Italian Journal of Sports rehabilitation and Posturology

2436 – 2451

Authors: Nikola Aksović, Ljubinko Jovanović, Bojan Bjelica, Milan Zelenović, Rosario D’Onofrio

The primary goal of teaching physical education is to increase the fund of motor knowledge, habits and skills. Regardless of the recognized importance of the subject, in most countries in the world the number of classes is constantly declining, and there are certain financial problems in the implementation of teaching, which affects the quality and manner of curricula. The aim of this review is to show the importance and role of methodological and organizational forms of work in physical education classes as well as to show and strengthen the role of teachers in the process of programming, planning, implementation and evaluation of physical education classes. Reduced physical activity of students, which reached only 20% of active time, led to the appearance of various forms of work that raised the value of active time in class over 50% (additional exercise), 61% (polygon and station), while the form of circular training very little time used for preparation, that is, 90% of the time remains for work. The wave and the beginning are the organizational forms of work that are mostly applied in Serbia. Thus, it can be concluded that the methodological and organizational forms of work have led to positive transformations of students, primarily in the field of motor skills.

2465 - 2494

Authors: Jan van de Rakt, Steve McCarthy-Grunwald

Introduction. The reality for the individual that has suffer from an stroke is visible in the text that an person with an severe stroke say: “ Brilliant that I can move and managed my shoulder and elbow and have less difficulties with the ADL and no pain, but at the end of the arm is my hand and that is purpose of al that shoulder movement to bring my affected hand in an position that I can use him .” I was silent. He was right , I wasn’t capable to get an good hand-function . He was able to pick up something and open his hand but only with mass flexion and mass extension . And often when he don’t look to his hand was the object gone ! The therapy remain on that level but when stop an while, he experience what he loss in an short time and his motivation was present again . Still it is never the treatment goal to hold that level!! After the treatment of the flexor attitude and movement synergy, now there is more dissociation possible and that can be through recovery but also through an good treatment. But that means don’t stop, go one with dissociation, also with the hand to get the highest possible level! Design . The science has much efforts in the developmental of robotic and F.E.S. stimulation techniques but still today it isn’t clear that this has the answer for the recovery of the arm and especially the hand and it isn’t also clear or this is an better way to get more function in the hand. But obvious there is much more possible to get an better arm-hand function by using this inventions, but than for all stroke survivors with arm and hand function decrease. An eclectic approach will use everything to get an better result but always with an good base of science and with the training and motoric learning rules in the head. To get an result in the damaged brain must have an amount of intensity to get the brain working on his plasticity. The question remain that we not know how much plasticity an damaged brain has and obvious that is different for every stroke survivor. Conclusion. Therefore therapist try everything what you think can help but also science keep on searching !! And this can also be done in the chronic stage of this disease. In this part also “manipulation techniques to get the diagonals make an better “communication” between them and the muscle pattern and create better keypoint. Often that manipulation is tone inhibition and hands-on technique to use that inhibition for an better facilitation and working on better movements also in direct relation with the A.D.L. Technique that often have great impact in the subacute and chronic phase.