extract of Avicennia marina, increases their survival and reduces their susceptibility to infections from the isolated bacteria. Conclusions: The mangrove leaves have potential to control the infections caused by Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio anguillarum.

233-240

Authors: Yibeltal Merawie, Samuel Sahile, Feleke Moges, Azamal Husen

Objective: To investigate in vitro antimicrobial activities of leaves and heartwood crude and semi-purified fractions of Warburgia ugandensis (Canellaceae) (W. ugandensis) on some pathogens. Methods: Crude and semi-purified fractions of the leaves and heartwood of W. ugandensis were prepared. Six bacteria [Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae), Escherichia coli (E. coli), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), Shigella boydii (S. boydii), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Streptococcus pneumonia] and one fungus (Candida albicans) were tested by agar well diffusion and broth dilution method to determine minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Results: S. boydii and S. aureus were found to be the most susceptible bacterial isolated in agar well diffusion and broth dilution method of both the crude and petroleum ether extracts, while K. pneumoniae was the most resistant bacterium isolated under the same condition except in chloroform fraction. K. pneumoniae had shown MIC value of 10 mg/mL in the leaves and heartwood in both the crude and petroleum ether extract. S. boydii and S. aureus had shown the MIC value of 1.0 mg/mL in the crude extract for the both leaves and heartwood; Whereas the petroleum ether semi-purified fraction had shown 0.5 mg/mL in the heartwood. In the crude extract, E. coli and P. aeruginosa exhibits similar MIC value of 1.75 mg/mL. In semi purified petroleum ether extract, E. coli had MIC value of 1.0 mg/mL; Whereas P. aeruginosa had shown no change in crude extract. Candida albicans revealed equal MIC value of 1.0 mg/mL for the both crude and semi-purified fractions of the leaves and heartwood. Conclusions: The crude and semi-purified fractions of W. ugandensis have considerable effect on pathogens. Semi-purified petroleum ether fraction has better antimicrobial activity in both agar well diffusion and broth dilution method. This study further shows the potential of W. ugandensis for further study in order to be use as a modern drug

85-87

Authors: Mohammad Taghi Rahimi, Zeynab Gholami, Hamid Reza Esmaeili, Iraj Mobedi

Objective: To determine the infesation of Aphanius sophiae (A. sophiae) with ectoparasite for the first time from Iran as a little attention has been paid to parasitic infection of A. sophiae which is an native species found in the endorheic Kor River Basin, Fars Province, Southern Iran. Methods: A total of 70 A. sophiae (35 males and 35 females) were collected using dip net in May 2010 from Ghadamgah Spring-stream, Southern Iran. After fixation, the external surface of each fish was examined for ectoparasite through stereomicroscope. Results: Out of 70 fish specimens, two females (2.86%) were infected with three Lernaea spp. copepod or anchor worm. The ectoparasite prevalence rate, intensity and abundance were estimated 2.860, 1.500 and 0.043 respectively. Conclusion: This study reports infestation of A. sophiae by Lernaea spp. for the first time in Iran. Further parasitological investigations are required to determine ectoparasites of A. sophiae in different parts of Iran due to its importance and numerous epizootics occurring among the most important farmed fish in various parts of the world.

95-97

Authors: Gholamreza jahed Khaniki, Parisa Sadighara, Ramin Nabizadeh Nodehi, Mahmood Alimohammadi, Naiema Vakili Saatloo

Objective: To find effective method for carotenoids extraction from shrimp waste which is one of the important sources of natural carotenoids and produced in large quantities in Iran. Methods: Two methods of carotenoids extraction, enzymatic and alkaline (NaOH 1 normal) treatment, were assayed. About 5 g of gritted shrimp wastes were used at each stage. For alkaline treatment, sodium hydroxide were added to shrimp waste. After 48 h, the mixture was filtered and centrifuged. Results: Alcalase extraction produced (234.00±2.00) mg/L carotenoid and NaOH extraction produced (170.00±1.53) mg/L carotenoid. Based on the samples analyzed, alcalase enzyme showed more efficiency than NaOH extraction to achieve carotenoids from shrimp waste. Conclusions: It can be concluded that using alcalase enzyme for carotenoids extraction can produce higher carotenoids concentration than NaOH extraction method. So alcalase enzyme method can be used for achieving this kind of antioxidant.

102-107

Authors: Narayanaswamy Tamilselvan, Jothi Hemachandran, Thirunavukarasu Thirumalai, Chacko Vijai Sharma, Krishnan Kannabiran, Ernest David

Objective: To study the biosorption of heavy metals viz., Cr (VI), Cr (III), Hg (II), Pb (II) and Cd (II) using Gracilaria corticata varcartecala (G. corticata varcartecala) and Grateloupia lithophila (G. lithophila) biomass. Methods: Batch biosorption and acid digestion methods were used. Different physical and chemical parameters were optimized for biosorption. Results: Both seaweeds absorb Hg (II) upto 99.9% and 98.2% in batch biosorption method; whereas in acid digestion method, Cr (III) absorbed upto 96.49% by G. corticata varcartecala and Pb (II) absorbed upto 93.71% by G. lithophila. FT-IR analysis was used to know the involvement of different functional groups in the biosorption process. Scanning electron microscopy was carried out to study the morphological cell surface changes due to biosorption. Conclusions: It can be concluded that G. corticata varcartecala and G. lithophila are potential algal species for effective removal of heavy metals namely Cr (VI), Cr (III), Hg (II), Pb (II) and Cd (II) from environmental sources.

113-117

Authors: Selvaraju Kavipriya, Narayanaswamy Tamilselvan, Thirunavukkarasu Thirumalai, Gangaipillai Arumugam

Objective: To study the anti-diabetic effect of methanolic leaf extract of Pongamia pinnata (P. pinnata) on streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Methods: Anti-diabetic activity of P. pinnata leaf extract at dosage of 500 mg/kg and 1 g/kg body weight was evaluated. Results: The levels of glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase were significantly increased in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats when compared to that of the normal rats. After supplemented with plant extract, significant lower blood glucose level was recorded. Conclusions: The methanolic leaf extract of P. pinnata has been potent anti-diabetic effect in male albino rats.

123-129

Authors: Abu-Taleb Ahmed Yehia, Fahad Ahmed Mohsen Alzowahi, Tukaram Angadrao Kadam, Rafik Usman Shaikh

Objective: To evaluate the performance of preliminary phytochemical, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Dracaena cinnabari Balf.f. (Agavaceae) (D. cinnabari) resin, collected from Socotra Island (Yemen). Methods: The powdered stem resin is extracted with different solvents by using Soxhlet apparatus and evaluated for antioxidant and antimicrobial activity against three Gram positive bacteria (Bacillus cereus NCIM 2106, Staphylococcus aureus NCIM 2127, and Micrococcus luteus NCIM 2169), seven Gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli NCIM 2924, Pseudomonas aeruginosa NCIM 2863, Salmonella typhimurium NCIM 2501, Klebsiella aerogenes NCIM 2281, Proteus morganii NCIM 2860, Escherichia coli dh5α, Escherichia coli CSH) and three fungi (Candida albicans MTCC 227, Aspergillus flavus MTCC 873, Aspergillus niger MTCC 1781). Results: The antimicrobial activity data revealed that, the selected microorganisms possess varied sensitivity response to chloroform extract followed by methanol and benzene extract of D. cinnabari stem resin. The samples also possess a potent DPPH, OH and SO radical scavenging activity. In addition, the preliminary phytochemical analysis demonstrated the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids and other organic compounds which could be reason for antimicrobial activities of D. cinnabari resin. Conclusions: The present study is strengthened for the discovery and development of new antioxidant and antimicrobial drugs from D. cinnabari resin which encourage us to continue with pure fractions.

135-140

Authors: Aminu Muhammad, Hasnah Mohd Sirat

Objective: To evaluate leaves and stem bark extracts of Bauhinia rufescens for antimicrobial activities, tyrosinase enzyme inhibition potentials and lethality to brine shrimp larvae (Artemia salina). Methods: The plant materials were extracted based on polarity gradient of petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and methanol. The extracts were investigated for their antimicrobial, antityrosinase and cytotoxicity potentials. Results: The antimicrobial results indicated that the extracts inhibited the microbial growth in the range of 6.00-12.57 mm (450-1 800 µg/mL) for bacterial strains and 7.33-14.03 mm (225-1 800 µg/mL) for fungal strains. While the tyrosinase enzyme inhibition assay of the extracts showed that both the petroleum ether leaves and stem bark extracts exhibited a moderate inhibition (39.60% and 39.89%) towards the action of mushroom tyrosinase enzyme on L-DOPA. In the brine shrimp lethality assay, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of the leaves of the plant were found toxic to the Artemia salina with IC50 values of 0.059 mg/mL and 0.389 mg/mL. However, both the petroleum ether and ethyl acetate extracts of the stem bark were nontoxic to the larvae. Conclusions: The result of the present study suggest the presence of phytochemicals possessing antimicrobial and antityrosinase activity as well as cytotoxic agents.

145-150

Authors: Emanuel Senyael Swai, Deogratius Mshanga, Robert Fyumagwa, Deogratius Mpanduji, Idrisa Chuma, Sayael Kuya, Ernest Eblate, Zablon Katale, Julius Keyyu

Objective: To determine the prevalence and spectrum of helminths in free-ranging African buffaloes in Tanzania by a cross-sectional study. Methods: Faecal samples (n=123) from Arusha National Park and Ngorongoro Crater were examined for helminth eggs using sedimentation and floatation techniques during the period of March to June 2012. Results: Coprological examination revealed that 34.1% (n=42) of the buffaloes excreted nematodes and trematodes eggs and protozoan oocyst in their faces. The pattern of infection was either single or mixed. Single (52.4%) and concurrent infections with two, three, four and five parasites were recorded in 19.0%, 11.9%, 14.3% and 2.3% respectively of the cases. The nematode eggs encountered were those of Trichostrongylus sp. (20.3%), Oesophagostomum sp. (7.3%), Strongyle sp. (4.1%), Bunostomum sp. (4.1%), Ostertegia sp. (3.3%) and Toxocara sp. (2.4%). The trematode eggs encountered were those of Fasciola sp. (9.8%), Paramphistomum sp. (4.9%), Gastrothylax sp. (1.6%), Ornithobilharzia sp. (0.81%) and Fischoederius sp (0.81%). The protozoan oocyst recorded was that of Eimeria sp. (8.1%). Geographical location of buffaloes had significant influence on the prevalence of infection with Trichostrongylus (P=0.046) and Fasciola (P=0.001), and the mean prevalances in Arusha National Park are significantly higher than those in Ngorongoro Crater. Age had significant influence on infection with Fasciola (P=0.036), and juvenile recorded higher levels of infection than sub-adults. Health status, body condition score and sex-wise prevalence of helminths were not significant (P>0.05). Conclusions: This study indicates that helminths species are numerous and highly prevalent in the two protected areas and may be one of the contributing factors to lower buffalo productivity.

1-5

Authors: E. Rethna Priya, S. Ravichandran, R. Ezhilmathi

Objective: To screen antimicrobial potence of some pipefish species collected from Tuticorin coastal environment. Methods: Antimicrobial activity of pipefishes in methanol extract was investigated against 10 bacterial and 10 fungal human pathogenic strains. Results: Among the tested strains, in Centriscus scutatus, pipefish showed maximum zone of inhibition against Vibrio cholerae (8 mm) and minimum in the sample of Hippichthys cyanospilos against Klebseilla pneumoniae (2 mm). In positive control, maximum zone of inhibition was recorded in Vibrio cholerae (9 mm) and minimum in Klebseilla pneumoniae, and Salmonella paratyphi (5 mm). Chemical investigation indicated the presence of peptides as evidenced by ninhydrin positive spots on thin layer chromatography and presence of peptide. In SDS PAGE, in Centriscus scutatus, four bands were detected in the gel that represented the presence of proteins in the range nearly 25.8-75 kDa. In Hippichthys cyanospilos, five bands were detected in the gel that represented the presence of proteins in the range nearly 20.5-78 kDa. The result of FT-IR spectrum revealed that the pipe fishes extracts compriseed to have peptide derivatives as their predominant chemical groups. Conclusions: It can be conclude that this present investigation suggests the tested pipe fishes will be a potential source of natural bioactive compounds.

12-18

Authors: Ganapathy Rameshkumar, Samuthirapandian Ravichandran

Objective: To study the histopathological symptoms owing to cymothoid isopod that were categorised as gross lesions. Methods: Nature of damage fish tissues and gills were taken from the parasite attachment area of infested and uninfested fishes which were cut out in fresh condition fixed in 10% buffered neutral formalin. Fresh and recently preserved tissues and gills were washed in tap water and dehydrated using alcohol series. The tissues gills were then cleaned in methylbenzoate and benzene and embedded in paraffin wax. The serial sections cutting 4 to 5 m thickness, were stained with Erlich’s haematoxylin and Eosin for histopathological analysis. Results: In normal muscle tissue, the tensile strength of muscle fibers with extra cellular matrix collagen was extensively tight associated. This gave a rigid musculature pattern to the tissues. Infested fish exhibited histopathological anomalies such as tissue reactions, primarily associated with the formation of granulomas consisted of macrophages and epitheleioid cells, which were occasionally surrounded by a thin rim of fibroblasts. The infestations such as lipofibrosis, hyperaemia, haemorhagic lesions and penetration of dactylus usually pressure atrophy often accompanied by the presence of parasites. Lesions had well developed granulomas that underlined in the muscle or overlying subcutaneous tissue, form these spread to underlying organs. Conclusions: It could be concluded that the infection studies of parasite that attaches or settles on the host body, at first, causes localized inflammatory changes, but with time, assuring a different or diffused character. The changes always begin with hyperaemia in the angles between adjacent sides at the site of attachment and then move towards deeply situated area.

26-33

Authors: Rajasekar Thirunavukkarasu, Priyadharshini Pandiyan, Deivasigamani Balaraman, Kumaran Subaramaniyan, George Edward Gnana Jothi, Sakthivel Manikkam, Balamurugan Sadaiyappan

Objective: Fresh marine seaweeds Gracilaria edulis, Gracillaria verrcosa, Acanthospora spicifera, Ulva facita, Ulva lacta (U. lacta), Kappaphycus spicifera, Sargassum ilicifolium, Sargassum wightii (S. wightii), Padina tetramatica and Padina gymonospora were collected from Mandapam (Rameshwaram, Tamil Nadu) of South East coast of India and were screened for antibacterial activity. Methods: All the collected seaweeds were extracted by using five different solvent (methanol, isopropanol, acetone, chloroform, diethyl ether) to study their extracts against fish pathogenic bacteria V. alginolyticus (VA09) purchased from MTCC. And minimum inhibition carried out by using Resazurin micro-titre assay. Crude extract of S. wightii analysied by FTIR. Results: The methanolic extract of S. wightii produced a maximum zone of inhibition (1.95±0.11) cm, isopropanol extract maximum inhibition was produced by S. wightii (1.93±0.78) cm, Acetone extract of Gracilaria verrcosa showed maximum zone of inhibition (1.36±0.05) cm, chloroform extract of S. wightii produced a maximum zone (1.56±0.25) cm and diethyl ether extract of S. wightii produced maximum zone of inhibition(1.86±0.11) cm. Based on the antibacterial activity S. wightii, U. lacta and Padina tetramatica showed best antibacterial activity against Vibrio harveyi. In this three seaweeds were taken for MIC study. The S. wightii methanolic extract, U. lacta diethyl ether extract and Padina tetramatica methanolic extract showed a higher MIC values, and despectively were 25 mg/mL, 50 mg/mL and 50 mg/mL. FTIR result showed that mostly phenolic compounds were present in the S. wightii. Conclusions: Based on the FTIR result S. wightii have high amount of phenolic compound. Phenolic compound have the good antimicrobial activity. The results clearly show that seaweed S. wightii is an interesting source for biologically active compounds that may be applied for prophylaxis and therapy of bacterial fish diseases and it should be used for immunostimulation activity in aquaculture.

39-49

Authors: Nammunayathuputhenkotta Krishnankartha Praveen, Kajal Chakraborty

Objective: To evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of the aqueous extract and polysaccharide fraction from two brown marine macroalga, Padina gymnospora (P. gymnospora) and Padina tetrastomatica (P. tetrastomatica) harvested from Gulf of Mannar of peninsular India. Methods: The antioxidant activity was evaluated using different in vitro systems, viz., 1,1- diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2, 2′-azino-bis-3ethylbenzothiozoline-6-sulfonic acid diammonium salt (ABTS), H2O2/ HO. radical scavenging, Fe2+ ion chelating ability, and reducing potential. Folin–Ciocalteu method was used to determine the total phenolic content, and the results were expressed as mg of gallic acid equivalents (GE). Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance formation inhibition assay was employed to assess the ability of the samples to inhibit lipid oxidation in a model system. COXII and LOXV inhibition assays were employed to assess the anti-inflammatory potential of aqueous extract and polysaccharide fraction. Results: The aqueous extract fraction of P. tetrastomatica realized high total phenolic content (288 mg GE/g), and its activity towards scavenging short-lived radicals (OH. and H2O2) (27.8% and 68.3%, respectively; 0.6 mg/mL) are higher than those registered for Padina gymnospora. Aqueous extract and polysaccharide fractions of P. gymnospora showed higher anti-inflammatory activities against LOXV (56% and 53%, respectively) and COXII (30% and 35%, respectively; 1 mg/mL) enzymes. The correlation studies confirmed that polysaccharides present with the Padina sp. are responsible for their anti-inflammatory potential. IR spectral data of polysaccharide fraction revealed the presence of polysaccharide in alginate form and also confirmed the presence of sulphated polysaccharides as principle bioactive constituents. Conclusions: The study revealed that these seaweeds possess beneficial value as human food or health additives and can be used as a natural green remedy against oxidative stress induced inflammatory diseases.

55-59

Authors: Nouara Ait Mimoune, Djouher Ait Mimoune, Aziza Yataghene

Objective: To investigate the antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of essential oils of Pinus pinaster. Methods: Essential oils were extracted from the needles by hydrodistillation. The chemical composition of the obtained essential oils was analyzed using GC-MS technique. The antimicrobial potential has been tested against six microorganisms performing the disc diffusion assay. Results: Twenty-three components have been identified. β-caryophyllene (30.9%) and β-selinene (13.45%) were predominant compounds. The essential oil exhibited a moderate activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli, but did not affect the growth of Erwinia amylovora. Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger were not inhibited by maritime pine essential oils. Conclusions: The essential oils from Pinus pinaster can be used as an antibacterial agent.

66-71

Authors: Mohamed Yacoob Syed Ali, Venkatraman Anuradha, SyedAbudhair Sirajudeen, Prathasarathy Vijaya, Nagarajan Yogananth, Ramachandran Rajan, Peer Mohamed Kalitha Parveen

Objective: To identify the larvicidal activity of the volatile oil from Sesuvium portulacastrum (S. portulacastrum) against Anopheles stephensi and Aedes aegypti. Methods: Volatile oil extract of S. portulacastrum was prepared in a graded series of concentration. The test for the larvicidal effect of volatile oil against mosquitos larvae was conducted in accordance with the WHO standard method. Batches of 25 early 4th instar larvae of two mosquitoes were transferred to 250 mL enamel bowl containing 199 mL of distilled water and 1 mL of plant extracts. Each experiment was conducted with triplicate with concurrent a control group. Results: Volatile oil extract of S. portulacastrum showed toxicity against 4th instar larvae of Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi with equivalent LC50 value [(63±7.8) µL/mL, LCL-UCL=55.2-64.0] and LC90 value [(94.2±3.9) µL/mL)] in maximum activity with minimum concentration (200 µL/mL) of volatile oil and followed by maximum activity of 250 µL concentration showed LC50 value=(68.0±8.2) µL/mL, LCL-UCL=66.26-69.2 and LC50 value of (55.2±2.8) µL/mL, LCL-UCL=53.7-56.9, LC90=(95.2±1.25) µL/mL and followed by 250 µL of oil extract against 4th instar larvae of Aedes aegypti respectively. Conclusions: It is inferred from the present study that, the extracts from salt marsh mangrove plan of S. portulacastum are identified as a potential source of safe and efficacious mosquito control agents for the management of vector borne diseases of malaria and dengue.

76-80

Authors: Parimannan Sivachandran, Kasi Marimuthu, Manickam Ravichandran, Jesu Arockiaraj

Objective: To elucidate the antibiotic susceptibility of body surface and gut associated microflora of two local aquatic leech species Hirudinaria manillensis and Hirudinaria javanica. Methods: Four commercially available antibiotics (doxycycline, chloramphenicol, tetracycline and ciprofloxacin) were used in this study. A total of 13 isolated gut and two surface micro flora from Hirudinaria manillensis and two gut and two surface micro flora from Hirudinaria javanica were tested for their antibiotic susceptibility. Results: Based on the susceptibility, it was observed that all the isolated bacteria were found to be susceptible to at least three of the antibiotics except Microbacterium resistens, Serratia marcescens and Morganella morganii. This study also found that the bacterial species Bacillus fusiformis has displayed resistance against tetracycline and Tsukamurella inchonensis against chloramphenicol. Conclusions: Among all the antibiotics tested, ciprofloxacin was found to be the best bactericidal agent. The immersion of leeches in ciprofloxacin before the application to the patient may be beneficial to prevent invasive infection of the patient. Further study is needed to sterilize the live leech by immersion/oral mode of administration for the tested antibiotics.