Gardarika

11-25

Authors: Arthur Chubur

The hierarchic typology of Paleolithic dwellings is presented. I levels: artificial features and natural shelters. II levels: dwellings-settlement and elementary dwellings. Level III for elementary dwellings: bone-earthen, with some large bones, without bones. To dwellings-settlements concern Kostenki-Avdeevo complexes (lengthy facility with a line of the hearths, on a site surrounded by storage pits and recessed into the mainland huts), “lengthy houses” Kostenki IV (lengthy facility with a line of the hearths), habitation Yeliseevichi complex (site surrounded by recessed into the mainland huts). Based on ethnographic analogies from different points of the globe following hypothesis is proposed to explain the phenomenon of "settlement-houses." A similar build was elaborated in stereotype similar situations. This is one of the self-adaptive mechanisms of people who were on the open spaces uncontrolled by them only just new spaces. Life on foreign soil forced to seek a closed, compact layout of the settlement. It gave not only physical protection, but also a sense of security and control space. The sacred space of the house extends to all settlement. The dwellings-settlements may serve as a marker for non indigenous a population.

41-52

Authors: Timur A. Magsumov, Gleb O. Kovzik

In article the purposes, essence and manifestations of socialist competitions in the field of culture of an era of "stagnation" are revealed. The city of Naberezhnye Chelny in 1974-1985 becomes the focus of research. Article is under construction on the basis of the standard and legal, newspaper and office work materials extracted from city archive and for the first time introduced for scientific use. Local sociohistorical conditions of the city have generated special attention of local authorities to the sphere of culture. Therefore authors focus important attention on feature of carrying out socialist competitions in focus of the city-forming enterprise under construction KAMAZ and the cities. Authors point to undoubted quantitative progress in carrying out a number of actions in the field of culture. In article the obvious problems which are shown in lack of a variety of forms of competitions, "flight behind figures", poor quality of service of the population reveal. In the conditions of quickly growing young city it became one of the most important factors of destabilization of sociocultural climate in Post-Soviet time.