Journal of Physical Education Research

10-18

Authors: SABER HAMROUNI

The aim of the study was to specify the relationship between global self-esteem and commitment to work among teachers of physical education and theoretical subjects in the high school according to the age, seniority at work and gender. The sample constituted of 136 secondary school teachers from the region of Tunis (Tunisia), among those 58 teachers of physical education and 78 teachers of theoretical subjects participated in this study. The scale of self-esteem developed by Rosenberg (1965), and the commitment in the teaching translated and adapted by Alem, Bujold and Bertrand (2003) was used to collect the data. The obtained data were subjected to student’s t test for comparison of independent averages and the Pearson correlation coefficient. The results showed that all teachers have a high level of self-esteem. The level of commitment to the work of almost all teachers is average (27 on 40) and this level does not differ by gender. The level of self-esteem by the teachers of physical education was higher than their counterparts in theoretical subjects; however, they are more engaged in their work. On the other hand, the Pearson correlation coefficient revealed that age and years of service are positively correlated with self-esteem. On the basis of results it is believed that with time and with seniority, the teachers have a level of more and more raised self-esteem. Finally, this study showed that the age and years of service are not connected with commitment in the work. Keywords: Self-esteem, commitment in the work, Tunisian teachers.

27-37

Authors: LAWAL IBRAHIM YAZID

Fairness with which media organizations cover and report conflicting sports issues thus engage not only ethical considerations, but also professional performance. This research explores how the concept “fairness” is used by specific story qualities in an ongoing issues (the dismal performance of the Super Eagles) in the 2012&2014 Nations cup, obviously if fairness mean anything in media narratives, they must manifest in stories. The study developed a content based technique of assessing fairness of newspaper coverage of controversial issues and applied to 254 stories that appear in three major newspapers in Nigeria, it also assesses the extent of the newspapers neutrality and objectivity as well as relevance of their narratives on the Nigerian team performance, using qualitative textual analysis methodology, this study drew on Raul’s 1971 theory of justice& fairness for an independent press. It appears that the narratives in these newspapers not only contributed to the opening of debate on coaching issues but led to beclouding it which led to negatively affecting the Nigeria Football Federation (NFF) but also blaming the technical manager and the entire coaching crew for failure to win the tournament. Keywords: Print media, fairness, narratives, textual analysis

48-56

Authors: SUMIT KUMAR, S. KULANDAIVELAN, JASPREET KAUR, REKHA CHATURVEDI, AZAD SINGH MALIK, SONU PUNIA, VARUN SINGH, VIKAS KUMAR

This study was carried out to find out overall, site specific, role of play specific, gender specific, level of play specific and type of injury specific prevalence rate of musculoskeletal injuries in field hockey players. To work on this a cross sectional survey study was designed. The sample of the study was 111 players (43 males and 68 females) with at least participation at district level. Injury data was collected from each player using modified Nordic Musculoskeletal Injury Questionnaire. Data was entered into MS Excel for further analysis. The finding showed that 42 players out of 111 was injured leading to 38% overall prevalence of injuries among field hockey players. Out of 42 injuries, knee (24%), ankle (19%) and low back (17%) are the first three most common injuries in field hockey players. Forward (40%) and midfielder (39%) sustained maximum injuries among different playing role. Strain (40%) and sprain (31%) are the most common type of injury in field hockey. Male players (61%) injured more than female players (38.9%). National level players had maximum injury prevalence of 59.52%. State level players show injury prevalence of 28.5% and district level players injured at the rate of 11.9%. Prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries is high among field hockey players. Conditioning by coaches and early rehabilitation by physiotherapists are essential to reduce the injury rate. Keywords: Sprain, strain, injury rate, midfielder, forward, defender.

63-70

Authors: BADSHAH GHOSH

The purpose of the study was to validate the 30 minutes steady state jog in both treadmill and on field for an estimation of peak oxygen uptake. The study was restricted to 100 samples (50 males and 50 females) selected randomly from L.N.I.P.E. Gwalior, India. All the selected samples were into regular fitness training. The data were collected by conducting tests on treadmill and field for 30 minutes and 5 minutes riding on bicycle ergometer for measuring the VO2 max at an optimum load. The tests were conducted after one week interval from the first test. The results from the data revealed that the ‘0’ minute pulses of both the area after the exercise of both male and females have significant correlation with peak oxygen uptake. Further it was seen that the boys’ correlated value can be validated since it falls in the acceptable region of the validation norm given by Barrow and McGee where as the girls correlated value falls in the questionable region and thus girls VO2 max might not be validated against 30 minute steady state jog. Keywords: Maximal aerobic power, maximum oxygen uptake, peak oxygen uptake, cardio-respiratory endurance, nomogram.

7-19

Authors: DAVID SHAW, PHILIP M. WILSON, DIANE E. MACK

Grounded in Self-Determination Theory (SDT; Deci & Ryan, 2002), the purpose of this study was to examine the role of perceived autonomy support, structure, and involvement experienced by trainee teachers from parents/guardians, professors, and high school teachers on the motivation to become a physical education teacher (PET). Using a non-experimental design, student trainees at a mid-sized Canadian university (N = 137) completed a self-report instrument on a single occasion. Multiple regression analysis indicated that perceived involvement from parents/guardians and perceived structure from high school teachers were key predictors of motivation to become a PET. No link was evident between any type of perceived support experienced by student trainees from university professors and motivation to become a PET. Overall, the results of this study support Deci and Ryan’s (2002) contentions within the framework of SDT by verifying that perceptions of structure and involvement can be key mechanisms fueling optimal motivation for career planning with reference to becoming a PET

31-42

Authors: BIRUK AMARE SORATE

This study was aimed to investigate the playground conditions and associated injury risks implications for Ethiopian youth. Cross-sectional study design was employed to investigate playground condition and survey study design was employed to assess injury risks of the players. According to the nature of the problem primary source of data was employed. Purposive sampling technique was employed for the study. The instruments were ground cover (%), sward height (mm), hardness (g), and water infiltration rate (mm/hr.) and also questionnaire talking about the injury profiles. Descriptive statistics was produced for each of the parameters. The SPSS 20 software was used for the statistical analysis. The percentage of grass cover is estimated at < 25%. The mean value of sward height in 9 (nine) test locations were 17.89 mm. The mean values of ground hardiness test in all locations were 4.38 ± 1.47 g. However, the field application efficiency (%) of water infiltration rates in 30 minutes in all locations mean ± SD was 33.64 ± 0.55. Incidences of injury in different types of field the analysis showed the overall incidence of injury between the surfaces during training or match play for the players are severe in sandy and loam bare fields and the analysis also showed that the incidence of injury as a function of body location was severe. Based on the major findings of the study an Ethiopian youth sport academy playground is unsafe for the players. So, to keep the quality of pitch, maintenance during and after the playing season is the most critical factor in providing a playing surface that is fit. Keywords: Football pitch, injury, players, playground.

53-61

Authors: ZAMIRULLAH KHAN, ANWAR ALI, NASEEM AHMED

The purpose of this study was to compare the aggression and mental toughness of men and women basketball players of all India intervarsity. One hundred (50 men & 50 women) basketball players were randomly selected as the subjects. Aggression inventory constructed and standardized by Srivastava (1984), and Mental toughness questionnaire prepared by Goldberg (1995) was used to collect players responses on aggression and mental toughness, respectively. The data were analyzed by applying descriptive statistic i.e. mean, standard deviation and t-test. The significance level was set at 0.05. The findings of the study showed that there is no substantial significant difference in mental toughness and aggression between men and women all India universities basketball players. Keywords: Aggression, mental toughness, basketball, players, Indian universities.

68-78

Authors: ABHISHEK KUMAR SINGH

The purpose of the study was to compare selected motor ability components of field hockey goalkeepers at different levels of participation. 45 male field hockey goalkeepers were selected for the purpose of the study. Out of 45 subjects, 15 subjects each were selected from inter-collegiate, inter-university and national level. The motor ability components selected in this were flexibility, orientation ability, balance ability and reaction ability. Before the collection of data the purpose and procedure of the tests items were explained to the subjects, and given sufficient time for warm-up before testing. Adequate demonstrations with regard selected test were also given. The necessary data was collected by administering various tests for the chosen variables. ANOVA (analysis of variance) technique was used to compare the means of different levels of participations followed by LSD (least significant difference) wherever applicable. The level of significant to determine the significant difference was set at 0.05 levels. The results of the study showed that significant difference existed in flexibility, orientation ability, balance ability and reaction time ability among senior national, inter-university and inter-collegiate level of field hockey goalkeepers. Keywords: Motor ability, field hockey, goalkeepers levels of participation.

07-13

Authors: MD. ALI IMAM HOSSAIN, ABU TAREQ

The purpose of this study was to analyze the batting skill of Bangladesh Krira Shikkha Protisthan (BKSP) cricketers. For the purpose of this study 4 cricketers were selected from BKSP. They were undergo for long term training programme in the institution. A high configure camcorder was used to collect videographical data. The camcorder was placed at 10 meters away from movement execution zone. The batsmen were asked to performed batting movement (including Gripping, Stance, Backlift, Front foot defence, Backfoot defence etc.). Their movement were captured in the camcorder. After collecting video footage by camcorder, it was downoaded to personal computer. The data was analysed by Kenovia 8.0 Motion analysis software. Several statistical value were computed by SPSS-16. The results of the study documented that Jaker was one of the best bastsmen among the selected four cricketers of BKSP. Keywords: Biomechanical, cricket, batting, gripping, stance, backlift.

20-27

Authors: AMRITASHISH BAGCHI

This study aimed to investigate the effects of different freehand exercises on the electromyographic (EMG) activity of Triceps Brachii (TB) and Pectoralis Major (PM) muscles. Ten healthy men (21.25 ± 2.09 years) performed 1 repetition of four different freehand exercises. The maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) was recorded with the help of biograph infinity software (EMG). Surface ElectroMyoGraphy (SEMG) was used for measuring muscle electrical activity that occurs during muscle contraction. The four different freehand exercises were vertical dips (VD), wider grip vertical dips (WGVD), back dips (BD) and diamond push-ups (DPU). The results of the study shows that in case of the muscles activation in Triceps Brachii, except diamond push-ups (DPU) all the other exercises reveals significant differences with the vertical dips (VD), suggesting that Vertical dips is more effective inactivating the primary mover (Triceps Brachii) as compare to wider grip vertical dips (WGVD) and back dips (BD). When it comes to Pectoralis Major Muscle activationwider grip vertical dips (WGVD) was foundto be more effective, as all the other exercises reveals significant differences with the wider grip vertical dips (WGVD). Keywords: Electromyography, muscle activation, freehand exercises, triceps brachii, pectoralis major.

34-41

Authors: ABHISHEK KUMAR SINGH

The purpose of the study was to compare coordinative abilities of north-zone intervarsity volleyball players. A total of 40 male intervarsity volleyball players belonging from Faizabad, Hisar, Jhansi and Aligarh teams of north zone intervarsity tournament region, 10 players of each team were selected as the sample of the study. The necessary data for comparing the selected coordinative abilities was collected by administering coordinative ability tests as suggested by Hirtz (1985). In order to find-out the coordinative abilities of male intervarsity volleyball players belonging from Faizabad, Hisar, Jhansi and Aligarh teams of north zone intervarsity tournament, data were summarized by descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation). One Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to find out the significant difference of male north-zone intervarsity volleyball players. The significance was tested at 0.05 levels. From the results of the study it was found that there was no significant difference exists among Faizabad, Hisar, Jhansi and Aligarh intervarsity volleyball team players on orientation ability, differentiation ability, reaction ability, balance ability and rhythmic ability. Keywords: Coordinative abilities, volleyball players.

53-59

Authors: GUL MOHAMMAD, SARTAJ KHAN, JOSEPH SINGH

Intelligence forms the basic characteristic of human beings. The level of intelligence is reflected by the clarity of purpose, thought and action in an individual’s behavior. Emotional intelligence in sports is the ability to control your emotions and create peak performance on demand. The purpose of the present study was to determine the difference between state and national level volleyball players on emotional intelligence. For the purpose of the study 200 male volleyball players selected as a subject. The Emotional Intelligence Inventory developed by Mangal and Mangal (2004) was used to collect the data. Independent t-test was used to interpret the results at 0.05 level of significance. The results of the study revealed that there is significant difference between state and national level volleyball players on emotional intelligence. Keywords: Emotional intelligence, state, national, volleyball.

07-22

Authors: Vinathe Sharma-Brymer, Eric Brymer, Keith Davids

Lifestyle diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases are on the increase worldwide. This study examines the distinctive effects of exercise in green space compared to other contexts. There is growing evidence that physical activity in nature has considerable positive effects on human health far beyond those benefits assumed by physical activity alone, despite a reduction in opportunities for green exercise. A systematic literature review was undertaken to examine the evidence on the importance of physical activity in green space from different theoretical sub-disciplines including psychiatry, psychology, outdoor education, sport and exercise psychology and leisure, and recreation. Thematic categories were created to establish the effects of green space and green exercise on different yet inter-linked aspects of human health and well-being, both physical as well as mental. Our systematic review led us to apply ideas from a new theoretical perspective that contributes to existing understanding of how physical activity in green spaces (green exercise) might provide physical benefits and enhance mental health and wellbeing. This perspective, known as Ecological Dynamics, focuses on the relationship between the individual and environment in providing a functional explanation for the enhancement of physical and mental health and wellbeing. From this study it is theoretically rationalised that physical activity in green space, compared to other popular contexts, is more effective in enhancing physical and psycho-social wellbeing. Keywords: Physical activity, human health and wellbeing, green space, green exercise, Ecological Dynamics

32-39

Authors: GEMECHU BEKER TUFA

The intent of this study is to assess the status, challenges and prospect of Ethiopian youth sport training centers in some selected regions. The research was made Oromia, South Nation Nationalities and People regional state, Dire Dawa and Addis Ababa as the sites of this study. Both qualitative and quantitative approaches particularly a descriptive survey were employed as they were found to be appropriate for answering the basic research questions. Pertaining to the sample size of population for the study (N=522) athletes, coaches, sport experts and Sport Administrators were participated. Concerning instruments of data gathering interview, questionnaire, focus group discussion and observation were be triangulated to enrich the validity of the tools. Data gathered by these instruments were organized in form table and frequency and percentage were used. The finding of study indicates that all athletes in the youth training centers were selected from sport competitions and there is no scientific methods of selecting sport talents in those sport training. Even though school and residence areas are special place for youth sport training for many Ethiopian youth currently sport playing ground around this area are used for different building construction. Scarcity of facilities, equipment and materials in the training centers also limit the performances of the centers. Furthermore sport organizations such national federations and sports clubs are not highly involving in youth sport training as the needs of the country. Therefore it is very important to follow scientific methods of talent identifications and development in order to produces outstanding athletes and sport commissions ,sport federations ,sport clubs and all stake holders should work together to establish new youth training policies structures and development in all parts of the country.

47-51

Authors: MANOJ KUMAR DHADWAL

The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship of ego-strength with the performance in contact and non-contact sports. Four hundred forty eight subjects were selected from contact and non-contact sports. Their age ranged from 18 to 25 years. To determine the performance of the contact and non-contact sportsmen, subjective judgment was made with the help of three judges. The Ego-Strength Questionnaire framed by Barron, were administered to find out the relationship of ego-strength with the performance in contact and non-contact sports. Pearson’s Moment Correlation was used for data analysis. The analysis of data reveals a significant relationship of ego-strength with the performance in contact sports whereas in non-contact sports ego-strength did not show any significant relationship with the performance.

57-63

Authors: SHEETAL S. SHIRKE

The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of presentation teaching method (PTM) & co-operative learning method (CLM) on asana performance in yoga. It is pre-test- post-test non-equivalent quasi-experimental groups design, in which 30 girl students of 8th standard was purposively selected as sample from Modern High school, Ganeshkhind, Pune. They were divided into two groups. First experimental group (n=15) assigned by PTM & second experimental group (n=15) by CLM. Asana performance test was conducted in the beginning & after implementation of 12 weeks teaching program as a pre-test & post-test. Obtained data by asana evaluation sheet, were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, Paired sample ‘t’ test & Independent ‘t’ test Results show that both the teaching methods are useful to improve asana performance. It was further concluded that CLM group asana score (M=23.80±4.66) was superior to PTM group score (M=11.60±4.86), where ‘t’ value was 7.01 which is statistically significant at 0.005 significant level (p=0.001).

71-81

Authors: MEHNDI HASAN, ABHISHEK KUMAR SINGH, JOSEPH SINGH

This study conceptualized to compare the achievement motivation of Indian field hockey players at three different levels of competitions. To work on the purpose of the study 300 male Indian field hockey players played at different levels of competitions were selected. The age of the participants ranged from 17 to 25 years. For the purpose of the present study three strata were made, inter-collegiate, north-zone intervarsity, and all India intervarsity hockey players. Stratified random sampling technique (proportionate) was done and 100 participants were selected for each stratum. Achievement motivation of the subjects was measured by using sports achievement motivation test developed by Kamlesh (1990). In order to find-out the achievement motivation of the field hockey players of different levels of competitions, One Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to find out the significant difference among inter-collegiate, north-zone intervarsity and all India intervarsity level field hockey players. To know more about the pattern of differences existing within a set of population means, Least Significant Difference (LSD) Post-hoc test were used. The significance was tested at 0.05 level. Results of the study showed that significant difference exists among inter-collegiate, north-zone intervarsity and all India intervarsity level hockey players on achievement motivation. Thus it can be concluded that achievement motivation as one of the most important psychological component that influence the performance of the field hockey players.