INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDORSING HEALTH SCIENCE RESEARCH

67-71

Authors: Shamoon Noushad, Sadaf Ahmed, Huma Khalid , Rida Nasir , Ikram Tunio & Shaikh Tahir

The mental and physiological stresses can be an important trigger of migraines & headaches. These strains act to enhance the progression of migraine that could be psychological, physiological stress, Environmental stress or Chemical stress. The population data of 185 people have taken which include the ages from 14-60 years. The data were analyzed by ICHD-II criteria .The duration of the research was from-February 2012 to December 2012.The targeted population were of both genders age ranges 18-25 years. The data have collected in two parts, before examination and during examination. The obtain result shows that the frequency of migraine is higher in women as compare to men. Mostly people were suffering from mild psychological stress that might be periodical stress as approximately 50% people were students who were under examination stress as the exams were about to held. Nutritional stress is another major factor as the high temperature causes dehydration resulted in vasoconstriction resulted in sensation of pain. Environmental stress was an additional cause for students. Physiological stress was also noticed as the main cause that bring about the initiation of migraines period whether it could also leads towards the Menstrual migraine that has a sign of vomiting or nausea. Individual concerns with healthy life patterns and stress free conditions could help a person to reduce or prevent the migraine.

78-81

Authors: Saniya Khalique

Diabetic Foot Ulcer subjects (DFUS) were clinically examined in the urban areas of Karachi. Neuropathy, peripheral vascular disease, foot deformity, improperly fitted shoes can make a diabetic person at risk of foot ulcer. In the present study, prevalence, role of inadaptable risk factors (age, gender, height) and socio-economic status were examined in DFUS and normal diabetic patients (NDP) taken as control. A total of randomly selected subjects N= 59; male=33, female=26 (DFUS: n=41; male=22, female=19; NDP: n=18; male=11, female=7). In this study prevalence of DFU was found in male gender as 54% of our patients were male and 46% were female. Mean ± S.E.M. of male DFUS height was 5.7 ± 0.353 ft while that of women was 5 ± 0.306 ft, this greater height in male makes them predominant for DFU. Mean ± S.E.M. of age for DFUS males: 58 ± 10.237 years, that is comparatively higher than control NDP males: 56.81 ± 10.235 years. Mean ± S.E.M. of age for DFUS females: 54 ± 11.18 years which is also significantly higher than control NDP females: 49.57 ± 9.727 years. The greater part of the investigated patients belonged to lower class (54% males & 74% of females).

93-96

Authors: Saima khan1&4 , Sadaf Ahmed1&2, Nelofer Sultana3 & Shamoon Noushad1&4

This evidence-based study is to provide the awareness of breast self-examination; its outcomes and significance. There is a never matching increase noted in the incidences of breast cancer worldwide. Pakistani women are on top of the list in the region to develop this disease and it has also been observed that they diagnose to have higher grade disease in early age. Early detection followed by timely treatment is the best prognosis for long-term survival. This a retrospective study in which the data was gathered through a questionnaire for the selected variables. Out of 100 patients 49 were doing BSE while 51 were unaware of breast self-examination. Out of these 49% , 42% were doing BSE randomly,2% were doing monthly,3% were doing weekly while 2% were doing on daily bases, and 24 (49%) patients were found to have microscopically confirmed carcinoma and 12 (24%) were found to have negative microscopic exams remaining 13 (27%) patients who were doing BSE were not gone through microscopic exam. Breast self-examination is the simplest tool that can play an important role in the detection of breast cancer. There is need to encourage BSE practices among the women along with the development of awareness program to make it successful.

100-103

Authors: Samreen Soomro, Samina Baig , Saima Naseem & Shaheen Sharafat

SEASONAL VARIATION AND RECENT STATUS OF TYPHOID FEVER IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL Samreen Soomro1, 2, Samina Baig1 , Saima Naseem1 & Shaheen Sharafat1 1. Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi. 2. Dr. Panjwani center for molecular medicine and drug research, University of Karachi. Corresponding Author Email: samreen@samerica.com ABSTRACT In many developing countries, typhoid fever is endemic. Early diagnosis is important for appropriate treatment on time. Typhi dot is important diagnostic tool for early diagnosis of typhoid fever. In the current study from February, 2012 to May 2014, samples from 19433 febrile cases referred to Dow Diagnostic Research and Reference lab were screened for serum IgM and IgG for Salmonella typhi by Typhi dot test. Results showed that about 12501 patients had both IgM and IgG antibodies against Salmonella typhi. Male patients were more commonly affected than female patients. Highest frequency of positive cases was seen during the month of October. Age group >15-44 was most likely affected among different age groups. This study suggested that still we are far behind in improving sanitation and elimination of such controllable disease. Therefore prompt measures should be taken to control the disease especially during hot season by vaccination, improved sanitation and education as well.

108-116

Authors: Iqbal A. Muhammad Khyani, Masood A. Qureshi, M. Umar Farooq & Talat Mirza

Objective: To evaluate salivary detection of interleukin 6 & 8 and high risk HPV-16 & 18 are informative biomarkers of Oral Pre-malignant Lesion (PML) and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) in our population. Duration: July 2011 to December 2012. Subjects and Methods: Total 105 cases were included. The subjects were divided in three groups ‘A’, ‘B’ & ‘C’ having 35 participants each. Group ‘A’ comprised of patients having strong clinical evidence of oral PML. Group ‘B’ constitutes histologically proven OSCC and Group ‘C’ includes disease free subjects as controls. Relevant clinical history was recorded after informed consent on institutional approved performa. Saliva was collected as per standard drooling method’. Samples were stored at +4oC and later transferred to Dow Diagnostic, Research & Reference Laboratory to store it at -20oC before further process. Samples were subjected to centrifugation at 4500 rpm for 15 minutes at 4oC. Supernatant fluid phase was used in ELISA for detection and quantification of IL6 and IL8. . Cell pellets were used for identification of high risk HPV-16 & 18 by real-time PCR. Data was entered and analyzed on SPSS version 16. P-value of 0.05 was taken as standard reference. Results: In group ‘A’, IL6 was not detected in almost all the subjects except one case. IL8 was detected in 26/35 (74.3%) subjects and not detected in 09 (25.7%) cases. In group ‘B’, IL6 was detected in 13 (37.1%) cases and in 22 (62.9%) cases, it cannot be detected. IL8 was detected in 33 (94.3%) and it was not detected in 02 (5.7%) subjects. It is observed that IL8 is consistently found raised in group ‘A’ & ‘B’. In group ‘C’, IL6 was not detected in any of the subject while IL8 was detected in 10(28.6%) cases. Significant association was found for qualitative salivary detection of IL6 and IL8 between the groups (P= < 0.0001 and < 0.0001 respectively). Regarding quantitative salivary concentration of IL6 & IL8, no significant co-relation was found in salivary levels of IL6 between the groups while there was significant association of salivary IL8 levels between the groups (P= <0.0001). On post Hoc multiple comparison, significant co-relation was found in IL8 levels between oral PML group and controls (P=0.001) and OSCC group and controls (P= <0.0001). In group ‘A’, HPV-16 was detected in salivary samples of 3 (8.6%) cases while HPV-18 was not detected. In group ‘B’, HPV-16 was detected in the salivary samples of 07 (20%) cases while HPV-18 was detected in 06 (17.1%) cases. Mixed HPV-16 and HPV-18 were found in 02 (5.7%) cases. In group ‘C’, HPV-16 was detected in 03(8.6%) cases while HPV-18 was not detected in any of the subjects. Significant relationship was observed between the groups for salivary HPV-18 detection (P= 0.002) while for detection of HPV-16, no significant association was found (P= 0.245). Conclusion: Salivary concentration of IL6 and IL8 in oral PML and oral cancer are useful biomarkers in our population. Detection of HPV infection for the causation of oral cancer cannot be fully established possibly due to small sample size. More over different genetic makeup, environmental and geographic differences, indulgence in peculiar risk factor habits and different sexual practices compared to west due to socio-cultural and religious restrictions could be the reason.

123-127

Authors: Sadaf Ahmed, Shamoon Noushad, Syed Zain Azher & Shaikh Mohammad Tahir

Binge eating or chaotic eating refers to unhealthy eating patterns that are found in low incidences comparatively to verify and diagnosed eating disorders. Altered eating behaviors may lead to severe eating disorders like Binge eating disorder and bulimia nervosa that could be life-threatening if left undiagnosed The purpose of this study is to investigate unordered or binge eating attitudes among individuals with respect to their eating patterns. An observational study has been done in which a randomized data of 120 individuals have been selected within a group of 24 males and 96 females with the help of a questionnaire based survey on food habits, preference of type of food intake, tea consumption, munching habits, workplace or home eating and eating during working hours. R Results were analyzed on the basis of percentage values and SPSS 17.0 different associations between variables. out of 120 people 58.3%of the individuals including both genders did not have a feeling of fullness, 50.83 % of the total individuals eat during working hours and possess munching habit, 83% use to eat biscuits to munch .Unordered eating patterns also affect the frequency of bowel movements, 58.30% people have bowel movements once a time. Irregular eating and munching habits does not initiate a feeling of fullness in the beginning of a meal, due to binge eating people do get satisfied by the smell of food and did not take a proper meal to fulfill nourishment requirements. However, binge eating lead to increase appetite as the munching material including snacks digest quickly which cause more food intake and people did not get fully satisfied by the smell of food only and excessive tea intake is one of the contributing factors. Binge eating affects normal appetite, eating attitudes and Bowel movements which may further lead to severe eating disorders like Bulimia nervosa which should be clarified early instead left undiagnosed.