Indian Journal of Clinical Anatomy and Physiology

4-7.

Authors: Amruta S Bennal, Varsha Chavan, R.H Taklikar, Anant Takalkar.

Bckground: Menstrual cycle is a physiological phenomenon during reproductive life of women. Its phases are influenced by alteration in the concentration of hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. Fluctuating levels of sex steroids across normal menstrual cycle affect sensory- motor association of an individual. Objective: To study muscular performance by doing hand grip strength (strength of upper limb muscles) and time to fatigue during sustained submaximal isometric handgrip strength exercise during the different phases of menstrual cycle. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in 50 females medical students with regular menstrual cycle of age group between 19-25 years. Muscular performance was assessed by maximum voluntary contraction and time for the onset of fatigue at 30% maximum voluntary contraction, which were recorded using hand grip strength dynamometer by using Power lab 8/30 series with dual Bioamplifier (AD Instruments Australia, Model No.ML870). Results: There is no significant change in maximum voluntary contraction in terms of handgrip strength during different phase of menstrual cycle, though there is slight increase in Secretory phase comparing to Proliferative phase and menstrual phase. The time to fatigue at 30% of MVC (maximum voluntary contraction) is more in secretory phase, but slight statistically significant change is observed between proliferative phase and menstrual phase. Conclusion: Though there is slight changes in values, as these are not statistically significant, regularly menstruating female athletes do not need to adjust their menstrual phase to maximize the performance.

13-15

Authors: DrugkarAmol Z.,Gosewade N.B.,Gangane S.D., More Rakhi M., Drugkar Swati A.

The present study was carried out to find out the total sperm count in infertile males. 70 males referred for complaints of infertility were included in the present study. Semen analysis of the infertile males was done. Among the total 70 males, 54 had normal sperm count. Remaining16 patients were having low sperm counts, 8 males had oligospermia while azoospermia was observed in other 8 males. The findings of the present study was correlated with the previous studies. It is concluded that the semen analysis of male partner should be one of the primary and essential investigation in infertile couples.

21-23

Authors: Kuldeep Chandel, Ram Babu Singh, Sudhir Kumar, Archit Gupta, Kshitiz Nath

Background: The co-existence of both diabetes and thyroid disorders has been associated with increased long-term morbidity and mortality. The present study was conducted to find out the relationship between type 2 DM and thyroid dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes. Material and Methods: A total of 160 diabetic patients and 80 controls were randomly selected from diabetic & medicine OPD/IPD/ICU in Department of Medicine, MLB Medical College Jhansi over the period of 2012 to 2014. Thyroid profile was sent and cases were compared to controls using Chi square test. Results: The study showed that thyroid dysfunction was more prevalent in diabetic subjects than in controls. Difference in TSH was more significant between study and control groups (p<0.01). The difference of mean of free T4 between cases & control was statistically low in females (p<0.0001) but the mean of free T4 in males although low in cases as compared to control was not statistically significant (p=0.38). The mean TSH was more in cases as compared to controls in both males & females & the difference was statistically significant in both males (0.0042) and females (0.0104). Subclinical hypothyroidism was significantly more common than overt hypothyroidism. Conclusions: The study shows that hypothyroidism was associated with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. TSH level is more affected than FT4 level indicating that subclinical hypothyroidism is more common than overt hypothyroidism in Type 2 Diabetes patients. The study also showed that the thyroid status of females was more deranged as compared to males.

27-29

Authors: Nagalakshmi Vijaykumar, Suresh P Badiger, Sharankumar TM, Shobha C Nallulwar

Context: Cardiac autonomic dysfunction may develop in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Purpose: evaluation of cardiovascular autonomic functional modulation by using HRV in females with PCOS. Methodology: Thirty patients with PCOS and 30 healthy female volunteers who were matched for age and body mass index (BMI) were enrolled in the study. Frequency domain power spectral analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) did using non- parametric method of Fast Fourier Transform, using Kubios HRV analysis software. Results: compared to controls females with PCOS demonstrated a significant reduction in Total power of HRV & High frequency (HF) during rest compared to controls (p=0.016) (p=0.00) & significant increase in Low frequency (LF) (p=0.0134) and LF/HF ratio. (p=0.000). Conclusion: we conclude that females with PCOS have altered cardiac autonomic modulation during rest in terms of decreased parasympathetic tone and increased sympathetic tone.

34-36

Authors: Dharmishtha Chawada, Pawan Goyal, Deepak Howale, D.P. Pandit

The global epidemic of overweight and obesity is rapidly becoming a major public health problem in many parts of the world. Rapidly changing diets and lifestyles are fueling the global obesity epidemic. It is associated with an increased risk of developing various non-communicable diseases, including hypertension, coronary heart disease, diabetes, stroke and some forms of cancer. Obesity has been found to be associated with changes in levels of serum triglycerides and it may differ with age, sex, weight, height, BMI (Body Mass Index) and life style groups. This study aims at measuring and correlating values of serum triglyceride level in obese and non-obese individuals. It has been found that obese individuals having increased BMI and sedentary life style had high triglyceride level as compared to non-obese individuals. They are at high risk for CHD, so early detection of alteration in serum triglyceride level will prevent CHD and non-communicable diseases.

41-44

Authors: Venkatesh Kamath, Muhammed Asif, Shivarama Bhat, Ramakrishna Avadhani

Aim: The study analyzes the position of primary nutrient foramina of tibia and fibula. Materials and methods: 137 adult dry bones including 71 tibias and 66 fibulas were studied. The number and position of primary nutrient foramina was noted and the foraminal index was calculated. Results: A single primary nutrient foramen was observed in all the tibia and fibula. 97.18% of tibia had foramen on the posterior surface and 2.82% on medial surface. In the fibula all the foramina were on the posterior surface. The mean foraminal index was 32.08 in tibia and 44.60 in fibula. In the tibias 74.65% of the foramina were in the upper third and in the fibula 95.45% of the foramina were in the middle third. Conclusion: A knowledge of foraminal topography helps to preserve bone vasculature during surgeries. This increases the success of fracture fixation, bone grafting and knee replacement procedures involving the bones.

50-54

Authors: Anshu Gupta, Vikas Mahla, Vasundhara, Kulshreshtha, Shikky Garg, Richa Singh

Introduction: Placenta is an organ that connects the developing fetus to uterine wall to allow nutrient uptake, waste elimination and gaseous exchange via the mother’s blood supply. Placenta is the most accurate record of prenatal experience. Our aim of study was to see different vascular patterns in normal full term human placenta by corrosion cast method. Material and Methods: 100 normal placentae were collected within one hour of delivery. Normal full term placentas were taken for study and any abnormal placenta was excluded - eg: Bidiscoidal placenta, multidiscoidal placenta, lobed placenta, placenta succenturita, fenesterated placenta, circumvallate placenta, batterdore placenta, furcated placenta, velametous placenta. Results: The findings of the present study bring forth some important facts as follows: there were three type of placental shape -round, oval & irregular. Round type had more incidence than oval & irregular. Dispersed pattern & magisterial pattern was seen more in round placenta. Conclusion: These observations on normal placenta call for further studies on the variations of its vascular pattern & shape in placenta of diseased mother eg. Hypertension, diabetes, anemia etc.

61-64

Authors: Prakash KG, Viveka S

Introduction: Pattern of talar articular facets on the superior aspect of calcaneum significantly influence in causation of subtalar arthritis. Enthesophytes from calcaneum is a major cause of heel pain. Evolutionary modification of cuboidal facet on calcaneum is an important aspect of human bipedal gait. The objective of this study was to determine the incidence of calcaneal facet pattern and incidence of enthesophytes in calcaneum. Methodology: Thirty-four dry human calcaneum were studied in Department of anatomy, Azeezia Institute of Medical Sciences, Kollam. All bones were examined for pattern of talar articular facets and classified accordingly. Meticulous examination was carried out to evaluate the incidence of enthesophytes. Morphometry of articular facet for cuboid and talar facets were carried out. Results: Pattern I morphologic variant was the most frequently encountered type (25 out of 34). Pattern V not observed. Enthesophytes were observed in 21 (61.7%) bones, with medial predominant medial enthesophytes. One bone showed two enthesophytes. Mean cuboidal facet surface area was 386 (±46) square mm. Conclusion: It was noted that pattern I was the most common morphological variant. Medial tubercular enthesophytes were most common type of abnormal bony outgrowths of calcaneum. The knowledge about variations in morphology is important for all surgeries in subtalar region.

72-77

Authors: Mohammad Mujahid Ansari, M. Ashraf Khan, R. K. Zargar

Obesity can be defined as a condition where there is an excess of body fat.Body Mass Index(BMI) an important anthropometric parameter to assess the obesity of an individual. Body mass index is a number indicates person’s body fat calculated from person body weight and height. Anthropometric measurement i.e. Calculation of BMI is very less expensive, convenient method for calculating the body fat. In the current scenario cardiovascular disease and the metabolic disorders are the most serious and immediate health problem in many countries nowadays. For cardiovascular and metabolic diseases the major risk factor is obesity. Diseases that affect overweight and obese people include angina, coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes mallitus, hyprtension, hypercholesterolemia, metabolic syndrome, gall stones, stroke, cancer, reproductive diseases and sleep apnea. People who are underweight may suffer from eating disorder such as anorexia (not eating enough), bulimia (overeating and purging), stress and mental disorder. The underweight people are at risk of several BMI related diseases. People with a low BMI are likely to develop a weakened immunity system, leaving them at a higher risk for other infections. Being underweight also increases chances of developing osteoporosis, and cardiovascular disease. In a recent survey done in Chennai, about 15% of children and adolescents are overweight. As per WHO estimation, there are more than 300 million obese and 200 million diabetic people in world. In addition there are 800 million overweight but not obese (BMI between 25-30). The present study was performed on 500(Normal and diseased) adult population of Bastar region (Chhattisgarh) to calculate BMI by which we can assess and predict the health risk in this population. In our BMI study at Bastar region of chattisgarh percentage of BMI was found to be more in diseased subject rather than normal subject. By our study it can be concluded that in contrast to control the diseased population is having more percentage of Overweigh, Obesity gr. I, Obesity gr. II & Obesity gr. III than normal subjects.

83-85

Authors: Vishrutha K. V, Arati P Rao, Prarthana K.G, Chaitra. U

Aim of the present study was to find if diet had any substantial role in influencing the muscle strength and force in table tennis players. 183 table tennis players (right handed) were included (70 vegetarian, 113 non vegetarian) in whom hand grip strength was determined by spring type isometric hand grip dynamometer. When compared dominant hand had a significantly better grip strength when compared to non dominant hand. Although a positive co-relation was obtained when grip strength was compared in dominant hand among vegetarians and non- vegetarians it was not statistically significant. In conclusion a well planned vegetarian diet is recommended for an athlete because of its antioxidant properties.

91-96

Authors: Renuka S. Ahankari, M.P.Ambali

Identification of sex in human skeletal remains is a big challenge to the anatomists, forensic experts, and anthropologists. Human pelvis is one of the most important skeletal element in view of sex identification. The differences in male and female pelvis are attributed to the functional need at the time of parturition. Like many other bones in the body, sacrum, which itself is a part of pelvis, can also be used to determine the sex amongst the skeletal remains. Greeks considered it as the last bone to decay after birth. Defining the criterias so as to identify male sacrum & female sacrum gains its importance not only in medicolegal but also in fixation surgeries of spine due to degenerative and traumatic conditions. So considering the importance of accurate knowledge of sex differences in male and female sacrum we decided to find out the best parameter and index which will identify the sex of a given sacrum with maximum accuracy. To pursue this aim, we studied 150 Male and 150 Female sacra from Maharashtra population, by visiting different medical colleges. The parameters were measured & the indices were calculated. Then the results were compared with previous studies. A totally new index –Articular Index was introduced in our study. The ventral straight length, length of auricular surface, corpora-basal index, and articular index were found more reliable criterias to determine the sex of a given sacrum.

101-105

Authors: Vishrutha K.V, Prarthana K.G, Chaitra U, Vandana

Each individual has a particular preferred sensory modality while gathering information. Four different sensory modalities used are visual (by way of charts, diagrams), aural (listening to spoken words), read write (reading textual matter, taking down notes), kinesthetic (learning practically by physical manipulation or experimentally).The present study was undertaken with a purpose to know the preferred sensory modality when males and females were compared. 95 females and 80 males volunteered for the study making a total of 175 students. VARK questionnaire was provided to these students which were answered by them in a given time. The information obtained was compiled and compared. Multimodal method of learning was preferred in the entire group when compared. This means that various sensory modalities have to be put together for a student to learn faster. Moreover males and females when compared had similar patterns of studying. Both preferred auditory method when compared to other learning methods.