INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDORSING HEALTH SCIENCE RESEARCH

7-11

Authors: Rabab Batool1, Muhammad Imran2*, Abdul Hafeez Kandhro3, Zainab Barry4,Naseem Salahuddin4 & Muhammad K H Uddin5

Background: The high burden of multi-drug resistance tuberculosis (MDR TB) is a matter of great concern. The increasing resistance to anti tuberculosis drugs has been the area of growing concern and are posing threats to TB control. The aim of this study was to evaluate the drug resistance patterns for the first line and second line anti-Tuberculosis drugs in multiple drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) patients. Method: The study was retrospective, observational, employing purposive, non-random sampling technique for data collection conducted at the TB Clinic- of the different healthcare centers in the provinces of Pakistan Sindh and Baluchistan from December 2010 to May 2016. All bacteriologically confirmed TB patients who were found to be Rifampin Resistant (RR) on Genotypic drug susceptibility testing (GXP), or detected to be drug resistant on phenotypic Universal drug susceptibility testing were enrolled into the study. Results: Out of total 3776 patients, 96.3% were resistant to Rifampicin and 94.7% were resistant to Isoniazid. 25.5% isolates were resistant to all five first line drugs. Resistances against Pyrazinamide and Ethambutol was 54.2% and 51.6% respectively. 36.3% patients were resistant to Fluoroquinolones (FQ), 9.7% were resistant to Ethionamide (Eto) and 4.1% were resistant to both FQ and Eto. 33.5% patients were MDR plus resistant to FQ. However, the resistance to both FQ plus Aminogycosides was quite low, 2.7%. Conclusion: The drug resistance rates are quiet high in MDR-TB for both first line and second line drugs. The standardized MDR TB regimen needs to be updated, based on the prevalence of drug resistance patterns in the community for the effective management of drug resistant TB.

17-22

Authors: Umaima Waris1*, Tehreem Shafqat1 & Sehrish Hameed1

Background: Depression is an important health problem due to its prevalence and associated consequences. The life time prevalence of depression ranges between 10 to 21 % in population. According to the precipitation of the WHO, depression is estimated to become the second leading cause of dysfunction by the year 2020. Among medical students, academic stressors include the volume of material to be learned, academic performance and evaluation (examinations and continuous assessments). Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted and the total of 300 Medical students from 18 to 25 years to age participated in this study. Students in this study were undergraduate students. Duke health profile were given to the students. Data analysis was done by using Chi square test. Results: 300 students from fourth year and final year were recruited for the study. Mean anxiety score was 35.4 SD + 19.9 with minimum score of 0 and maximum score of 99.6. Mean depression score was 35.9 SD + 21.8 with minimum score of 0 and maximum score of 100. Mean anxiety depression score was 28.8 SD + 33.8 with minimum score of 0 and maximum score of 100. Mental score was compared among medical students, 47.4% of fourth years and 34.2% of had severe mental stress (Score 75 – 100), Anxiety score was compared among medical students, 2.6% of fourth years and 3.4% of had severe anxiety (Score 75 – 100), Depression score was compared among medical students, 3.9% of fourth years and 5.5% of had severe depression (Score 75 – 100), 14.9% of fourth years and 18.5% of had moderate depression (Score 50 – 75). Conclusion: Anxiety score showed a little female predominance. Depression among medical students of fourth year was little more as compared to the final year students. Depression was more among male students than female students.

28-32

Authors: Rahmat Ali Khan1*, Anwar Ali2 & Ali Yasir Khan3

Background: Chronic Hepatitis C (CHC) infection is the most common chronic liver disease in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and highly prevalent on hemodialysis patients. The DOPPS data reported an overall prevalence of 13.5 percent among adult hemodialysis patients. The reported data in Pakistan reflected 26.02% hemodialysis patients with HCV infection. Over the last few years, the direct-acting antivirals have been revolutionary in the treatment of hepatitis C, and sofosbuvir (SOF) is the backbone of most modern treatment strategies with better prognosis of the infection and tolerability. The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness and safety of Sofosbuvir regime on HCV infected patients on hemodialysis (HD) in the local population as per routine practice. Method: This was an observational, prospective; single-center study enrolled 30 HCV HD subjects on sofosbuvir ribavirin regime for 12 weeks. Results: As per results of 30 subjects’ (n= female 13, 44% and n = male 17, 56 %) with mean age ± standard deviation 60.5 ± 7.5 years. On SOF/ribavirin (RBV) treatment for 12 weeks, the sustained virological response rate was 100% (27 of 27) at 12 weeks. 95% confidence interval, (95 to 100). No patients had virologic failure during treatment. No patient had treatment discontinuation due to side effects. Adverse events were reported in at least 10% of the patients were mainly pruritus, fatigue, and nausea. No serious adverse event reported. Conclusions: The Sofosbuvir based antiviral therapy is safe and effective in the treatment of HCV with ESRD, including HD patients with a high rate of SVR in patients.