The Pharmaceutical and Chemical Journal

11-20

Authors: Williams FE, Ogunsola OA, Akinbola AS, Faluyi B, Fabiyi OS, Nwobi NL, Owolabi JO

Moringa oleifera is arguably the most popular and useful specie of the very useful moringacea family of plants that have become well known due to their economic values and phytomedicinal and nutritional qualities. However, there is the need for adequate and thoroughly scientific information about the several acclaimed potential benefits of the plant. It is however worthy of note that most recent publications on the acclaimed potential benefits of the plants parts components and their usefulness have been positive, thus, confirming several available traditional and past literatures available on the plant’s usefulness. While scientists in different walks of life work to explore the values of this plant that has been dubbed the Miracle Tree in certain places, there is no doubt that the understanding and validation of the distribution of components and phytochemicals across the plant parts is vital towards exploring optimal benefits of the plant. This investigation was conducted to assess the distribution of nutrients and phytochemical groups in the various parts of the plant and to observe the pH values of each part extract- ethanolic and aqueous. Results will be very important in guiding researchers and product developers as well as farmers, the consumers, policies makers and the general public towards appreciating the possible variations in the usefulness and benefits of the various plant parts. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the plant were prepared from the various parts of the same plants which were air-dried at maintained room temperature, thereafter macerated and powdered with the grinder. The available of nutrients including carbohydrates, fats, proteins and steroids as well as phytochemical groups including alkaloids, anthraquinones, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, tannins and terpenoids were assayed in the ethanolic and aqueous extracts of each plant parts. Plant parts that were tested included the root, bark, leaf, whole pod, seed and flower. The pH value of each extract sample was also tested. Results showed that all extracts were acidic except aqueous extract of the bark that was slightly alkaline. Nutrients and phytochemicals’ distribution in the various plant parts also vary considerably. Researchers, users and product developers should be considerate of these variations.

30-33

Authors: Mahmoud A. Mohamed, Ayman E. Mahdy

Vesicouterine fistulas is extremely rare and reported cases are often iatrogenic after gynecologic surgeries. The presentation of urogenital fistulas can be unspecific. Most common presentations are hematuria, vaginal urine leak, lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) as urgency, frequency and nocturia and abdominal pain. We present two cases of rare occurrence of vesicouterine fistula and the up to date and minimally invasive management.

39-44

Authors: Lincy Joseph, Mathew George, Dheeraj, Mincy Mathew

In this research work various curcuminoids have been synthesized and characterized, as the first step curcumin was synthesized from Acetyl acetone and vanillin and then the corresponding curcumin derivatives weresynthesized by treating curcumin with epichlorhydrin and K2CO3 in DMF and then its amine derivative was synthesized by refluxing with methyl amine in presence of NaOH. Various curcuminoids were synthesized by treating acetyl acetone and various substituted aldehydes in the presence of boric anhydride and ethyl acetate at room temperature. Crude products then extracted with various suitable organic solvents and recrystallized from methanol. The synthesized products were checked for purity by TLC. All the products were characterized by H1 NMR, MS, FT-IR spectroscopies

55-67

Authors: Amrita Songra, Anju Goyal

Diabetes mellitus is a clinical syndrome characterized by hyperglycemia due to absolute or relative deficiency of insulin. Diabetic retinopathy caused by complications of diabetes mellitus, which can eventually lead to blindness. It is most common micro vascular complication and also it is a leading cause of blindness in adults between 30-65 years of age worldwide. Sub-clinical hypothyroidism, the most prevalent form of thyroid diseases and it is more common in females and elder ones. The aim of the study is to determine the relationship between Sub-Clinical Hypothyrodism (SCH) and sight threatening diabetic retinopathy in type-2 diabetic patients and find the Correlation of various risk factors of diabetic retinopathy and Sub-Clinical Hypothyrodism. This is concluded from the present study that duration of diabetes, severity of diabetes, hypertension, nephropathy, neuropathy, total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL have prognostic value in diabetic retinopathy. Males are more prone to Diabetic retinopathy and females patients are more prone to Sub-Clinical Hypothyrodism. Patients who were suffering from diabetes are also having retinopathy along with Sub-Clinical Hypothyrodism in an associated manner.

94-99

Authors: Muhammad Kamran Jamil, Mohammad Reza Farahani, M.R. Rajesh Kanna

The geometric-arithmetic index of a graph G is defined as ______ . Recently, Ghorbani et. al. introduced the eccentric version of the geometric-arithmetic index as ______ , where_____ is the eccentricity of the vertex u. In this paper, we compute the fourth geometric-version of Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHk).

109-119

Authors: AM Kolo, UM Sani, IU Kutama, Umar Usman

The inhibitive and adsorptive characteristics of Januviafor the corrosion of zinc in HCl solutions have been studied using weight loss and gasometric methods of monitoring corrosion. The results obtained reveal that various concentrations of Januvia inhibited the corrosion of zinc in HCl between the temperature ranges of 303-333K. The inhibition efficiency of the inhibitor was found to decrease with temperature.Kinetic consideration reveals that the inhibited and uninhibited corrosion of zinc in the acid proceeded via first order kinetics with half-life values for the inhibited reactions being higher than values for the uninhibited systems. Thermodynamics consideration also reveals that this inhibitor is adsorbed on zinc surface by spontaneous physical adsorption mechanism. Values of free energy were lower than the threshold value of 40 kJ/mol. Also Temkin adsorption isotherms best described the adsorption characteristics of the inhibitor.

125-137

Authors: AH Naggar, HA Mauof, AA Ekshiba, OA Farghaly

Potentiometric and conductometric studies of binary and ternary complexes of sulphamethoxazole (SMZ) and glycine (Gly) with metal ions; Fe(III), Pb(II), Co(II), Al(III), La(III), Sr(II), Cr(III), Th(IV), Ti(II) and Zr(IV). In 0.1 M NaClO4 and 25 % (v/v) ethanol–water mixture, stability constant of metal ions complexes with SMZ have been determined potentiometrically. The ionic strength effect on the formed complexes stability was studied. The stoichiometries of these complexes were determined conductometrically and indicated that the formation of 1: 1, 1: 2 and/or 1: 3 (metal: ligand) complexes. Also, the species distribution diagrams of SMZ and its metal ion complexes were reported. For ternary complex; M: SMZ: Gly = 1: 1: 1, the protonation constants were calculated. The order of stability of both binary and ternary complexes was examined.

142-148

Authors: Senthil Kumar GR, Vengadesan R

The present study endeavors chemical and mineralogical characteristics in Meretrix casta (Bivalve) shells of the Yadayanthittu estuary, Southeast coast of India. In this estuary shell specimens were collected at 100m distance in the sampling stretch. The oxides, the elements and biominerals were measured with the aid of an integrated XRF and XRD instrument. The result of oxides demonstrates that the CaO content is in high percentages (54.47), which is common in organic shells. Apart from CaO, the other reported important oxides are Na2O, (0.697), SiO2, (0.241), Fe2O3, (0.116), MgO, (0.0661) and Al2O3, (0.0587). The elemental concentration shows that Ca with high level of 38.95 wt%. All other reported elements are only in lesser wt %, i.e. Na, (0.517), Si, (0.113) Sr, (0.156) Fe (0.0813), Sx (0.0266), Mg (0.0399) and Al (0.0311). The XRD analysis exhibits that the Meretrix casta shells of the Yadayanthittu estuary is formed by aragonite (98%) and selwynite (2%) biominerals.

154-164

Authors: Ramadan Nesrin, Abdel-Haleem Lamia, EL Sanabary Hoda, Salem Maissa

Three precise, accurate and sensitive methods were developed for the determination of Trospiumchloride in presence of its degradation product (acid and alkaline). Method (A) was atomic absorption spectroscopic (AAS), it is based on the formation of ion-pair precipitate complex (1:1) with ammonium reineckate. The precipitate and the filtrate were used to determine the concentration of the drug by direct and indirect way respectively at 357.9 nm. Method (B) was based on the formation of ion-pair association complex (1:1) with bromocresol purple (BCP), bromophenol blue (BPB) and thymol blue (TB). The coloured products were measured at 412.0±2.0 nm. Method (C) was based on the conductometric determination of Trospium chloride by titration with ammonium reneickateat 20°C and the conductance of the solution is measured as a function of the volume of titrant. Linearity ranges for method (A) were 8.0–120.0 μg/mL and 10.0–120.0 μg/mL for the direct and indirect procedures, respectively. In case of method (B) the linearity ranges were 3.0–20.0 µg/mL for BCP, 2.0–25.0 µg/mL for BPB and 5.0–35.0 µg/mL for TB, while the linearity range was 100.0–1000.0 μg/mL for method (C). Statistical comparison between the results obtained by these methods and the official method.

172-177

Authors: Jude C Nnaji, Prosper N Emmanuel

The study was conducted in order to determine the effect of metallic manual grinding machine on metal concentrations in food condiments. Food condiments (tomato, crayfish, dika nut, melon and pepper) were purchased from three local markets (Ndoro, Ubani and Ahiaeke) and were each divided into two parts. One part of each condiment from a specific market was pulverized with plastic mortar and pestle while the other part was pulverized using manual grinding machine. In all, three different metallic grinders (Corona® brand) were used for the three condiment lots from the three markets. The samples (plastic mortar samples, PMS and metallic grinder samples, MGS) were digested with HNO3 and aqua regia and analyzed for metals (Fe, Zn, Cr and Ni) using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (FAAS). The results show enrichment of condiment samples with the metals as a result of the use of the metallic grinder for crushing them since metal concentrations were higher in all metallic grinder samples (MGS) compared to plastic mortar samples (PMS). Mean Fe concentrations in PMS for the three condiment lots were significantly lower (P<0.05) than mean Fe concentration in MGS indicating substantial Fe enrichment.

183-191

Authors: Abdalla Saleh Abdel-Gawad

The separation and quantitative determination of phytic acid (inositol hexaphosphate IP6) and lower inositol (tri-IP3, tetra-IP4 and pentaphosphates IP5) in raw, soaked and germinating faba bean, lentil, chickpea and pea was carried out using an anion exchange column chromatography. The raw faba bean, lentil, chickpea and pea contained higher concentration of IP6 ranged from 637 to 836.9 mg/100g d.m. The IP5 was found in raw faba bean and lentil, whereas, IP3 was detected only in raw chickpea. Soaking for 12 hrs diminished IP6 and increased IP5 and inorganic phosphate (Pi) in faba bean and lentil, while in chickpea and pea, the decrease of IP6 was accompanied by formation of IP5 and increase of Pi. The germination for 48 hrs caused lowering in IP6 and increment in IP5 with formation of IP4 and IP3 in faba bean and lentil. Sharp decreases in IP6 and IP5 were accompanied by increases in IP4 and IP3 in faba bean and lentil after 72-hrs germination. Furthermore, in chickpea and pea showed a large dropping in the contents of IP6 and IP5 after 72 hrs germination, in this paper, different legumes with the phytate content and their hydrolysis products will be presented.