Biogeosystem Technique

122-139

Authors: Vyacheslav S. Anisimov, Dmitry V. Dikarev, Valery V. Ivanov, Tatyana V. Perevolotskaya, Lydia N. Anisimova, Ilya V. Kochetkov, Andrey V. Tomson, Larisa I. Ratnikova, Andrey I. Sanzharov

During the laboratory experiment, devoted to studying of the process of vertical migration 60Co radionuclide/in water-saturated soil samples of disturbed structure and the same initial bulk density, there were obtained the values of effective diffusion coefficients (Deff 60Co) for 8 different types, species and varieties of soils. There was noted a significant variability of Deff 60Co for investigated soils due to different soil characteristics. To assess this influence a statistical approach has been used, where edaphic factors representing the most important characteristics of the soils acted as independent variables (predictors), and the dependent (resulting) variable was Deff 60Co. Based on the study of the dependence between the main physico-chemical soil properties and the magnitude of effective diffusion coefficients (Deff 60Co) the selected physico-chemical characteristics of soils were ranked by degree of influence on the value of the dependent variable: pHKCl > (fr.<0.01) > Corg. There was also identified the contribution of each of the selected indicators of soils state (independed variables) in varying of Deff 60Co. The contribution for pHKCl, (fr.<0.01), and Corg was, respectively, 36,32; 27,90 and 17,08 %. During the experiments revealed a particularly strong increase in the Deff 60Co for soils with high content of humus in conditions of excessive moisture.

189-206

Authors: Galina V. Kharitonova, Vladimir I. Kim, Angelina S. Stenina, Vladimir P. Shesterkin, Natalya S. Konovalova

Content and composition of ice inclusions are the important characteristics of the redistribution of substance in river ecosystems, which allows taking into account transport of the inclusions matter during the spring ice drift. The data on the composition of the ice cores from the Middle Amur (Khabarovsk water node) after the extreme flooding in 2013 and its terrigenous, chemogenic (formed through chemical processes) and biogenic (diatoms) components are presented in this paper. The importance of the work lies in the fact that the impact on the river ecosystems of catastrophic floods, such as the 2013 flood on the Amur River, due to their uniqueness, has been extremely poorly studied. The analysis showed that the content of terrigenous material and its variation in ice thickness does not exceed the average multi-annual values. The particle-size distribution of the terrigenous material (on their volume and the number) corresponds to that of the river suspended matter, warps (silt deposits on the flood plain) and bottom sediments in the studied river area. Composition of diagnosed chemical inclusions (neoformations of calcite CaCO3 and pyrite FeS2), their number and size depends on the chemical composition of water during the freeze-up and redox conditions in the layer. Flooding had the main impact on biogenic inclusions (diatoms). The change of the leading species (from single population Aulacoseira islandica to Stephanodiscus hantzschii Coscinodiscophyceae class, Stephanodiscaceae family, genus Stephanodiscus) was fixed. This is one of the main indicators of structural and functional violations orderliness hydrobionts. The change in the composition of the leading species associated with the arrival of eutrophying substances and pollutants from the Sungari River (the largest tributary of Amur River) as a result of outcome flooding agricultural lands and residential territories.

220-231

Authors: Jan Diek Van Mansvelt

An overview is presented of how scientific agriculture perceived soils as stocks for minerals for crop production, and to what extend this perception, as it is accepted in agronomy, is considered as relevant in related scientific fields. In the nineteenth century the role of microbiology in soil ecosystems was revealed, the balance of crop remnants and manure conversion was studied, as well as seasonal crop feeding at different systems of manuring, crop rotation, tillage and mixed systems, to manage the balance of crop- and livestock production under low external input conditions. Particularly after World War II, the long-term experience of ‘living soils’ was ruined by the practice of excessive external inputs of agrochemicals – fertilisers and subsequently pesticides. On a minimized scale, soil-friendly agriculture was and still is present in organic and biodynamic movements, together with various other agro-ecological approaches, attempting to overcome the disadvantages of industrial agronomical agriculture. On this way the FAO declared the year 2015 as the year of soil, while very the same FAO had supported the chemical agriculture for decades in the recent past. This metamorphose has appeared because the shocking soil-destructive role of industrial agronomy causing soil degradation (soil erosion, poisoning and compaction) with flooding followed by drought – the total anthropogenous uncertainty of agricultural land and biosphere as a whole is now becoming more and more obvious. Today soil-ecosystem awareness arises in plant breeding, biosphere & climate, human health, rural development, manuring and phytopathology’s pesticide effects on soil ecosystems. In organic (agro-ecology) systems the main problem is the transition period, wherein the mentioned problems of soil compaction, dead-end porosity, low soil nitrogen production, low rate of crop remnants and manure conversion, soil productivity stagnation on the low level are critical. Over and again new approaches are needed to overcome the shortcomings of industrial agriculture and thus attain the higher level organic agriculture. It will be shown that organic/agro-ecological farming systems produce much better that usually known. Moreover, Biogeosystem Technique is a promising transcendental integral approach to overcome the conflict of technology and biosphere.

237-241

Authors: Sulukhan K. Temirbekova

International Scientific and Practical Conference: "Problems of Ecology and Agriculture in the 21st Century", dedicated to the 130th anniversary of Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov was held on September 21–22, 2017 in the Presidential Hall of Russian Academy of Sciences. N.I. Vavilov has organized 180 expeditions to 65 countries (he didn’t visit only Australia and Antarctica), where collected the richest and unique world collection of cultivated plants – a gene bank of more than 250 thousand samples. To date, more than 70 % of the cultivars in Russia and other countries have been created on the basis of N.I. Vavilov collection. The collection is our national treasure. In the presentations and posters, the high importance and relevance of the Academician N.I. Vavilov scientific heritage, priority scientific directions and modern technologies in the field of agro-ecology, crop production, breeding, phytosanitary, genetics and biotechnology, biodiversity, environmental protection were voiced. The resolution of the conference contains an appeal to the President of the Russian Federation, the Government of the Russian Federation, the State Duma of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation and the Federal Agency of Scientific Organizations on the need to formulate a strategy in the field of plant genetic resources, genetics and epigenetics, selection and seed production in the Russian Federation, to develop and improve the laws of the Russian Federation in the field of genetic resources, seed conservation, preservation and development of the scientific heritage of Academician N.I. Vavilov. On the suggestion of the Netherlands, a multi-purpose international agro-ecological project was initiated, oriented in accordance with Presidential Decree No. 642 of 1 December 2016 to overcome the great challenge of preserving and enhancing the biosphere – the development of genetic research, introduction, and overcoming the conflict of technology and the biosphere using Biogeosystem Technique.

9-24

Authors: Tatiana V. Golik, Irina I. Gaponova, Eugenia A. Knyaseva, Timur A. Erkenov, Tatiana T. Glazko

The gene pool of local domestic breeds is continuously decreasing, therefore the biodiversity of animals with high adaptive potential is also decreasing. Problem solving requires the development of methods that are able to identify the unique characteristics of such aboriginal animals and preserve the genetic resources of farm mammal species. In this paper we have analyzed the genotypes of Karachai breed horses from four different farms ("Akhtamas", "Argamak", "Ikar", "Karplemkhoz") at 39 loci using genotyping methods for amplification products of fragments of genomic DNA of above mentioned horses flanked by inverted repeats of microsatellite loci (AG) 9C, (GA) 9C and (GAG) 6C using the Inter-Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR-PCR markers). It has been made the analysis of the genotypes of horses with different skin colors. The results shows that black-brown (dark-bay) horses have a more unique genetic structure in comparison with the horses of the bay and black color and have their own peculiarities in origin that distinguish them from other horses of the Karachai breed. The obtained data are indicating a sufficiently high degree of consolidation of the studied group of animals. It was found that, on average, the index of genetic identity between these animals is 0.8105. The spectra of the amplification products differed by increased polymorphism for the horses from the limited liability company Plemreproductor "Ikar". The horses from the "Karplemkhoz" farm possessed the greatest consolidation.

39-65

Authors: Artyom E. Rykhlik, Olga S. Bezuglova

The conventional imitational frontal gravitational continual-isotropic irrigation and drainage paradigm leads to negative results – destruction of soils and natural-territorial complexes, loss of fresh water. An experimental substantiation was fulfilled of the new intra-soil pulse continually-discrete irrigation paradigm, proposed in the framework of the scientific-technical direction "Biogeosystem Technique". The base element of model system was a plastic transparent cylinder of 20 cm in height and diameter of 5 cm, in which the soil was placed. The soil – a bulk sample of chernozem from the 0–30 cm soil layer, grated and compacted close to the natural density. An intra-soil pulse continual-discrete moistening of the soil was simulated with a 20 ml medical syringe, equipped with 12 cm medical spinal needle. The experiment was conducted with culture of spring barley at the initial stage of its organogenesis under natural insolation. Surface irrigation, sprinkling, drip irrigation, and a new intra-soil pulsed continual-discrete method of soil moistening were performed. After surface irrigation, sprinkling and drip irrigation the water percolation through soil was observed in an amount of 30–50 % of supply, general subsidence of the soil surface was observed, and then crusts formed on it. At drip irrigation, subsidence of the surface and the formation of the crust appeared locally under the dropper. At intra-soil pulse continually-discrete moistening, the soil in the base cylinder was discreetly moistened in the cylinder of 5-15 cm of depth and diameter of 2 cm, the soil surface till experiment remained the same to initial moment of experiment, the crust was not formed. In model system, the barley plants under new moistening method were better developed, and water consumption was 1.5–2.5 times lower than with standard methods of plants watering. The model experiment was performed in a focus of the soil intra-soil pulse continually-discrete moistening process robotics capabilities.

82-94

Authors: Svetlana N. Sushkova, Irina G. Deryabkina, Elena M. Antonenko, Saglara S. Mandzhieva, Inna V. Zamulina, Andrey V. Shapovalov, Hasmik S. Movsesyan, Karen A. Ghazaryan, Alina V. Gimp, Galina K. Vasilyeva

The regularities of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) accumulation by natural grassy vegetation under the aerotechnogenic emissions from the Novocherkasskaya Power Station were revealed for the first time on the basis of long-term monitoring studies. It is shown the BaP content in natural grassy vegetation is an indicator of technogenic pressure level on territories polluted mostly by products of hydrocarbon fuel combustion. The tendencies of BaP accumulation were studied in roots and vegetative parts of natural grassy vegetation of the affected zone in the period from 2008 up to 2011, and the degree of natural grassy vegetation pollution was estimated according to the ratio of BaP content in the root to the vegetative part of plants. The results of BaP concentration determination in the plants of monitoring plots showed the same tendencies with BaP content in soil of monitoring plots. The accumulation of pollutant in plants occurs mainly along the prevailing wind direction of the winds rose and plots located in close proximity to the Novocherkassk Power Station from 2008 to 2011. BaP accumulation by plants growing around the emissions source is due, mainly, to the physicochemical properties of the soils of the monitoring plots, mainly by their granulometric composition. It was established the background values of BaP in the natural grassy vegetation were exceeded up to 1.4 to 8.7 times, depending on the degree of proximity of the monitoring plots to the emission source. BaP accumulation by plants has mainly soil source of uptake by root absorption. Effect of additional emission sources was revealed on the natural grassy vegetation of the remotest areas from the Novocherkassk Power Station during carrying out the complex studies of contaminated areas.