INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDORSING HEALTH SCIENCE RESEARCH

1-11

Authors: Bilal Arshad1, Saima Khan2, Vishnu Prasad Adhikari1, Yu Tuan Wu1, Hao Ran Chen1, He Wu1 & Ling Quan Kong1.

World widely, Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer amongst women. External and internal factors both are responsible for beginning, advancement and development of breast cancer and from many studies it is well known that environmental elements have a significant effect in etiology of breast cancer. When it comes to environmental factors, effects of viruses are of great concern. Virus-associated cancer brings up a cancer in which the malicious conversion of the host’s diseased cells results due to any viral infection. Until now it has learned that human papillomaviruses (HPV), Epstein–Barr (EBV) and mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) are the prime candidate viruses that act as agents of causing breast cancer. The initiator is only one in a sequence of steps essential for malignant cells development. Breast cancer could be a hereditary disease but it is expected to account for a very small percentage of breast cancer cases. From this idea it is obvious that there should be more efforts required in evaluating the role of viruses in carcinogenesis that could be characterized by further confounding and synergistic special effects of carcinogenic aspects still exact role of viruses in tumorigenesis is unclear, but it seem like that these are responsible for causing the disease.

19-25

Authors: Aatir H. Rajput1,2 &3, Maleeha Saleh Unar1&2 & Muhammad Muneeb1&2

Background H. Pylori or Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium of gram negative origin, found in the stomach and has been attributed to peptic ulcers, chronic gastritis, and cancer of the stomach (ailments that formerly were not thought to occur due to microbes) ever since it was identified nearly three decades ago. Objective: Nearly half of the global population harbors H. pylori in its upper gastrointestinal tract. However, a major proportion (i.e. eighty percent) of the victims remain asymptomatic. This research aims to determine the incidence and extent of Helicobacter Pylori infestation among symptomatic population of Shaheed Benazirabad and provide the basis for future studies investigating the extent of infestation and its relationship with symptoms. Methodology This cross-sectional analysis of incidence and extent of H. Pylori infestation was done on the basis of ELISA test results from a mainstream laboratory (Arif Diagnostics) the only laboratory, equipped with the technology to carry out this test. The data of 100 symptomatic patients visiting the laboratory in the month of June, 2014 was collected and test result was analyzed on SPSS v.16.0. Results The Mean H. Pylori levels were higher in females (12.54ug/dl) than in males (8.61ug/dl). The maximum level of infestation reported in symptomatic females (58.63ug/dl) was also considerably higher than that of symptomatic males (27.54ug/dl). H. Pylori infestation was most common (37%) among individuals aged between eighteen to twenty-eight years. Individuals aged between twenty-nine to thirty-nine years immediately followed and 30% of the symptomatic patients fell within this age bracket, majority of the sufferers were males as compared to females. Conclusion On the basis of our result, we conclude that males are more prone to suffer from symptoms even at lower levels of infestation than females and the incidence and extent of peptic ulcer infestation decreased with decreasing age in our sample.

33-40

Authors: Muhammad Bilal Siddiqui1,2, Shamoon Noushad4, Chiu Wan Ng5,

Introduction To understand the prevalence of stress and identifying the prevalence of different differentials of stress among bereaved parents of died under-five children is of utmost importance. This paper is based on the data from Karachi VASA under-five mortality study. The cases of this study are bereaved parents of deceased under-five children belonging to randomly selected 12 slums of Karachi city. Methodology A total of 321 parents excluded out form enrolment in VASA study were undergone stress assessment using Sadaf Stress Scale (SSS). It was found that 100% of them were truly stressed in one form or the other and the distribution is equally affecting all the slums (with slight variations). Females were found highly stressed (72%) than males (28%). The most prevalent types of stress identified were emotional (67%), traumatic (17.2%) and mental stress (7%). Out of all the stressed parents, a high proportion belongs to highest severity. The highest prevalence of the severity of traumatic stress shows that the large proportion of stressed parents have gone to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), especially among mothers. Conclusion The results are quiet disturbing. The data shows that there is a high prevalence of traumatic, physical and emotional stress among bereaved parents (especially mothers) of deceased children. The prevalence of traumatic stress and its severity shows that a high proportion of stressed parents have gone to PTSD, which again have a huge impact on the overall mental health of the affected and the close family members.

48-52

Authors: Dur-e-shahwar1, Kisa Fatima Altaf2,3, Shamoon Noushad2 & Sadaf Ahmed1,2

Objective To estimate the intensity of nutritional stress among the diabetic patients. Background Non-Communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Pakistan. The WHO report evaluated diabetes at the fourth position among the four types of NCD’s, this accounts for 1.5 million deaths annually. Introduction Nutritional stress depends on what we give to our body, whether it is toxin loaded, chemically constituted platefuls of food and expect it to cope without a grumble. As, diabetes is metabolic syndrome so there is an altered carbohydrate and fat metabolism in these patients that will lead to the development of nutritional stress in these patients. Methodology A cross sectional survey based study was conducted at a local hospital including diabetic patients on anti-diabetic medicines. Demographic data, medical history and drug use duration and dosage were investigated as well as intensity of nutritional stress was calculated by Sadaf stress scale (SSS). The patients with severe and psychological and mental illness or any other chronic illness or patients who were failed to provide reliable information were excluded from study. Result The total of 42 patients have participated in the study out of that 50% have reported mild nutritional stress and 36% have reported moderate nutritional stress. The most common reported symptom of nutritional stress includes sleep problem, abdominal bloating, incomplete emptying and sugars and carb craving. Conclusion The patients have reported the nutritional stress due to the altered carbohydrate and fat metabolism and the use of anti-diabetic medicine further increases the intensity of nutritional stress. The symptoms that are reported in diabetic patients are not associated with diabetes instead occur as a result of anti-diabetic medication use. Such as, sleep problem usually associated with increased stress, increased blood pressure, impaired control of blood glucose, and increased inflammation.