The Pharmaceutical and Chemical Journal

5-14

Authors: Bitrus Apagu, Binta A Kyari, Mohammed S Waziri, Musa A Ibrahim, Bitrus Y Duhu, Mustapha Bulama‒Modu, Tayib Yagana Alkali, Mari H

The phytochemical analyses of the leaves of some selected plants species (Amaranthus caudatum, Brasica oleracea, Ipomea batata, Manihot esculenta and Telfera occidentalis) and in vitro antimicrobial activities on some bacteria species were determined using aqueous and ethanol solvents in Maiduguri, Nigeria. Analysis revealed the presence of tannin, cardiac glycoside, saponin, glycoside, flavonoid and tapenoid in all the plants, while anthraquinine, phylobatanin were not detected. Alkaloid was only present in Manihot esculenta leaves. The antibacterial assay of the leaf extracts on the tested bacteria showed that the extracts are effective against Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas auriginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus feacalis, this was determined using crude antibiotic disc to investigate its potential use as antibacterial agent and standard antibiotic drugs as positive control for comparison. The extracts showed higher antibacterial activities against E. coli and S. aureus.

28-33

Authors: Mojahidul Islam, Vandana Arora Sethi

A series of 3-substituted phenyl -6-substituted phenyl (1,2,4) triazolo (4,3-b) pyridazine has been synthesized. An appropriate aromatic hydrocarbon reacts with succinic anhydride in presence of AlCl3 to yield β-aroyl propionic acid. The corresponding acid was cyclised with hydrazine hydrate to give 6-(substituted aryl)-2, 3, 4, 5-tetrahydro-3-pyridazinone, which was heated on steam bath with phosphorous oxy chloride to yield 3-chloro 6-substituted phenyl pyradazine. This intermediate after reaction with hydrazine hydrate was converted into 3-hydrazino-6-substituted phenyl pyradazine. The resulting product was converted into3-substituted phenyl 6-substituted phenyl (1,2,4) triazolo (4,3-b) pyridazine by reacting with substituted aroyl chloride. Spectral data (IR, NMR, mass spectra) confirmed the structures of the synthesized compounds. The synthesized compounds were investigated for their antiviral activity. The results indicated that the synthesized compounds have mild to potent activity with reference to their appropriate reference standards.

41-45

Authors: Atefeh Mehrabifar, Fahimeh Hashemiarani, Masoumeh Piryaei, Ahmad Riahi

A rapid and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatogaphic method was developed for the estimation of nimodipine in pharmaceutical dosage forms. Nimodipine was chromatographed on a reverse phase C- 18 column in a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and water in the ratio of 58:42 (v/v). The mobile phase was pumped at a flow rate of 1 ml/min and the eluents were monitored at 241 nm. A pre-concentration of nimodipine was applied using Nanoparticles Modified with Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide. The calibration curve was linear in the range of 0.1-40 µg/mL. The intra and inter-day variation was found to be less than 1% showing high precision of the assay method. The mean recovery of the from the solution containing 10 µg/mL was 99.95 ± 0.86% indicating high accuracy of the proposed HPLC method. Due to its simplicity, rapidness, high precision and the proposed HPLC method may be used for determining nimodipine in bulk drug samples and pharmaceutical dosage forms.

53-60

Authors: Akintoye A.O.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of natural radioactivity concentrations of 238U, 232Th and 40K in the surface (0-5cm) soil samples collected from Odigbo in the Southwestern region of Nigeria. The surface soils were collected along the streets of this city. The activity concentrations of naturally-occurring radioactive materials in the 238U, 232Th and 40K were determined by means of a Sodium Iodide (NaI) gamma-ray spectrometry system detector in a low background configuration. The mean activity concentrations of 238U, 232Th and 40K for Odigbo were found to be 179.07±11.36, 152.32 ±32.71 and 1617.43±9.90 Bq kg-1. The results of this current study have been compared with the world mean values of 37, 33 and 400 Bq kg-1, respectively specified by the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. The average annual effective dose obtained from this study is 0.22 mSv y-1 for Odigbo, which is still less than the recommended limit of 1 mSv y-1 by International Commission on Radiation Protection [ICRP] for non occupational population. Also the mean radium equivalent for Odigbo is 535.56 Bq kg-1 and its absorbed dose is 175.21 nGy h-1. It was shown that in most of the locations studied 40K has the highest concentration.

68-86

Authors: Nermien Z. Ahmed, Omar A. Ahmed- Farid

Background: There is an abundance of herbal medicines that may introduce to cure the human patient for different syndromes with mild side effect. This study aimed to investigate In-vitro and In-vivo bioactivities potential of some Egyptian wild plants as anti-ulcerogenic on male albino rats. Polyphenols constitute a distinct group of natural compounds of medicinal plants as Monsonia nivea; Savignya parviflora; Heterocaryum subsessile, and Trigonella anguina ethanolic extracts exhibit a wide range of multi-physiological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-ulcerogenic activities. 1st experiment In-vitro antioxidant properties DPPH radical assay; OH•; FRAP; TP; TF, NO, and flavonoid concentrations. Also, determine the Fe++/Ascorbate on mitochondria and microsomal fractions. Acid phosphatase; β-galactosidase; β-N-acetylglucosaminidase, and β- glucuronidase were determined in liver lysosomes against CCl4. the 2nd experiment carried out the In-vivo study, focusing the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcerogenic activities of herbal cocktail ratio due to the best constituent results from the In-vitro study. Methods: Thirty-six male albino rats divided into six groups; 1st group: control. 2nd herbal cocktail group (100 mg/kg b.wt/day o.p) from Mn, Sp, Hs, and Ta extract with ratio 1:2:1:3 respectively, along with the experiment. The 3rd group treated with acetylsalicylic acid (500mg/kg b.wt/day o.p) for three successive days (positive group). The 4th group treated with herbal along 2 weeks then induction with ASA (protective group). The 5th group treated with ranitidine (27 mg/kg b.wt/day o.p) after induction with ASA (curative ranitidine group). The 6th group treated with herbal extract (27 mg/kg b.wt/day o.p) after induction with ASA (curative herbal cocktail group), the experiment lasted for 30 days. Results: Revealed data showed that the ASA induces a significant increase in blood leucocytes, neutrophils and stomach MDA, GSSG, NO, TNF-α, IL-6, and myeloperoxidase. On the other hand, ASA induces a significant decrease in blood RBCs and stomach GSH. Protective and curative effect of HC extract showed ameliorated effect for parameters near to control group. Conclusion: Obtained data concluded that individual wield herbal extract have In-vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and In-vivo antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcerogenic properties due to reached flavonoids of the mixture.

99-106

Authors: Synodalia C. Wattimena, Felsdian I. Belegur, Monica Kailola, Edwin T. Apituley

Ina sua is a traditional salted fish product belongs to Teo Nila Sarua (TNS) community, Maluku, Indonesia. The first aim of this study is to find out the effect of salt concentration on protein content and bacteria number of cakalang fish (Katsuwonus pelamis) Ina sua. Three salt concentrations (10%, 20% & 30%) are used with incubation time of two weeks at 35° C. The second aim of this study is to find out the effect of incubation time on protein content and bacteria number of cakalang fish (Katsuwonus pelamis) Ina sua. Four incubation times (2, 3, 4, 5 weeks) at 35°C are used with salt concentration of 20%. For a control, protein content and bacteria number of fresh cakalang fish are analysed. The result shows that Ina sua with the highest protein content (30.7 %) and the lowest bacterial number (2.3 x 104 CFU/ml) is obtained from the use of 30% salt concentration. The value of pH decreases with increasing salt concentrations. The result also shows that Ina sua with the highest protein content (±30%) is obtained at incubation time of 3 and 4 weeks but for all incubation time used the numbers of bacteria are not significantly different (2.5 x 106 – 1.2 x 108 CFU/ml). The values of pH are not significantly different for all incubation time used.

114-120

Authors: Abdel Karim M, Maha A, Khalid MS

Jatropha curcas seed oil was studied by GC-MS. The oil was also evaluated for antimicrobial activity. Twenty two components were detected by GC-MS analysis. Main constituents are: Z,Z-9,12-octadecadienoic acid methyl ester (37.56%); Z-9-octadecenoic acid methyl ester (26.03%%); hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (19.09%); methyl stearate (13.20%). The antibacterial activity of the oil was evaluated via the cup plate agar diffusion bioassay against five standard pathogenic bacteria: Gram positive: Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtitlis; Gram negative: Esherichia coli and Pseudomonasa aeruginosa and the fungus Candida albicans. The oil showed excellent activity against Escherichia coli and excellent anticandidal activity.

131-140

Authors: Kalu Okonwu, Love A Akonye, Stephen I Mensah

The anti-nutrient compositions of fluted pumpkin leaf grown in three different geoponic media were quantified. These media were white-sand (WS), humus soil (HS) and sawdust (SD). The anti-nutrients composition of matured pumpkin leaf assessed were alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, hydrogen cyanide, trypsin-inhibitor, oxalate, tannins and phytate. Standard analytical methods were followed in the determination of the anti-nutrient compositions. Phytate, tannin, oxalate, trypsin-inhibitor, hydrogen cyanide, and saponins contents (ppm) in fluted pumpkin leaf grown in WS, HS and SD were 7.131, 8.857 and 8.866; 1.436, 2.127 and 4.348; 3.814, 5.927 and 4.882; 0.959, 2.584 and 1.556; 0.007, 0.001 and 0.002; 4.175, 7.253 and 5.108, respectively while total flavonoids and total alkaloids contents (g/100g) were 7.679, 8.064 and 13.387, and 17.848, 9.077 and 12.445 in that same order. Among the groups of alkaloids, indole/benzypyrole (5.959, 1.059 and 3.885 g/100g) and quinoline (4.493, 4.507 and 5.041 g/100g) were the most abundant while acridine (0.008, 0.009 and 0.011 g/100g) and imidazole (0.001, 0.003 and 0.001 g/100g) were the least in the three treatments. Also, isoflavones (2.321, 3.731 and 5.551 g/100g) and flavan-3-ols (4.648, 3.918 and 7.226 g/100g) were the most concentrated subgroups of flavonoids while anthocyanin was the least (0.083, 0.083 and 0.082 g/100g) for WS, HS and SD, respectively. The study revealed that the bioactive content of T. occidentalis changes depending on the growth medium.